by Michael Lee Tan Hang. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1980. / Bibliography: p. leaves 40-41.

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / BACKGROUND: The accumulation of abnormal extracellular deposits beneath the retinal pigment epithelium characterises the pathology of early age-related macular degeneration. However, the histopathological threshold at which age-related changes become early AMD is not defined, and the effect of each of the deposits (basal laminar deposit and membranous debris) on disease progression is poorly understood. Evidence suggests that macrophages play a key role in the development of AMD lesions, but the influence of basal laminar deposit (BLamD) and membranous debris on the recruitment and programming of local macrophages has not been explored. Although evidence also suggests that inflammation and innate immunity are involved in AMD, the significance of anti-retinal autoantibodies to disesase pathogenesis is not known. AIMS: (i) To determine the histopathological threshold that distinguishes normal ageing from early AMD; (ii) to determine the influence of BLamD and membranous debris on disease progression; (iii) to examine whether distinct early AMD phenotypes exist based on clinicopathological evidence; (iv) to determine the histopathological context in which Bruch’s membrane macrophages first found; (v) to examine the relationship between Bruch’s membrane macrophages and subclinical neovascularisation; (vi) to determine if the progressive accumulation of BLamD and membranous debris alters the immunophenotype of Bruch’s membrane macrophages and/or resident choroidal macrophages; (vii) to determine if the anti-retinal autoantibody profile differs significantly between normal individuals and those with early AMD, neovascular AMD or geographic atrophy; (viii) to examine whether baseline anti-retinal autoantibodies can predict progression to advanced AMD in individuals with early AMD; and (ix) to examine whether baseline anti-retinal autoantibodies can predict vision loss in individuals with neovascular AMD. METHODS:Clinicopathological studies were performed to correlate progressive accumulation of BLamD and membranous debris to fundus characteristics and visual acuity, as well as to sub-macular Bruch’s membrane macrophage count. Immunohistochemical studies were perfomed to determine whether the presence of BLamD and membranous debris altered the programming of Bruch’s membrane or resident choroidal macrophages. The presence of serum anti-retinal autoantibodies was determined by western blotting, and the association with disease progression examined in early and neovascular AMD. RESULTS: The presence of both basal linear deposit (BLinD) and a continuous layer of BLamD represents threshold early AMD histopathologically, which was seen clinically as a normal fundus in the majority of cases. Membranous debris accumulation appeared to influence the pathway of progression from early AMD to advanced AMD. Bruch’s membrane macrophages were first noted when a continuous layer of BLamD and clinical evidence of early AMD were present, and increased with the amount of membranous debris in eyes with thin BLamD. Eyes with subclinical CNV had high macrophage counts and there was some evidence of altered resident choroidal macrophage programming in the presence of BLamD and membranous debris. Serum anti-retinal autoantibodies were found in a higher proportion of early AMD participants compared with both controls and participants with neovascular AMD, and in a higher proportion of individuals with atrophic AMD compared to those with neovascular AMD. The presence of baseline anti-retinal autoantibodies in participants with early AMD was not associated with progression to advanced AMD. Participants with neovascular AMD lost more vision over 24 months if they had IgG autoantibodies at baseline compared to autoantibody negative participants. CONCLUSIONS: The finding that eyes with threshold early AMD appear clinically normal underscores the need to utilise more sophisticated tests to enable earlier disease detection. Clinicopathological evidence suggests two distinct early AMD phenotypes, which follow two pathways of AMD progression. Macrophage recruitment and programming may be altered by the presence of BLamD and membranous debris, highlighting the need to further characterise the biology of human resident choroidal macropahges. Anti-retinal autoantibodies can be found in both control and AMD sera, and future approaches that allow the examination of subtle changes in complex repertoires will determine whether they are involved in AMD disease pathogenesis.

Exploration companies commonly rely on geochemistry to identify alteration of distinctive geochemical and mineralogical character, surrounding metal sulphide deposits that were precipitated from hydrothermal fluids. However, examination of raw analytical data is prone to error due to closure effects and the difficulty in removing the effects of background variation in unaltered rocks from the variations imposed by later hydrothermal alteration. Closure can be avoided by using ratios, or by utilising mass balance approaches based on fixing volume, mass or concentration changes between samples of parent and daughter lithologies. Using a parent-daughter approach is limiting, because only pairs of samples can be compared at any one time and because an unaltered equivalent must be produced for each sample examined in this way. Pearce Element Ratio analysis and General Element Ratio analysis (PER and GER) are not restricted in this fashion, and are more amenable to interrogation of large data sets. PER and GER are also capable of decoupling background variation from that variation due to hydrothermal alteration. Furthermore, these ratio methods are readily applied to commercially derived lithogeochemical assays. In this study, various analytical methods and interpretive techniques (including PER and GER) have been applied to identify alteration in rocks around the Century and Elura Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, and to assess whether primary ore-related alteration effects can still be identified once altered rocks have been subjected to weathering. Ratios of trace elements over a conserved element have been used to generate a suite of pathfinder elements for each deposit. Elements enriched in host rocks around both deposits include the economic metals Zn, Pb and Ag, along with Rb and Tl. Sodium is ubiquitously depleted in altered rocks. Other elements in the pathfinder suites are distinctive to each deposit type, and include a number of major and trace elements that are added or removed from the rocks around the mineralised zones. For example, Sb and As are enriched in rocks around Elura mineralisation while Ge and Cd are enriched in samples around Century deposit. Iron carbonate development accompanied by potassic alteration, the destruction of albite and the absence of chlorite are the dominant mineral alteration effects at both deposits. PER and GER diagrams have been used to quantify the intensity of this alteration and allow lithogeochemistry to be used to vector towards high intensity alteration, which is adjacent to Century and Elura mineralisation. These ratio methods are applied to both visibly and cryptically altered rocks at both deposits, and have a very high degree of success in classifying alteration in unweathered rocks. The following simple PER ratios indicate proximity to Elura mineralisation: Ca/C, K/Al for shales, K/(Al-Na) for siltstones/sandstones. The following simple PER ratios indicate proximity to Century mineralisation: Mn/Ti, Mg/Ti and Fe/Ti vs C/Ti, K/Ti vs Al/Ti, K/Ti vs (Al-Na)/Ti. Pathfinder elements can be overlain onto PER and GER diagrams to aid in ranking the prospectivity of samples, and to assess mineral hosts for individual pathfinder elements. Weathering destroys most indicators of alteration in the Elura area, while alteration signatures are better preserved in host rocks around the Century deposit.

This thesis study is concerned with the genetic investigation of two epithermal gold deposits (Madendag and Kartaldag) in &Ccedil / anakkale, NW Turkey. The methodology comprises field and integrated laboratory studies including mineralogic-petrographic, geochemical, isotopic, and fluid inclusion analysis. Kartaldag deposit, hosted by dacite porphyry, is a typical vein deposit associated with four main alteration types: i) propylitic, ii) quartz-kaolin, iii) quartz-alunitepyrophyllite, iv) silicification, the latter being characterized by two distinct quartz generations as early (vuggy) and late (banded, colloform). Primary sulfide minerals are pyrite, covellite and sphalerite. Oxygen and sulfur isotope analyses, performed on quartz (&delta / 18O: 7.93- 8.95 &permil / ) and pyrite (&delta / 34S: -4.8 &permil / ) separates, suggest a magmatic source for the fluid. Microthermometric analysis performed on quartz yield a temperature range of 250-285 &ordm / C, and 0-1.7 wt % NaCl eqv. salinity. Madendag deposit, hosted by micaschists, is also vein type associated with two main alteration types: illite and kaolin dominated argillization and silicification, characterized by two distinct quartz phases as early and late. Oxygen isotope analyses on quartz (&delta / 18O: 9.55-18.19 &permil / ) indicate contribution from a metamorphic source. Microthermometric analysis on quartz yield a temperature range of 235-255 &ordm / C and 0.0-0.7 wt % NaCl eqv. salinity. The presence of alunite, pyrophyllite and kaolinite, vuggy quartz and covellite suggest a high-sulfidation epithermal system for Kartaldag. On the other hand, Madendag is identified as a low- sulfidation type owing to the presence of neutral pH clays and typical low temperature textures (e.g. colloform, comb, banded quartz).

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / BACKGROUND: The accumulation of abnormal extracellular deposits beneath the retinal pigment epithelium characterises the pathology of early age-related macular degeneration. However, the histopathological threshold at which age-related changes become early AMD is not defined, and the effect of each of the deposits (basal laminar deposit and membranous debris) on disease progression is poorly understood. Evidence suggests that macrophages play a key role in the development of AMD lesions, but the influence of basal laminar deposit (BLamD) and membranous debris on the recruitment and programming of local macrophages has not been explored. Although evidence also suggests that inflammation and innate immunity are involved in AMD, the significance of anti-retinal autoantibodies to disesase pathogenesis is not known. AIMS: (i) To determine the histopathological threshold that distinguishes normal ageing from early AMD; (ii) to determine the influence of BLamD and membranous debris on disease progression; (iii) to examine whether distinct early AMD phenotypes exist based on clinicopathological evidence; (iv) to determine the histopathological context in which Bruch’s membrane macrophages first found; (v) to examine the relationship between Bruch’s membrane macrophages and subclinical neovascularisation; (vi) to determine if the progressive accumulation of BLamD and membranous debris alters the immunophenotype of Bruch’s membrane macrophages and/or resident choroidal macrophages; (vii) to determine if the anti-retinal autoantibody profile differs significantly between normal individuals and those with early AMD, neovascular AMD or geographic atrophy; (viii) to examine whether baseline anti-retinal autoantibodies can predict progression to advanced AMD in individuals with early AMD; and (ix) to examine whether baseline anti-retinal autoantibodies can predict vision loss in individuals with neovascular AMD. METHODS:Clinicopathological studies were performed to correlate progressive accumulation of BLamD and membranous debris to fundus characteristics and visual acuity, as well as to sub-macular Bruch’s membrane macrophage count. Immunohistochemical studies were perfomed to determine whether the presence of BLamD and membranous debris altered the programming of Bruch’s membrane or resident choroidal macrophages. The presence of serum anti-retinal autoantibodies was determined by western blotting, and the association with disease progression examined in early and neovascular AMD. RESULTS: The presence of both basal linear deposit (BLinD) and a continuous layer of BLamD represents threshold early AMD histopathologically, which was seen clinically as a normal fundus in the majority of cases. Membranous debris accumulation appeared to influence the pathway of progression from early AMD to advanced AMD. Bruch’s membrane macrophages were first noted when a continuous layer of BLamD and clinical evidence of early AMD were present, and increased with the amount of membranous debris in eyes with thin BLamD. Eyes with subclinical CNV had high macrophage counts and there was some evidence of altered resident choroidal macrophage programming in the presence of BLamD and membranous debris. Serum anti-retinal autoantibodies were found in a higher proportion of early AMD participants compared with both controls and participants with neovascular AMD, and in a higher proportion of individuals with atrophic AMD compared to those with neovascular AMD. The presence of baseline anti-retinal autoantibodies in participants with early AMD was not associated with progression to advanced AMD. Participants with neovascular AMD lost more vision over 24 months if they had IgG autoantibodies at baseline compared to autoantibody negative participants. CONCLUSIONS: The finding that eyes with threshold early AMD appear clinically normal underscores the need to utilise more sophisticated tests to enable earlier disease detection. Clinicopathological evidence suggests two distinct early AMD phenotypes, which follow two pathways of AMD progression. Macrophage recruitment and programming may be altered by the presence of BLamD and membranous debris, highlighting the need to further characterise the biology of human resident choroidal macropahges. Anti-retinal autoantibodies can be found in both control and AMD sera, and future approaches that allow the examination of subtle changes in complex repertoires will determine whether they are involved in AMD disease pathogenesis.

[pt] O presente trabalho forneceu informações originais para auxiliar o entendimento dos fenômenos básicos que governam a deposição de parafina em dutos. O programa de pesquisa estudou questões relevantes, ainda em aberto na literatura, relacionadas à formação, crescimento e envelhecimento de depósitos de parafina. Com este objetivo, foi desenvolvido um programa experimental seguindo a estratégia de conduzir experimentos simples, empregando seções de teste em escala de laboratório, com condições de contorno e iniciais bem definidas, e empregando fluidos de teste simples e com propriedades conhecidas. As medidas foram realizadas em seções de testes retangular e anular, ambas especialmente projetadas para permitir medidas ópticas da evolução temporal e espacial da espessura dos depósitos. As seções de testes foram equipadas com um sensor de fluxo de calor, sondas de temperatura móveis e janelas para amostragem de depósitos, que permitiram a medição de grandezas importantes como, condutividade térmica do depósito sob condições de escoamento, perfis de temperatura dentro do depósito, evolução da temperatura da interface depósito-líquido, e composição do depósito. A variação espacial e temporal da espessura do depósito foi medida para diferentes valores do número de Reynolds laminar. Excelente concordância foi obtida entre os valores medidos e previsões de um modelo numérico desenvolvido previamente em nosso grupo de pesquisa. Medidas da evolução temporal da temperatura da interface depósito-líquido mostraram que a temperatura da interface evolui de um valor igual à temperatura inicial de aparecimento de cristais da solução, TIAC, até a temperatura de desaparecimento de cristais, TDC, a medida que o depósitos cresce até sua espessura de regime permanente. A sonda de temperatura foi utilizada na medição de perfis transversais de temperatura dentro do depósitos sob condições de escoamento. A comparação destes perfis com soluções teóricas apontaram para a possibilidade de ocorrência de escoamento dentro da matriz porosa do depósitos. As medições da condutividade térmica do depósitos sob condições de escoamento não apresentaram qualquer efeito da taxa de cisalhamento imposta, para a faixa de número de Reynolds investigada. Variações transversais da condutividade térmica do depósitos indicaram a presença de líquido próximo à parede fria. Amostras do depósitos foram obtidas e analisadas por cromatografia gasosa de alta temperatura para a faixa de número de Reynolds laminares investigadas, e para diferentes durações dos experimentos de deposição. As análises indicaram que as distribuições de carbono das amostras de depósitos apresentaram um deslocamento em direção aos maiores números de carbono com o aumento do Reynolds e do tempo de deposição, caracterizando o processo de envelhecimento do depósito. As distribuições do número de carbono apresentaram um comportamento assintótico com o número de Reynolds, para amostras obtidas dos trechos finais dos comprimentos de deposição da seção de testes anular. / [en] The present research provided original information to aid the understanding of the physical mechanisms governing wax deposition in pipelines. The research program addressed a number of relevant open questions in the literature regarding the formation, growth and aging of the wax deposit layer. To this end, an experimental program was devised, following a strategy of conducting simple experiments, employing lab-scale test sections with well-defined boundary and initial conditions, and using simple test uids with known properties. Measurements were performed in a rectangular and in an annular test section, both especially designed to allow for optical measurements of the time evolution of the spatial distribution of the wax deposit thickness. The test sections were equipped with heat ux sensor, temperature traversing probes and deposit sampling ports that allowed the measurement of relevant local information on the deposit, such as, thermal conductivity under owing conditions, temperature profiles within the deposit, deposit-liquid interface temperature, and deposit composition. The temporal and spatial evolution of the deposit layer were measured for different values of the laminar ow Reynolds number. Excellent agreement was obtained between measured values of the deposit thickness and predictions from a numerical model developed previously in our research group. Measurements of the evolution of the deposit-liquid interface temperature have shown that the interface temperature evolves from a value equal to the solution wax appearance temperature, WAT, to the wax disappearance temperature, WDT, as the deposit grows to attain its steady state thickness. The temperature traversing probe was employed to obtain information on the temperature profiles within the wax deposit layer under owing conditions. A comparison of the measured temperature profiles within the deposit with the theoretical solutions, indicated the possibility of convective transport in the deposit. Measurements of the deposit thermal conductivity under owing conditions did not reveal any effects of the imposed shear rate, for the range of Reynolds numbers investigated. Local variations of the thermal conductivity across the deposit layer indicated the presence of liquid close to the cold wall. Deposit samples were obtained and analyzed by high temperature gas chromatography, for the range of the laminar Reynolds numbers tested and for different durations of the deposition experiments. The analyzes revealed that the carbon distributions of the deposit samples presented a shift toward higher carbon numbers both, with increasing deposition time and Reynolds number, characterizing the aging process of the deposit. The carbon number distributions were seen to display an asymptotic behavior with Reynolds number, for samples obtained from the final portion of the longer deposition lengths of the annular test section.

Über Jahrhunderte ist das Erzgebirge durch Montanindustrie geprägt worden. Zahlreiche Publikationen beschreiben lagerstättenkundliche und bergbaugeschichtliche Verhältnisse. Besondere Beachtung fanden dabei die Erze des Silbers und Zinns. Eine umfassende Übersicht zu Vorkommen und Abbau von Kupfer liegt jedoch noch nicht vor. Anliegen der vorliegenden Untersuchung war es deshalb, eine Zusammenschau der erzgebirgischen Kupfervorkommen zu erarbeiten. Dabei stand im Blickpunkt, in welchen Lagerstättentypen Kupfer mineralisierte und in welchen Revieren Kupfer nachweisbar ist. Dieser Überblick konnte durch Vergleichen von lagerstättenkundlicher Literatur und Kartenmaterial erreicht werden. Des Weiteren sollten Abbaureviere und Abbaumengen von Kupfer im Zeitraum von 1470 bis 1750 unter Zuhilfenahme von Material aus dem Bergarchiv Freiberg und einzelner Hinweise in weiterer, den erzgebirgischen Bergbau betreffender Literatur ausgemacht werden. Die Recherchen haben gezeigt, dass Kupferminerale, fast ausschließlich sulfidisch mineralisiert, in allen Lagerstättentypen anzutreffen sind. Bezüglich der räumlichen Verteilung sind verschiedene Schwerpunkte erkennbar. Für den Bergbau spielte Kupfer trotz des engen verhüttungstechnischen Zusammenhangs mit Silbererzen in vielen Bergbaurevieren eine nur untergeordnete Rolle. Größere Mengen des Buntmetalls wurden in Schneeberg-Oberschlema, in Breitenbrunn, bei Annaberg, bei Marienberg, bei Freiberg und in Sadisdorf gefördert. Über Vorkommen und historischen Abbau von Kupfererzen gibt die Arbeit einen Überblick, der den sächsischen und böhmischen Teil des Erzgebirges umfasst. Damit ist eine Grundlage für weiterführende Untersuchungen zur Bedeutung von Kupfer in der sächsischen Montangeschichte geschaffen.:Abkürzungsverzeichnis..........3 Abbildungsverzeichnis..........3 Tabellenverzeichnis..........4 1. Einleitung..........6 2. Untersuchungsgebiet..........9 2.1 Räumliche Abgrenzung..........9 2.2 Geologischer Bau und Entwicklungsgeschichte..........13 2.3 Physisch-geographischer Überblick..........17 2.3.1 Boden..........17 2.3.2 Relief..........18 2.3.3 Klima und Vegetation..........19 3. Material und Methodik..........20 3.1 Teilgebiete innerhalb des Untersuchungsraumes..........20 3.2 Untersuchungen zu den Kupferlagerstätten im Erzgebirge..........22 3.3 Untersuchungen zum Kupfererzabbau 1470 bis 1750..........25 3.4 Begriffe, Einheiten und Namen..........26 4. Lagerstätten im Erzgebirge..........27 4.1 Überblick..........27 4.2 Prävariszische Erzlagerstätten..........29 4.2.1 Einordnung..........29 4.2.2 Konkordante Erzlager..........30 4.2.3 Prävariszische Skarne..........31 4.2.4 Felsitmineralisation..........31 4.3 Variszische Erzlagerstätten..........32 4.3.1 Einordnung..........32 4.3.2 Greisen und Zwitter..........32 4.3.3 Variszische Skarne..........33 4.4 Postvariszische Erzlagerstätten..........33 5. Vorkommen von Kupferlagerstätten im Erzgebirge..........35 5.1 Teilgebiet Schneeberg-Schwarzenberg..........35 5.1.1 Störungssysteme und hydrothermale Gänge..........35 5.1.2 Kupfermineralisationen in den Folgengruppen..........37 5.1.3 Einzelne Kupfervorkommen im Teilgebiet..........38 5.2 Teilgebiet Marienberg-Annaberg..........43 5.2.1 Störungssysteme und hydrothermale Gänge..........43 5.2.2 Kupfermineralisationen in den Folgengruppen..........46 5.2.3 Einzelne Kupfervorkommen im Teilgebiet..........47 5.3 Teilgebiet Freiberg..........50 5.3.1 Störungssysteme und hydrothermale Gänge..........50 5.3.2 Kupfermineralisation in den Folgengruppen..........52 5.3.3 Einzelne Kupfervorkommen im Teilgebiet..........55 5.4 Teilgebiet Altenberg-Glashütte..........56 5.4.1 Ausrichtung und Mineralisation der hydrothermalen Gänge..........56 5.4.2 Einzelne Kupfervorkommen im Teilgebiet..........59 6. Kupfererzabbau von 1470 bis 1750..........61 6.1 Teilgebiet Schneeberg-Schwarzenberg..........61 6.1.1 Kupferförderung im gesamten Teilgebiet..........61 6.1.2 Einzelne Abbaugebiete im Teilgebiet..........61 6.2 Teilgebiet Marienberg-Annaberg..........67 6.2.1 Kupferförderung im gesamten Teilgebiet..........67 6.2.2 Einzelne Abbaugebiete im Teilgebiet..........68 6.3 Teilgebiet Freiberg..........74 6.3.1 Kupferförderung im gesamten Teilgebiet..........74 6.3.2 Einzelne Abbaugebiete im Teilgebiet..........74 6.4 Teilgebiet Altenberg-Glashütte..........77 6.4.1 Kupferförderung im gesamten Teilgebiet..........77 6.4.2 Einzelne Abbaugebiete im Teilgebiet..........77 7. Überblick Teilgebiet Böhmisches Erzgebirge..........80 8. Ergebnisse..........81 9. Ausblick..........86 10. Zusammenfassung..........87 Liste bergmännischer Begriffe und Maße..........91 Liste der Minerale..........92 Literaturverzeichnis..........93 / The mountains Erzgebirge have been characterized by mining industries for centuries. Many publications describe the natural mineral deposits and the historical mining conditions. Special regards are thereby paid to silver and tin ore. However an extensive summary of copper deposits and mining is not available. In which types of mineral deposits copper is mineralised and in which districts copper can be proved? Therefore, the intention of this study was a synopsis about the copper deposits in the mountains Erzgebirge by comparing literature and maps. In addition, mining districts and mining quantity of copper between 1470 and 1750 should be arranged. For this purpose, material from the Bergarchiv Freiberg and other literature about regional mining was used. The research showed that copper minerals, nearly exclusive sulphide-mineralised, can be proved in every type of mineral deposits. In terms of the zonal distribution, there are centres visible. In spite of the closely relation to silver ore in the smelting processes copper was not very important in many mining districts. A larger quantity of copper ore was won in Schneeberg-Oberschlema, in Breitenbrunn, near Annaberg, near Marienberg, near Freiberg and in Sadisdorf. The study shows an overview of deposits and historical mining of copper ore in the Saxon and Bohemian parts of the Erzgebirge. So the work can be a basis for continuative studies about the importance of copper for the Saxon mining history.:Abkürzungsverzeichnis..........3 Abbildungsverzeichnis..........3 Tabellenverzeichnis..........4 1. Einleitung..........6 2. Untersuchungsgebiet..........9 2.1 Räumliche Abgrenzung..........9 2.2 Geologischer Bau und Entwicklungsgeschichte..........13 2.3 Physisch-geographischer Überblick..........17 2.3.1 Boden..........17 2.3.2 Relief..........18 2.3.3 Klima und Vegetation..........19 3. Material und Methodik..........20 3.1 Teilgebiete innerhalb des Untersuchungsraumes..........20 3.2 Untersuchungen zu den Kupferlagerstätten im Erzgebirge..........22 3.3 Untersuchungen zum Kupfererzabbau 1470 bis 1750..........25 3.4 Begriffe, Einheiten und Namen..........26 4. Lagerstätten im Erzgebirge..........27 4.1 Überblick..........27 4.2 Prävariszische Erzlagerstätten..........29 4.2.1 Einordnung..........29 4.2.2 Konkordante Erzlager..........30 4.2.3 Prävariszische Skarne..........31 4.2.4 Felsitmineralisation..........31 4.3 Variszische Erzlagerstätten..........32 4.3.1 Einordnung..........32 4.3.2 Greisen und Zwitter..........32 4.3.3 Variszische Skarne..........33 4.4 Postvariszische Erzlagerstätten..........33 5. Vorkommen von Kupferlagerstätten im Erzgebirge..........35 5.1 Teilgebiet Schneeberg-Schwarzenberg..........35 5.1.1 Störungssysteme und hydrothermale Gänge..........35 5.1.2 Kupfermineralisationen in den Folgengruppen..........37 5.1.3 Einzelne Kupfervorkommen im Teilgebiet..........38 5.2 Teilgebiet Marienberg-Annaberg..........43 5.2.1 Störungssysteme und hydrothermale Gänge..........43 5.2.2 Kupfermineralisationen in den Folgengruppen..........46 5.2.3 Einzelne Kupfervorkommen im Teilgebiet..........47 5.3 Teilgebiet Freiberg..........50 5.3.1 Störungssysteme und hydrothermale Gänge..........50 5.3.2 Kupfermineralisation in den Folgengruppen..........52 5.3.3 Einzelne Kupfervorkommen im Teilgebiet..........55 5.4 Teilgebiet Altenberg-Glashütte..........56 5.4.1 Ausrichtung und Mineralisation der hydrothermalen Gänge..........56 5.4.2 Einzelne Kupfervorkommen im Teilgebiet..........59 6. Kupfererzabbau von 1470 bis 1750..........61 6.1 Teilgebiet Schneeberg-Schwarzenberg..........61 6.1.1 Kupferförderung im gesamten Teilgebiet..........61 6.1.2 Einzelne Abbaugebiete im Teilgebiet..........61 6.2 Teilgebiet Marienberg-Annaberg..........67 6.2.1 Kupferförderung im gesamten Teilgebiet..........67 6.2.2 Einzelne Abbaugebiete im Teilgebiet..........68 6.3 Teilgebiet Freiberg..........74 6.3.1 Kupferförderung im gesamten Teilgebiet..........74 6.3.2 Einzelne Abbaugebiete im Teilgebiet..........74 6.4 Teilgebiet Altenberg-Glashütte..........77 6.4.1 Kupferförderung im gesamten Teilgebiet..........77 6.4.2 Einzelne Abbaugebiete im Teilgebiet..........77 7. Überblick Teilgebiet Böhmisches Erzgebirge..........80 8. Ergebnisse..........81 9. Ausblick..........86 10. Zusammenfassung..........87 Liste bergmännischer Begriffe und Maße..........91 Liste der Minerale..........92 Literaturverzeichnis..........93

The objective of this report is to carry out a pre-study and develop a framework for how the liquidity and interest rate risk of a bank's demand deposits can be modeled. This is done by first calibrating a Vasicek short rate model and then deriving models for the bank's deposit volume and deposit rate using multiple regression. The volume model and the deposit rate model are used to determine the liquidity and interest rate risk, which is done separately. The liquidity risk is determined by a liquidity quantile which estimates the minimum deposit volume that is expected to remain in the bank over a given time period. The interest rate risk is quantified by an arbitrage-free valuation of the demand deposit which can be used to determine the sensitivity of the net present value of the demand deposit caused by a parallel shift in the market rates. Furthermore, an immunization and a replicating portfolio are constructed and the performances of these are tested when introducing the same parallel shifts in the market rates as in the valuation of the demand deposit. The conclusion of this thesis is that the framework for the liquidity risk management that is developed gave satisfactory results and could be used by the bank if the deposit volume is estimated on representative data and a more accurate model for the short rate is used. The interest rate risk framework did however not yield as reliable results and would be more challenging to implement as a more advanced model for the deposit rate is required. / Målet med denna rapport är att utveckla ett ramverk för att bestämma likviditets-och ränterisken som är relaterad till en banks inlåningsvolym. Detta görs genom att först ta fram en modell för korträntan via kalibrering av en Vasicek modell. Därefter utvecklas, genom multipelregression, modeller för att beskriva bankens inlåningsvolym och inlåningsränta. Dessa modeller används för att kvantifiera likviditets- och ränterisken för inlånings-volymen, vilka beräknas och presenteras separat. Likviditetsrisken bestäms genom att en likviditetskvantil tas fram, vilken estimerar den minimala inlånings-volymen som förväntas kvarstå hos banken över en given tidsperiod. Ränterisken kvantifieras med en arbitragefri värdering av inlåningen och resultatet används för att bestämma känsligheten för hur nuvärdet av inlåningsvolymen påverkas av ett parallellskifte. Utöver detta bestäms en immuniseringsportfölj samt en rep-likerande portfölj och resultatet av dessa utvärderas mot hur nuvärdet förändras givet att samma parallellskifte i ränteläget som tidigare introduceras. Slutsatsen av projektet är att det framtagna ramverket för att bestämma likviditetsrisken för inlåningen gav bra resultat och skulle kunna implementeras i dagsläget av banken, förutsatt att volymmodellen estimeras på representativ data samt att en bättre modell för korträntan används. Ramverket för att bestämma ränterisken gav dock inte lika tillförlitliga resultat och är mer utmanande att implementera då en mer avancerad modell för inlåningsräntan krävs.

This thesis assesses the significance of real bank credit in stimulating real output paying particular attention to the factors that prompt financial intermediation within the economy. The thesis contributes to the existing literature on finance and growth by providing fresh empirical evidence in the case of the Nigerian economy and Africa as a whole. In the context of Nigeria, credit Granger causes output, but the reverse is not true. In testing the factors that mobilise credit, I find that exports are negatively related to credit. Moreover, since credit usually fund non-oil exports, I also find that oil exports is negatively related to credit, whereas non-oil exports is positively related to credit. The latter also explains why capital inflows and imports are positively related to credit in my study. Extending the analysis to Africa as a whole, I find that causality is bi-directional. In examining the factors which mobilise credit (based on three measures of output); I find that output consistently exerts a positive influence on credit, whereas inflation and exports exert the opposite effect. However, the impact of government expenditure on credit is ambiguous. These results are re-confirmed when I use an alternative estimator for robustness. In line with the variables used in the Nigerian case, both capital inflow and imports positively influence credit while the impact of exports is negative for the whole of Africa. When examining the drivers of output in the African context, I find that credit and exports positively influence output whereas inflation exerts the opposite effect. The role of government expenditure is equally ambiguous. A further robustness test again confirms these results. The relationship between exports and credit in the literature is positive hence, it is important to investigate why the opposite holds in the Nigerian and African context. As such, I examine the efficiency of the banking system using three different measures, which includes loans, other earnings and other operating income since this may explain the counter intuitive result: export sales in Africa are largely intermediated by multi-national firms who prefer to obtain financing from credit markets that are more efficient than the African banking system. Across Africa, efficiency of the banking system is 74%, 76% and 92% when loans, other earnings and other operating income are respectively used as the output variables. This implies that 26% of credit is allocated in an unproductive way while 24% and 8% of expenditure could be better managed. When dividing the sample into medium and low-income countries, I find the respective levels of efficiency for each of the measures to be 94% and 11%; 83% and 0%; 90% and 0% for loans, other earnings and other operating income as the output variables respectively. This result supports bank loans as the best output variable, which I use further in the estimation. Further clues as to why there should be such differences in efficiency are obtained when the sample is split by regions, since there are regional variations in the use of credit. The Central African region is the least efficient. In these economies, resources are typically held and allocated by a few individuals.

The Wanganui-Wilberg landslide lies between Hokitika and Franz Josef townships, at the entrance of Harihari, on the true left bank of the Wanganui River, by State Highway 6. This apparently co-seismic landslide belongs to the class of events called rock avalanches - powerful destructive agents (Keefer, 1984) in the landscape. Other rock avalanches are numerous (Whitehouse, 1983), and widespread over the Southern Alps of New Zealand, and many appear to be co-seismic. De Mets et al. (1994) used the model NUVEL-1A to characterize the motion of the Alpine fault: 37 mm/year at an azimuth of 071° for the strike-slip and a dip-slip of 10 mm/year normal to the strike direction. Although linear when seen from the sky, the detailed morphology of the fault is more complex, called en échelon (Norris and Cooper, 1997). It exhibits metamorphosed schists (mylonite series) in its hanging wall (McCahon, 2007; Korup, 2004). Earthquakes on the Alpine fault have a recurrence time of c. 200-300 years and a probability of occurrence within 100 years of 88% (Rhoades and Van Dissen, 2002). Thought to have been triggered by the AD1220 event (determined by dendrochronology), the Wanganui-Wilberg rock avalanche deposit represents only 20% of its original volume, which was c. 33 million cubic metres. The deposit probably dammed the Wanganui River and, as a result, created a small and short-lived lake upstream. The next earthquake capable of triggering such events is likely to occur fairly soon (Yetton, 1998). Knowledge of historic catastrophic events such as the Wanganui-Wilberg rock avalanche is of crucial importance in the development of future hazard and management plans.