The Mt. Milligan deposit is a tilted (~45°) Cu-Au alkalic porphyry located 155 km northwest of Prince George, B.C., Canada. It is the youngest of the BC alkalic porphyry deposits, all of which formed between 210 to 180 Ma in an extensive belt of K-enriched rocks related to the accretion of the Quesnellia-Stikinia superterrane to ancestral North America. Mt. Milligan has a measured and indicated resource of 205.9 million tonnes at 0.60 g/t Au and 0.25% Cu containing 3.7 million oz. gold, and 1.12 billion lb. copper. Shoshonitic volcanic and volcaniclastic andesites host mineralization. These have been intruded by a composite monzonitic stock (MBX stock), and associated sill (Rainbow Dike). Early disseminated chalcopyrite-magnetite and accessory quartz veins are associated with K-feldspar alteration in the MBX stock. A halo of biotite alteration with less extensive magnetite replaces host rocks within a ~150 m zone surrounding the stock, while K-feldpsar alteration extends along the Rainbow Dike and permeable epiclastic horizons. Peripheral albite-actinolite-epidote assemblages surround the K-silicate zone. Albite-actinolite occurs at depth, and epidote dominates laterally. Copper and Au grade are maximal where the albite-actinolite assemblage overprints biotite alteration. Gold grade is moderate in association with epidote, whereas Cu is depleted. The post-mineral Rainbow Fault separates the core Cu-rich zone from a downthrown Au-rich zone. A similar zonation of metals occurs in the hanging-wall (66 zone), where a Cu-bearing, potassically-altered trachytic horizon transitions to a funnel-shaped zone of pyrite-dolomite-sericite-chlorite alteration with elevated gold. Sulfide S-isotope compositions range from -4.79 δ34S in the central Cu-Au orebody to near-zero values at the system periphery, typical of alkalic porphyries. Sulfur isotope contours reflect the magmatic-hydrothermal fluid evolution, and indicate late-stage ingress of peripheral fluids into the Cu-Au zone. Carbonate C- and O-isotope compositions corroborate the magmatic fluid path from the Cu-Au rich zone to Au-rich zone with decreasing depth. Strontium isotopic compositions of peripheral alteration minerals indicate a laterally increasing meteoric fluid component. Changes in major- and trace element composition of epidote and pyrite across the deposit are also systematic. These provide additional vectors to ore, and confirm the kinematics of the Rainbow Fault. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

A study of the mineralogy of a suite of specimens, collected by Dr.C.Riley from the Bonanza silver deposit, has been made. Particular attention is paid to the silver mineralization and the origin of the dendritic structure. A brief examination of the wall rock alteration is included. The mineralogy of the deposit is relatively simple, consisting of the following metallic minerals in their order of abundance: native silver, magnetite, hematite, tetrahedrite, argentite, chalcopyrite, and an unknown mineral. Pitchblende and cobalt-nickel minerals are absent. Magnetite and hematite are restricted to the wall rock and are not associated with the other metallic minerals. The magnetite is believed to be of pyrometasomatic origin and related to a granodiorite intrusion, while the other metallic and gangue minerals are considered to be of hydrothermal origin. The gangue minerals consist of quartz, sericite, and carbonate. Ninety-five percent of the native silver occurs as dendrites and the other five percent as replacement of tetrahedrite and chalcopyrite. Core replacement by the silver is well developed. The dendritic structure of the silver is inherited from quartz through replacement. In a quartz gangue this structure appears to be controlled by rows of specially oriented, doubly terminated, quartz prisms, while in a sericitic gangue the euhedral quartz grains, arranged in a rude dendritic pattern, are the controlling factor. The mineral deposits of the Echo Bay area are compared with similar deposits throughout the world. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

This project’s goal is to evaluate the use of groundwater Rn as a tool for the search of deeply buried U deposits. To do so, the concentrations of major cations, anions, Rn, 4He, and 3H were measured in groundwater. Additionally, the abundance, composition, and distribution of radionuclides (U, Ra, 206Pb, 207Pb, 208Pb), were measured in soil and sandstone above the Denison Mines’ Phoenix Deposit (located at a depth of ~450 m). Rn was extracted from groundwater using mineral oil, and higher groundwater Rn radioactivity (average 0.13 Bq/g of water, n=10) was found in drill holes within ~100 meters of the Phoenix Deposit’s surface projection than in distal holes (average 0.072 Bq/g of oil, n=4). High Rn radioactivity is independent of the drill holes’ intersection with U ore, indicating that drilling did not transport significant amounts of Rn or parent isotopes to shallow depths. The water table is commonly within the Dunlop Member of the Athabasca sandstones, and groundwater Rn is positively correlated with average U concentrations obtained by modified aqua regia digestion of sandstones (analytical code 2AMS at the Saskatchewan Research Council) and also positively correlated with U in three-acid digestion of sandstones (analytical code 3AMS at the Saskatchewan Research Council). Diffusion models show Rn cannot travel significant distances, and so Rn is likely produced in MFd from the in-situ decay of U and Ra. 226Ra radioactivity was measured for B horizon soil samples (n=39) and sandstone samples (n=20) after a HCl leach followed with BaSO4 precipitation. An extraction efficiency for Ra of 28.2%±3.8%. was determined by comparing the soil BaSO4 precipitation procedure against unprocessed soils. Ra radioactivity in B horizon soil is lower than expected from U contents determined with INAA. Ra radioactivity is comparable to the values expected from INAA U concentrations (n=17) in sandstone, with exception to 4 Dunlop Member samples and 2 samples in the Read Formation and Bird Member. Ra in 4 of 5 samples in the Dunlop Member are 10-50% overabundant, perhaps resulting from Ra percolating downwards from soil. The proposed interpretation is consistent with lower than expected Ra radioactivity of B horizon soil. Ra is 260% and 420% overabundant in the two samples from the Read Formation and the Bird Member (1 each), suggesting upward migration of Ra from the U deposit. Low solute concentration and a neutral-weakly alkaline pH of shallow groundwater in the study area appears to prevent significant travel of Ra ions through groundwater by means of ion absorption competition. Pb isotopic compositions were determined using an ICP-MS for sandstones and soil via three different leaches; 0.02 N HBr, 2.7 N HCl, and concentrated HBr. Overall, Pb isotopic compositions of MFd (n=5) and B horizon (n=10) are similar, supporting the percolation of acidic surface waters through soil. One sample from RD (among 4 samples) show high 206Pb, suggesting an upward migration of 206Pb from the deposit. The ratios of 4He/3He in ground water ranged between 0.95-1.07; typical of groundwater-atmosphere interaction. The lateral flow of groundwater at deep levels can explain the absence of higher 4He/3He.

Geology, opaque mineralogy, and alteration assemblages of the Sam Goosly copper-silver-antimony deposit are described in detail and a model for ore genesis is proposed. The deposit occurs in an inlier of Cretaceous sedimentary, pyro-clastic, and volcanic rocks. This inlier is intruded by a quartz monzonite stock in the western part of the property and by a gabbro-monzonite complex in the eastern half. Flat lying to shallow dipping Tertiary andesitic to basaltic flows uncomfortably overlie Cretaceous rocks around the flanks of the inlier. Based on careful examination of over 4,875 m of drill core and on limited surface mapping, four stratigraphic subdivisions striking about 015 degrees and dipping about 45 degrees west have been identified. The Clastic Division, composed of a lower polymictic conglomerate and an upper chert pebble conglomerate, is lowermost and is thought to be correlative with the Skeena Group. Sedimentary rocks are overlain by the Pyroclastic Division, a heterogeneous sequence of tuff, breccia, and reworked pyroclastic debris. Tuff, sandstone, and conglomerate of the Sedimentary-Volcanic Division have well defined bedding and overlie pyroclastic rocks. The uppermost unit composed of andesitic and dacitic flows, is the Volcanic Flow Division. Copper-silver-antimony ores at Sam Goosly are contained in the Main Zone and Southern Tail deposits and are associated with tourmaline, andalusite, scorzalite, and corundum (only in the Main Zone). They are epigenetic and cross-cutting relationships are visible both in hand specimen and throughout the deposit as a whole. The ores occur within the Pyroclastic Division and although they are controlled mainly by structure, crude strati graphic controls are also apparent. Other mineralized areas at Sam Goosly are a zone of porphyry copper-molybdenum mineralization in and adjacent to the quartz monzonite stock and a zone of tourmaline breccia. Similarities in mineralogy, textures, and paragenesis among all four mineralized areas suggest that they are genetically related. Potassium-argon dating of hydrothermal alteration indicates that mineralization occurred almost simultaneously with, the emplacement of the quartz monzonite stock. It is suggested here that copper-silver-antimony ores are related to the porphyry system and were deposited in a subvolcanic environment peripheral to porphyry mineralization. Early stages of mineralization took place between 400° C and 491° C; sulfides continued to form as the system cooled below 300° C. During subsequent thermal metamorphism of the Main Zone deposit adjacent to the gabbro-monzonite complex, pyrrhotite and sillimamite formed in an aureole about 90 m wide. Temperatures during metamorphism are thought to be above 750°C and pressures to be less than 350 bar (about 1 km depth). / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Unknown

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Commercial banks play a dominant role in facilitating the economic growth of a country by acting as an intermediary between the de cit spending unit (borrowers) and the surplus spending unit (lenders). In particular, they transform short-term deposits into medium and long-term loans. Due to their important role in the economy and the nancial system as a whole, commercial banks are subject to high regulation standards in most countries. According to an international set of capital standards known as the Basel Accords, banks are required to hold a minimum level of capital as a bu er to protect their depositors and the nancial market in an event of severe unexpected losses caused by nancial risk. Moreover, government regulators aim to maintain public con dence and trust in the banking system through the use of a deposit insurance scheme (DIS). Deposit insurance (DI) has the e ect of eliminating mass withdrawals of deposits in an event of a bank failure. However, DI comes at a cost. The insuring agent is tasked with estimating a fairly priced premium that the bank should be charged for DI.

The Lone Star porphyry copper deposit in the Safford District of southeastern Arizona was discovered in the late 1800's but never mined on a large scale. In addition to typical copper oxide species such as chrysocolla, the upper part of the deposit has zones of mineralization in which the chemical assays of core samples have higher amounts of copper than can be visually assigned to the observed copper-bearing minerals. The goal of this study is to identify the Cu-bearing minerals, which is crucial because the efficiency of the extraction processes is strongly dependent upon the mineralogy. Samples from seven cores with a range of copper contents and observed copper minerals were collected for analysis. Elemental compositions have been determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and show a large variability in copper content (ranging from 360 ppm to 4.7 wt. %). Mineral assemblages were determined by optical microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy on the scanning electron microscope, and X-ray diffraction analysis and show varying concentrations of possible Cu-hosting minerals such as chlorite, biotite, iron oxides/hydroxides, and clay. Copper element maps were created for selected samples using an electron microprobe and areas of elevated copper concentration were more closely mapped with quantitative analyses taken of many points. This identified some common copper minerals that were simply too small to be seen in hand sample. However, several other minerals also contain high concentrations of Cu including chlorite and biotite (up to 19.3 wt. % CuO), iron oxides/hydroxides (up to 5.2 wt. % CuO), and clay (up to 7.3 wt. % CuO). While it has been determined that there is copper substitution into the structure of these minerals, transmission electron microscope analysis shows some of the copper in the chlorite and biotite is in native Cu blebs between the phyllosilicate sheets. The iron oxides and hydroxides are nanometer-sized particles with large surface areas for adsorption of copper. This presents a multi-phase system of copper minerals that cannot be seen during normal core logging. The presence of ore-grade concentrations of copper in the oxidized zone is likely due to insufficient acid production, as Lone Star is a sulfur-poor deposit, and the neutralizing effect of the andesite that hosts the deposit.

An interim measure is a procedural institute, which aims to prevent possible negative consequences to the legal sphere of the applicant in case he would not be able to exercise his rights until the court's final decision is made. This is a frequently used procedural institute, which can ensure a quick but only temporary adjustment of the conditions of the participants in the legal proceedings. The author divided the thesis into three chapters. In the first chapter, the author deals with the concept of interim measures, its nature and the distinction of different types of interim measures. To understand the meaning of interim measures, the author focused in the second part of this chapter on the historical development of interim measures. The second chapter is most crucial because it focuses on the interim measures in Civil Code Procedure. The legal regulation of the general interim measures can be used for special interim measures as an alternative to their regulation in Special Court Proceedings. The author dealt in detail with all aspects of general interim measures, in particular the general preconditions for ordering interim measures, the procedural process from the filing of the application to the issue of the decision and the possibility to appeal against the decision. In the third chapter,...

An interim measure is a procedural institute, which aims to prevent possible negative consequences to the legal sphere of the applicant in case he would not be able to exercise his rights until the court's final decision is made. This is a frequently used procedural institute, which can ensure a quick but only temporary adjustment of the conditions of the participants in the legal proceedings. The author divided the thesis into three chapters. In the first chapter, the author deals with the concept of interim measures, its nature and the distinction of different types of interim measures. To understand the meaning of interim measures, the author focused in the second part of this chapter on the historical development of interim measures. The second chapter is most crucial because it focuses on the interim measures in Civil Code Procedure. The legal regulation of the general interim measures can be used for special interim measures as an alternative to their regulation in Special Court Proceedings. The author dealt in detail with all aspects of general interim measures, in particular the general preconditions for ordering interim measures, the procedural process from the filing of the application to the issue of the decision and the possibility to appeal against the decision. In the third chapter,...

<p>Combustion of kerosene propellants often deposits soot on chamber walls. These deposits act as a thermal barrier and can significantly affect the analysis of cooling systems. This is especially vital for reusable engines since the accumulated soot deposit can make the wall heat flux vary between every firing. This dissertation discusses a computational and experimental effort to understand the main drivers of these soot deposits. The computational approach employs the Method of Moments with Interpolative Closure (MOMIC) model to predict soot particle dynamics; Brownian and thermophoretic diffusion for particle transport to the chamber surface; and the Hydrogen-Abstraction-Acetylene-Addition (HACA) mechanism for soot surface growth. These models were incorporated in a 1D plug flow reactor. Two-dimensional axisymmetric reacting CFD simulations were also run to understand the flow field influence on the near wall gas phase chemistry. Simultaneously, a fuel rich kerosene and gaseous oxygen experiment was developed and fired to obtain soot deposit thickness measurements for model comparison. The results show the reduced order plug flow model can satisfactorily predict the soot thickness and that thermophoresis is the dominant deposition mechanism. However, though the model can predict deposit mass trends, it underpredicts the absolute values for some conditions and may need an additional mechanism. </p>

In Sweden 16 environmental objectives has been adapted to improve sustainability and assure that future generations has access to a healthy living environment without adding environmental pressure outside the Swedish borders. Snow handling occurs yearly and can be seen to affect several of these objectives and local environment. The municipalities have the responsibility to assure that clearing of snow is carried out and that the snow is deposited according to Swedish laws. This calls for choosing locations for snow deposits in a suitable manner. This study therefore aims to build a generic model in geographic information systems to find suitable places to deposit snow that can increase sustainability by using a simple multi criteria analysis and easy accessible data. The model uses constraints, as only using open land and excludes cultural heritage sites and nature reserves, and factors as visibility, availability, salt contamination and infiltration, for indicating suitable areas for snow depositing. The model was tried on Lidingö municipality to evaluate the result and the resulting suitability map shows good results by indicating areas that can be used for snow deposits but also some areas that aren’t possible to deposit snow on. The model works well with generic data for planners in the early stages of planning and can with some modifications to local properties and general factors be even more specific to point out suitable areas for snow deposits.