Current literature on spelling strategies has indicated that successful spellers use phonological and morphological information as well as graphemic memory in their spelling. Research into spelling disorders has uncovered two broad categories of poor spellers: Phonetically Inaccurate spellers, whose spelling errors are phonetically unrelated to the target and who also exhibit a generalized language impairment and Phonetically Accurate spellers, whose errors are phonetically plausible and who have no obvious neurological impairment. This study intended to investigate some of the organizational and language abilities of those children known as Phonetically Accurate or Atrocious spellers. The hypothesis was that Atrocious spellers have inadequate knowledge of the phonological and morphological rules necessary for correct spelling. Three phonological processes were under examinations Palatalization, Velar Softening and Stress Shift, Test items incorporated one or more of these processes. Subjects performed three spelling tasks two written spelling tasks with oral presentation of the item and one spelling task without auditory model and three language tasks. The first, Suffixation, required subjects to pronounce real and nonsense words derived from a root word and affix. Subjects also judged relatedness of word pairs and learned nonsense words which either did or did not employ the target processes correctly. Because of the "partial cue" reading method employed by the subjects, it was impossible to determine their knowledge of phonology through the Suffixation task. However, the data gave rise to some interesting considerations. Review of the historical development of spelling suggested possible parallels between synchronic and diachronic development of spelling. Poor handwriting was linked to poor spelling and a rationale was proposed. Several instances of motor perseveration of writing were noted, suggesting that for these cases, the stimulus of the motor pattern was stronger than an auditory model. Some evidence for word recall problems appeared; a confrontation naming task would determine whether the incidence of word finding difficulties is higher in Atrocious spellers than in proficient spellers, Errors in affixation led to further questioning of subjects' morphological competence. Atrocious and good spellers employed a spelling strategy known as "sounding out" with varying degrees of proficiency. The question was then raised of how strongly spelling errors were influenced by the speller's dialect of spoken language. Most notably, nearly all test subjects favoured an auditory over a visual strategy when they were unsure of spelling. This translation from morpheme to phoneme string and then to grapheme string was felt to be developmentally an earlier stage than a direct translation from morpheme to grapheme. / Medicine, Faculty of / Audiology and Speech Sciences, School of / Graduate

The fear of able-bodied people pretending to be disabled was rampant in early modern England. Thieves were reputed to feign impairment in order to con charity out of well-meaning Christians. People told stories about these deceptive rogues in widely circulated prose pamphlets, sung about them in popular ballads, and even recorded their purported actions in laws passed to curb their counterfeiting. Feigned disability was especially prevalent--and potent--on the stage. Over thirty plays feature one or more able-bodied characters performing physical impairment. This dissertation examines the theatrical tradition of dissembling disability and argues that it played a central role in the cultural creation of disability as a category of identity. On the stage, playwrights teased out stereotypes about the non-standard body, specifically the popular notion that disability was always both deeply pitiful and, simultaneously, dangerously criminal and counterfeit. Fears of false disability, which surged during the English Reformation, demanded a policing of boundaries between able-bodied and disabled persons and inspired the first legal definition of disability in England. Rather than resolving the issue of physical difference, as the legal and religious authorities attempted to do, the theater revealed and reveled in the myriad complications of the non-standard body. The many plays that feature performances of dissembling disability use the trope to interrogate issues of epistemological proof, ask theological questions about charity and virtue, and, especially, explore the relationship between the body and identity. Fraudulent disability also had important literary uses as well; playwrights employed this handy theatrical instrument to construct character, to solve narrative problems, to draw attention to the manufactured theatricality of their dramas, and, often, to critique the practices of the commercial theater. Expanding beyond the medical perspectives offered by the few studies that have considered early modern disability, I argue that these performances emerge out of a complex network of literary, religious, and social concerns. For all that fraudulent disability may have been itself a type of fraud, trumped up by the state, the church, and the theater for their own diverse ends, it still wielded enormous influence in shaping notions of the non-standard body that are still current.

An analysis of experiences of immigrant parents, in a Midwestern college community, accessing services for their child with a disability. A qualitative study using phenomenological theory was used wherein access to services was explored from the parents lived experience. Four immigrant parents were chosen using purposive sampling. Grand tour questions were asked leading to follow-up questions based on respondent answers. Interviews were audio recorded in a location chosen by respondents, and transcribed. Home environment and interactions with child were noted. Grounded theory emerged from analysis using the constant comparative method. Transcripts were read multiple times and categories began to emerge. Based on emergent categories transcripts were cut into segments and categorized accordingly. Comparisons of categories led to reanalysis and emergence of three primary themes; experience of accessing services, feelings about services, and factors affecting experience of accessing services. To enhance credibility, negative case analysis was used to incorporate differential experiences. Thick description was used to increase transferability. Dependability and Confirmability were addressed using an audit process. Two parallel theories emerged from the analysis; one regarding factors leading to positive experiences of accessing services, one regarding factors leading to negative experiences. The theories are supported by original data from the interviews and show how providers, the Department of Human Services, school systems and advocates can improve the situation. This study adds knowledge by exploring a previously unexplored type of community in this research area, but is limited by researcher requirement of English speaking respondents.

Att inte kunna vara självständig i sitt eget hem och att ständigt behöva vara beroende av sambos, familjemedlemmar och personliga assistenter är en underliggande faktor för en försämrad livskvalité. Självständighet är ingen självklarhet för personer med Multipel Skleros (MS) på grund av deras funktionsnedsättningar som resulterar i funktionshinder i hemmet. Att inte vara kapabel till att utföra vardagliga sysslor som bland annat involverar städning, matlagning och hygien, leder till en låg självkänsla. Denna studie har genom produktdesign undersökt hur det går att stödja nedsatt handstyrka i hemmet för personer med MS. Teorierna som studien har grundat sig i har bestått av användarcentrerad design med ett underliggande stöd från emotionell design och ergonomisk design för en begränsad greppförmåga. Salutogen design och design för alla var ytterligare två teorier som använts för att besvara studiens frågeställning. Användarcentrerad design är ett tillvägagångssätt som ser till människans behov och förmågor genom en empatisk förståelse, för att sedan utveckla en designlösning anpassad för behoven. Studiens målgrupp har bestått av respondenter med olika MS typer, skovvis förlöpande MS, sekundär- och primär progressiv MS. Målgruppen var delaktiga i studiens enkätundersökningar och intervjuer som utfördes för att förstå målgruppens problemområden, förutsättningar och behov. Det som framkom var att det finns många problemområden, denna studie fokuserade på problem i hemmet, mer specifikt hamnade fokus på att lösa problematik som uppstår med nedsatt handstyrka som visat sig vara ett vanligt förekommande vardagsproblem för personer med MS. Studiens marknadsundersökning visar att hjälpmedel som underlättar funktionshinder i en hemmiljö som orsakas av en nedsatt handstyrka nästan är obefintlig. I denna studie utvecklades ett hjälpmedel som stödjer nedsatt handstyrka vid dammsugning, då den rörelse som krävs vid dammsugning kan medföra domningar, svaghet och värk vid utförande. Enligt studiens respondenter framkom även betydelsen av hjälpmedlets estetiska uttryck för att uppmuntra till användning och hur dagens hjälpmedel endast fokuserar på funktionaliteten och saknar en tilltalande estetik. Det slutgiltiga produktförslaget för denna studie är ett exempel på hur ett hjälpmedel kan se ut för personer med nedsatt styrka i händerna. / Not being able to be independent in their own home and constantly having to be dependent on cohabitation, family members and personal assistants is an underlying factor for a deteriorated quality of life. Independence is not a matter of course for people with multiple sclerosis (MS) due to their disabilities resulting in disability in the home. Not being able to perform everyday tasks that include cleaning, cooking and hygiene, leads to a low self-esteem. This study has, through product design, investigated how it is possible to facilitate disability that occurs in the home due to a reduced strength in the hands of people with MS. The theories on which the study was based have consisted of user- centered design with an underlying support from emotional design and ergonomic design for disability. User-centered design is an approach that primarily focuses on human needs and abilities, and then adjusts the design and fulfills the desired needs. The study's target group has consisted of respondents in the various MS types, forest-like MS, secondary and primary progressive MS who had to answer questionnaires, were interviewed and observed for the collection of the empirical material. The study's conclusion shows that the market for assistive devices that facilitate disability in a home environment caused by a reduced hand strength is almost non-existent. According to the study's respondents, the significance of the aesthetic expression of the device emerged for a wider use and how today's aids only focus on functionality and lack a pleasing aesthetics. The final product proposal for this study became an aid that should be used in connection with vacuuming the home and facilitating this task for people with reduced strength in the hands.

Magister Curationis - MCur / Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a core emergency skill in which all nurses need to be proficient to save the lives of patients. It is important for nurses working in psychiatric hospitals to administer CPR correctly should the need arise. However, they rarely perform CPR as the patients they care for are generally not physical ill, unlike patients admitted in general hospitals. Given the paucity of literature on CPR in psychiatric hospitals, this study aimed at investigating the attitudes towards CPR and the CPR competency of nurses working at a hospital for intellectually disabled people in the Western Cape, South Africa

Traditional conceptions of autonomy, which highlight the separation of the individual from the social forces around them, contradict a core assumption of sociological thought: that the individual is embedded in society. What then are we to make of autonomy’s cultural power to structure a person’s relationships and commitments? Moreover, how do people maintain autonomous social identities despite the dependencies that structure modern life? I explore these questions through ethnographic inquiry of the daily negotiation of carework and autonomy at an independent living community for adults with intellectual disability. I find that autonomous social identity emerges when autonomous actions are socially and temporally distanced from the actions of others. By framing dependence as a momentary state on the way to a more autonomous future, staff attribute autonomy to participants based on their progress toward future goals. The result is paradoxical. When daily productivity becomes the most salient indicator of autonomy, participants are obligated to be autonomous as a condition for their status as adults. I argue that this obligation to autonomy is a basic mechanism through which social institutions, like adulthood, induce self-governance as a mechanism of social control.

For many years, physicians and the greater population saw Autism Spectrum Disorder as a behavioral syndrome. But what physicians have proved in recent decades is that autism is a wide spectrum disorder foremost affecting the senses. Autistic individuals have difficulty distinguishing relevant from irrelevant stimuli due to the fact that their brain is unable to organize sensation into meaning and concept. They cannot "break" the whole picture into relevant parts. It is a known fact that not much investigation and research has gone into the support of adults with autism. Government funding goes into the education and therapy of children with autism, but after the age of 18, adults with autism often end up in isolation, in the care of their families, or in mental institutions. Furthermore, physicians tend to disagree with the current lifestyles residential communities put forth for those living in them. The goal of this thesis is to design and develop a "kit of parts" or installation-like spaces that will be ad ted into a residential living community for the increase in quality of life for autistic individuals. With sensory spaces fixed into the architecture of the residential living community, hopefully the residents' lives will improve and they will gain independence. / 0 / SPK / specialcollections@tulane.edu

Magister Legum - LLM / The South African apartheid regime brought about many injustices. These injustices were mostly directed at people of colour, women and people with disabilities. People with disabilities were neglected, discriminated against and largely marginalised.1 A person is considered as having a disability in terms of the Code of Good Practice on the Key Aspects on the Employment of Persons with Disabilities,2 if they have a physical or mental impairment, which is a long term or recurring impairment and which significantly limits their prospects of entry into or any advancement within the workplace.

abstract: The present study aimed to advance the current understanding of the relation between disability and subjective well-being by examining the extent to which different facets of subjective well-being (life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect) change before and after disability onset, and the extent to which age and type of disability moderate such changes. Multiphase growth-curve models to prospective longitudinal survey data from Waves 1-16 of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey (N = 3,795; mean age = 50.22; age range: 16-99; 51% women). On average, life satisfaction remained relatively stable across the disability transition, whereas positive affect declined and negative affect increased the year surrounding disability onset; in the years thereafter, neither positive affect nor negative affect returned to pre-onset levels. Individuals who acquired disability in old age were more likely to report sustained declines in subjective well-being than were individuals who became disabled in midlife or young adulthood. Psychological disability was associated with the strongest declines across each indicator of subjective well-being at disability onset but also greater adaptation in the years thereafter. The findings provide further evidence against the set-point theory of hedonic adaptation and for a more moderate viewpoint that allows for processes of adaptation to vary based on the outcome examined, the type of stressor, and individual characteristics. The discussion focuses on possible mechanisms underlying the moderating roles of age and type of disability. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Psychology 2019

<p>Forming positive teacher-student relationships with students has been identified as a protective factor for students. However, many teachers struggle to form and maintain a positive relationship with students diagnosed with an emotional disturbance. It is essential that teachers have tools to help build and maintain positive teacher-student relationships.</p><p>This study focused on investigating licensed special education teachers that have taught seventh through twelve grade students with emotional disturbances. Out of the nine individuals who were sent the survey, all nine participants completed it. The survey was conducted to identify common negative behaviors and to identify what strategies teachers would like more information about to help them form positive teacher-student relationships. The survey consisting of short answer questions, multiple choice questions, yes or no questions, and questions that ask them to explain their answers.</p><p>The findings from the literature review and the survey data supported a need for a handbook to be created in order to inform special education teachers of ways to develop and maintain positive teacher-student relationships with students diagnosed with an emotional disturbance. Strategies are included in the handbook for teachers to reduce negative behaviors with students diagnosed with an emotional disturbance.</p>