The aim of this thesis is to establish the value of the company for their owners. The thesis is divided into two parts: theorical and practical. In the first part the value, its creation and the methods used for valuation are defined. In the second part, the company is valuated based on the methodology of discounted cash flows.

Business valuation of micro trading company LIPOVICA trade s.r.o; main business activity of the company is selling and distribution of aluminum radiators on the markets in the Czech and Slovak republic. The valuation is based on discounted cash flows method, economic value added method, capitalization of profits method and simple liquidation method.

Property market forecasts play a crucial role in modern real estate valuation methodologies and, consequently, flawed forecasts can have adverse impacts on the accuracy of valuations. This thesis identifies property industry inconsistencies in the formulation and application of office rent forecasts adopted in discounted cash flow (DCF) studies used to assess the value of commercial properties and the viability of proposed projects. Existing research on commercial property cycles and office property market modelling is examined in order to identify the dominant market drivers adopted by researchers. Forecasting techniques are also explored towards specifying space and rent models for the Brisbane CBD office market using the perceived dominant drivers as explanatory variables. Surveys of property valuers and developers are undertaken to underpin the selection of these variables. The implications of varying rent forecasts applied in DCF based valuation assessments are tested through the use of a case study involving four Brisbane office buildings. Innovative research is conducted through adopting geographic information system supported land use and historical valuation studies to delineate market precincts within the Brisbane CBD. The rent model is then re-estimated using precinct based office rent data to allow the generation of forecasts for the individual precincts. Out-of-sample accuracy test results for the precinct forecasts are compared with the results produced by the model specified using whole-of-city data. The literature reviews, surveys and model testing determine a relatively consistent range of dominant explanatory variables applicable to office markets. The case study, in a local context, confirms that varying forecasts do have a significant impact on property valuations. Tests of the forecast results generated by the Brisbane CBD model provide some evidence that more plausible office rent forecasts stem from the use of market models as compared with solely applying professional judgement based forecasts. Subject to data availability limitations, the precinct based rent model is found to produce rent forecasts superior to those generated by the whole-of-city model. Finally, the thesis makes a range of industry recommendations towards enhancing forecasts and recommendations are also made for potential future research projects.

The aim of this master´s thesis is to estimate the value of company P + P spol. s.r.o. to the date 31. 12. 2015, using publicly available information and internal sources. The work is divided into two main parts. The first part is theoretical, describing methods, techniques and terms that are used in company valuation. In the practical part there is first introduced the company, as well as strategic and financial analyses are made to assess external and internal potential of the company, evaluated the financial health and verifying whether the so-called "going concern" principle is retained. Furthermore, there are made analysis of value drivers, the financial plan for the years from 2016 to 2020 and the final valuation of the company.

The master's thesis focuses on retail company Koruna, s. r. o. valuation by using income-based methods of discounted cash flows of an entity and economic value added. The thesis is divided into two main parts. The first part defines the theoretical basis of the thesis and the second part deals with the practical application of knowledge to the specific company. The practical part contains strategic and financial analysis and application of income-based methods which leads to the determination of the company's value to the 1. 1. 2016.

Africa still has the lowest electrification rates in the world with over 600 million people estimated to be living without access to electricity. What makes the challenge even greater for Africa is that the continent is so sparsely populated that building grid infrastructure is not viable in many cases. However, “pay-as-you-go” solar home systems have provided the continent with the opportunity to correct its electrification deficit. These innovations are not new and many of the costs of operating these systems have reached grid parity when one considers the Levelized Cost of Energy Model. However, these projects still fail to meet institutional investors' bankability criteria. The aim of this study is to try and understand whether solar home systems provide the investor with an opportunity to make a larger risk-adjusted return versus existing grid-based power station projects being considered on the continent. This study uses Ghana's recently built Kpone power station as a case study to complete this analysis. The study also seeks to assess what viability criteria is employed by a broad base of investors if they were to consider funding off-grid power. The study makes use of the Net Present Value model to compare the returns for Kpone and Zola Electric's Infinity solar home system. The study also conducts inductive qualitative analysis to try and ascertain what criteria is assessed for project viability and then builds a conceptual framework for assessing future projects. The study found that Kpone provided a better risk-adjusted return to that of Zola Electric's solar home system, largely because of Kpone's project finance structure reducing the risk of the investment. Our findings also show that investment ticket size, company track record and management track record are among the most highly considered criteria for investments into off-grid companies.

[pt] O presente estudo aborda os principais métodos da Avaliação Empresarial no âmbito de demonstrar, na forma de passo a passo, como estimar o valor financeiro de uma PME. Deste modo, são apresentadas as técnicas mais usadas pelo mercado corporativo, mais especificamente, a avaliação pelo Método Contábil, o Fluxo de Caixa Descontado e a Avaliação por Múltiplos, a fim de identificar a metodologia que melhor se adequa à realidade de uma empresa de pequeno-médio porte. Sendo assim, este trabalho propõe, através de um estudo de caso, a aplicação de cada método em uma PME de capital fechado, no intuito de obter seu valor econômico-financeiro. Esta empresa pertencente à indústria do vinho caracteriza-se como um negócio familiar e irá iniciar um processo de captação de investidores. Por conseguinte, existe a necessidade, por parte da gestão da companhia, em entender o valor de mercado do negócio. Os resultados obtidos em cada modelo serão analisados no intuito de confrontar as proposições de valor do empreendimento através de espectros diferentes. / [en] This study presents the main business valuation methods in order to demonstrate how to value a SME in Brazil. That said, the most common valuation techniques, specifically, the accounting valuation, discounted cash-flow and the multiples approach are exposed step-by-step with the purpose of understanding the most suitable methodology for a small or medium-sized enterprise. Thus, this research introduces a case study of a family business acting in the wine industry in order to apply each valuation method. This small-medium company is seeking for a private investor to fund its new strategic plan, but first the directors need to understand the business s market value. The results achieved by each valuation model will be analysed and compared to provide a better understanding of the financial value through different outlooks.

[pt] Na avaliação de projetos de investimento, tais como a construção de uma fábrica ou a ampliação de uma rede de telecomunicações, é comum a utilização da metodologia dos fluxos de caixa descontados, a despeito das suas conhecidas limitações, que tendem a produzir resultados menos consistentes. Tais limitações podem ser aceitáveis quando se objetiva apenas assegurar a viabilidade do projeto. No processo de privatização de uma empresa estatal, porém, a precisão no seu valor de avaliação torna-se crítica, não somente para se maximizar o ganho decorrente da venda, como também, devido ao seu caráter polêmico e a eventuais resistências à venda das empresas estatais, para se evitar o desgaste político decorrente de suspeitas quanto à legitimidade do processo. Seguindo orientação definida no Programa Nacional de Desestatização (PND), a metodologia dos Fluxos de Caixa Descontados tem sido amplamente usada na avaliação das empresas estatais. A venda da EMBRATEL não fugiu à regra, tendo-se verificado no seu leilão um ágio bastante elevado. O presente trabalho busca levantar hipóteses quanto à flexibilidade gerencial decorrente da venda da EMBRATEL, que poderia ter sido captada pelo uso da metodologia de avaliação por opções reais. Supondo-se que se busca maximizar o valor da venda das empresas estatais, os avaliadores terão a opção de utilizar esta metodologia nas próximas operações de privatização. / [en] In a project evaluation, as a factory construction or a telecommunications network expansion, the traditional discounted-cash-flow analysis is largely used, despite it is well known restrictions, that tend to reach less consistent results. These restrictions could be acceptable when the intention is just to guarantee the project s viability. In a public company privatization process, however, it is critical to reach an accurate value to the firm, not just to maximize the sale s value, but also, due to the controversial nature and some society s segments resistance of the public companies sales, to avoid political wastage caused by process legitimacy suspects. In accordance to the Brazillian national privatization program (Programa Nacional de Desestatização) orientation, the discounted-cash-flow methodology has been largely used in the public companies evaluation. The EMBRATEL sale was not different, and was observed a large agio in this process. This paper was written with the intention of formulating some hypothesis about the managerial flexibility caused by the EMBRATEL sale, that could be captured by the real options evaluation methodology. Presumed that the objective is to maximize the sale s value of the public companies, the valuators have the real options methodology as an alternative for the next public companies to be privatized. / [es] En la evaluación de proyectos de inversiones, tales como la construcción de una fábrica o la ampliación de una red de telecomunicaciones, comúnmente se utilizan metodologías de flujos de caja descontados, a pesar de sus conocidas limitaciones que produzen resultados menos consistentes. Tales limitaciones pueden ser aceptables cuando el objetivo es únicamente asegurar la viabilidad del proyecto. Sin embargo, en el proceso de privatización de una empresa estatal, la precisión del valor de evaluación se convierte en un punto crítico. Esto se debe no sólo al deseo de maximizar la ganancia sino también, al caráter polémico y a la eventuales resistencias a vender por parte de las empresas estatales para evitar el desgaste político producto de sospechas sobre la legitimidad del proceso. Siguiendo la orientación definida en el Programa Nacional de Desestatización (PND), la metodología de los Flujos de Caja Descontados ha sido ampliamente utilizada en la evaluación de las empresas estatales. La venta de la EMBRATEL no fue la excepción de la regla, y se verificó en su subasta un precio bastante elevado. El presente trabajo intenta levantar hipóteses con respecto a la flexibilidad gerencial de la venta de la EMBRATEL, que podría haber sido captada por el uso de la metodología de evaluación por opciones reales. Suponiendo que se busca maximizar el valor de la venta de las empresas estatales, los evaluadores tendrán la opción de utilizar esta metodología en las próximas operaciones de privatización

The aim of the thesis is the determination of investment cash flows generated from Finnish market development activities of a selected Russia-based small company, performing investment valuation using discounted cash flow method and presenting improvements which can rise the attractiveness for potential investors. It includes comprehensive investment valuation of the selected company at the seed stage of its` development, including the overview of current financial situation, usage a valuation model followed by stable growth and terminal value determination. Provided and copulated data serves as an example of complete valuation model for capital injections of future projects in the company, thanks to which the author is able to come to particular conclusions on the funding perspectives for the company. The results obtained through the analysis is assessed through the critical prism to be used as a basis for further suggestions on improvement.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:40:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mario Cordeiro Filho.pdf: 9981225 bytes, checksum: 565a2d3dad4737a7a20f562e323becab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-18 / The purpose of this dissertation this to the study the problems related to applying valuation methods for highway concessions companies in Brazil. It is justified by the economic importance that this sector is assuming in Brazil with respect to investments in infrastructure that have already been and are going to be made. The highway concession segment in Brazil has expanded since the second half of the 1990s. Until this date there are more than 50 highway concession companies throughout the country, responsible for investment commitments of more of them R$ 10 billion related to improving and expanding the brazilian highway network. The highway concessions are specific purpose entities with a defined service life and holders of a concession right that permits them to commercially exploit segments of highways through charging tolls from the users, in exchange for assuming commitments to provide determined services and to implement investments for improvement and expansion during the concession agreement. In some cases the concession also assumes the commitment of payment of a right of concession to a Granting Authority. In this dissertation the application of valuation methods for companies, based on discounted cash flows, dividend flows, internal rate of return, payback and value multiples such as the ratio between enterprise value and its EBITDA are considered. These methods were used in the valuation of the five highway concessions granted by the Government of the State of São Paulo in the public auction that took place in October 2008. The results of this valuation as well as a critical analysis of the adequacy of the above-mentioned valuation methods are presented in chapter V and the conclusions are presented in chapter VI of this dissertation / Este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar os problemas relativos a aplicação de métodos de avaliação de empresas em concessões de rodovias no Brasil, e justifica-se pela importância econômica que esse setor vem assumindo no país no que tange aos investimentos de infraestrutura realizados e a realizar. O setor de concessões de rodovias no Brasil tem se expandido desde a segunda metade da década de 90. Existe até esta data mais de 50 empresas de concessões de rodovias em todo o país, responsáveis por compromissos de investimentos de mais de R$ 10 bilhões relativos a melhoria e expansão da malha viária brasileira. As concessões de rodovias são Sociedades de Propósito Específico com vida útil definida. Detentoras de um direito de concessão que lhes permite explorar comercialmente trechos de rodovias por meio da cobrança de tarifas de pedágio dos usuários, em contrapartida, assumem o compromisso de prestar determinados serviços e implantar investimentos de melhoria e de expansão ao longo do contrato. Em alguns casos, a concessão encarrega-se do encargo de pagar direito de outorga a algum Pode Concedente. Este trabalho considerou a aplicação dos métodos de avaliação de empresas baseados em Fluxos de Caixa Descontados, Fluxos de Dividendos, Taxa Interna de Retorno, Payback e Múltiplo de Valor como, por exemplo, a relação Valor da Empresa / EBITDA. Os métodos acima foram aplicados na avaliação das cinco concessões de rodovias outorgadas pelo Governo do Estado de São Paulo no leilão público ocorrido em outubro de 2008. Os resultados dessas avaliações, assim como a análise crítica da adequação dos referidos métodos de avaliação, são apresentados no Capítulo V e as conclusões, no Capítulo VI deste trabalho