Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de proteção de sobrecorrente de redes primárias aéreas de distribuição de energia elétrica através de uma abordagem probabilística. Abordagens convencionais para o problema de proteção de sobrecorrente não levam em conta a natureza probabilística das principais variáveis envolvidas: tipo da falta, localização da falta e impedância de defeito para faltas envolvendo a terra. Neste caso, por exemplo, torna-se muito difícil avaliar as conseqüências de situações nas quais a coordenação total entre os dispositivos não pode ser alcançada por alguma razão. A abordagem probabilística permite, por outro lado, quantificar o risco de não haver coordenação entre dois dispositivos de proteção adjacentes. Esta informação é extremamente valiosa para os engenheiros de proteção na fase de projeto da rede elétrica. No trabalho, a metodologia probabilística é apresentada em detalhe e sua aplicação é ilustrada através de alguns estudos de aplicação, nos quais procurou-se avaliar a influência dos principais parâmetros do modelo na coordenação dos dispositivos de proteção. / This work describes the study of distribution system overcurrent protection through a probabilistic approach. Conventional approaches for overcurrent protection do not consider the probabilistic nature of the main variables involved, such as fault location, fault type and fault impedance for faults involving the ground. In this case, for instance, it is very difficult to assess the impact of situations where full coordination cannot be attained for some reason. The probabilistic approach, on the other hand, allows quantifying the risk of two adjacent protective devices operating in a non-coordinated way. This information is extremely valuable for electrical engineers at design level. In this work, the proposed methodology is illustrated through a few detailed application studies, including various sensitivity analyzes for assessing the influence of model parameters on the coordination of protective devices.

The smooth and reliable operation of key infrastructure components like water distribution systems, electric power systems, and telecommunications is essential for a nation?s economic growth and overall security. Tragic events such as the Northridge earthquake and Hurricane Katrina have shown us how the occurrence of a disaster can cripple one or more such critical infrastructure components and cause widespread damage and destruction. Technological advancements made over the last few decades have resulted in these infrastructure components becoming highly complicated and inter-dependent on each other. The development of tools which can aid in understanding this complex interaction amongst the infrastructure components is thus of paramount importance for being able to manage critical resources and carry out post-emergency recovery missions. The research work conducted as a part of this thesis aims at studying the effects of fire (a calamitous event) on the electrical distribution network of a city. The study has been carried out on a test bed comprising of a virtual city named Micropolis which was modeled using a Geographic Information System (GIS) based software package. This report describes the designing of a separate electrical test bed using Simulink, based on the GIS layout of the power distribution network of Micropolis. It also proposes a method of quantifying the damage caused by fire to the electrical network by means of a parameter called the Load Loss Damage Index (LLDI). Finally, it presents an innovative graph theoretic approach for determining how to route power across faulted sections of the electrical network using a given set of Normally Open switches. The power is routed along a path of minimum impedance. The proposed methodologies are then tested by running numerous simulations on the Micropolis test bed, corresponding to different fire spread scenarios. The LLDI values generated from these simulation runs are then analyzed in order to determine the most damaging scenarios and to identify infrastructure components of the city which are most crucial in containing the damage caused by fire to the electrical network. The conclusions thereby drawn can give useful insights to emergency response personnel when they deal with real-life disasters.

Online video accounts for a large and growing portion of all Internet traffic. In order to cut bandwidth costs, it is necessary to use the available bandwidth of users to offload video downloads. Assuming that users can only keep and distribute one video at any given time, it is necessary to determine the global user cache distribution with the goal of achieving maximum peer traffic. The system model contains three different parties: viewers, idlers and servers. Viewers are those peers who are currently viewing a video. Idlers are those peers who are currently not viewing a video but are available to upload to others. Finally, servers can upload any video to any user and has infinite capacity. Every video maintains a first-in-first-out viewer queue which contains all the viewers for that video. Each viewer downloads from the peer that arrived before it, with the earliest arriving peer downloading from the server. Thus, the server must upload to one peer whenever the viewer queue is not empty. The aim of the idlers is to act as a server for a particular video, thereby eliminating all server traffic for that video. By using the popularity of videos, the number of idlers and some assumptions on the viewer arrival process, the optimal global video distribution in the user caches can be determined.

Online video accounts for a large and growing portion of all Internet traffic. In order to cut bandwidth costs, it is necessary to use the available bandwidth of users to offload video downloads. Assuming that users can only keep and distribute one video at any given time, it is necessary to determine the global user cache distribution with the goal of achieving maximum peer traffic. The system model contains three different parties: viewers, idlers and servers. Viewers are those peers who are currently viewing a video. Idlers are those peers who are currently not viewing a video but are available to upload to others. Finally, servers can upload any video to any user and has infinite capacity. Every video maintains a first-in-first-out viewer queue which contains all the viewers for that video. Each viewer downloads from the peer that arrived before it, with the earliest arriving peer downloading from the server. Thus, the server must upload to one peer whenever the viewer queue is not empty. The aim of the idlers is to act as a server for a particular video, thereby eliminating all server traffic for that video. By using the popularity of videos, the number of idlers and some assumptions on the viewer arrival process, the optimal global video distribution in the user caches can be determined.

The realization of planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance of water supply systems pictures one of the largest infrastructure projects of municipalities / water distribution networks should be designed very meticulously. Genetic algorithm is an optimization method that is based on natural evolution and is used for the optimization of water distribution networks. Genetic algorithm is comprised of operators and the operators affect the performance of the algorithm. Although these operators are related with parameters, not much attention has been given for the determination of these parameters for this specific field of water distribution networks. This study represents a novel methodology, which investigates the parameters of the algorithm for different networks. The developed computer program is applied to three networks. Two of these networks are well known examples from the literature / the third network is a pressure zone of Ankara water distribution network. It is found out that, the parameters of the algorithm are related with the network, the case to be optimized and the developed computer program. The pressure penalty constant value varied depending on the pipe costs and the network characteristics. The mutation rate is found to vary in a range of [0.0075 &ndash / 0.0675] for three networks. Elitism rate is determined as the minimum value for the corresponding population size. Crossover probability is found to vary in a range of [0.5 &ndash / 0.9]. The methodology should be applied to determine the appropriate parameter set of genetic algorithm for each optimization study. Using the method described, fairly well results are obtained.

Quality of municipal water is sustained by addition of disinfectant, generally chlorine, to the water distribution network. Because of health problems, chlorine concentration in the network is limited between maximum and minimum limits. Cancerogenic disinfectant by-products start to occur at high concentrations so it is desired to have minimum amount of chlorine without violating the limit. In addition to the health issues, minimum injection amount is favorable concerning cost. Hence, an optimization model is necessary which covers all of these considerations. However, there are uncertain factors as chlorine is reactive and decays both over time and space. Thus, probabilistic approach is necessary to obtain reliable and realistic results from the model. In this study, a linear programming model is developed for the chance constrained optimization of the water distribution network. The objective is to obtain minimum amount of injection mass subjected to maintaining more uniformly distributed chlorine concentrations within the limits while considering the randomness of chlorine concentration by probability distributions. Network hydraulics and chlorine concentration computations are done by the network simulation software, EPANET.

Calculation methods of electric power loss in 10 kV distribution network were analyzed in this study. It was examined what influence to power loss calculations has the cable resistance dependency on temperature and cable load. Voltage losses dependency on step-down transformer load, active and reactive power coefficients cosφ and sinφ was also an object of this research. It was intended to analyze comparative power loss dependences for various cross-section 10 kV cables too. Electric power loss calculations according to average load current are made for the real distribution network.

Šiame darbe nagrinėjamas Radviliškio rajono 10 kV skirstomasis tinklas. 2009 m. duomenimis 10 kV elektros oro linijų ilgis buvo 988,62 km ir kabelinių elektros linijų 115,6 km. Visos elektros oro linijos yra statytos su gelžbetoninėmis atramomis. Linijų tankis 0,68 km/km2. Dėl elektros tiekimo nutraukimų vartotojai patiria materialinę žalą. Kadangi visos linijos buvo statytos tuomet kai Lietuva buvo TSRS sudėtyje. Lietuvai įstojus į Europos Sąjungą, pasikeitė reikalavimai skirstomajam tinklui. Apskaičiuosime kai kuriuos esamo tinklo parametrus ir pabandysime palyginti su normatyviniais. Šiame darbe pateikiame išvadas apie nagrinėjamo elektros tinklo patikimumą. Ar tinklą galima toliau eksploatuoti. Iš gautų rezultatų bus galima spręsti kokiais būdais galima pagerinti tinklo būklę. / In this final paper the 10 kV distributive networks in Radviliskis district has been analysed. According to the data of 2009, the length of 10 kV air route of electricity was 988,62 km and the length of cable route of electricity was 115,6 km. All the air route of electricity has been built using ferroconcrete supports. The density of routes is 0,68 km/ km2. The consumers of electricity experience material harm due to abortion of distribution of electricity. The requirements for distributive networks have been changed when Lithuania joined EU, because all the electricity routes have been built when Lithuania was part of the Soviet Union. We will try to evaluate some parameters of present network and to compare with normative. In this paper the conclusions about the reliability and further maintenance of electricity network has been formulated. Agreeably with results received, solutions for current network improvement have been given.

The recently growing concerns of customers and governments about environmental protection and greenhouse gas reduction have forced companies to integrate the topic of environmental sustainability into their decision making. Facility location decisions are of special relevance in this respect because of their strategic nature. Furthermore, many different trade-offs must be considered, for example between operational costs and customer service. But as soon as environmental issues are concerned, other critical issues must be considered as well. Based on a case study from the petrochemical industry, this paper extends two basic facility location models and shows the impact of distribution network-design decisions on the economic and environmental performance of the company. The results show a trade-off between total (distribution) costs and transport carbon emissions. (authors' abstract)

ABSTRACT DESIGN OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM BY OPTIMIZATION USING RELIABILITY CONSIDERATIONS Akdogan, Tevfik Department of Civil Engineering Supervisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nuri Merzi April 2005, 91 pages In spite of a wide research, design of water distribution networks are not realized using optimization techniques. One reason for this fact is, design of water distribution networks is evaluated, mostly, as a least-cost optimization problem where pipe diameters being the only decision variables. The other motivation for preferring the traditional modeling practice is that, existing optimization algorithms are not presented to the user as friendly as it should be. In fact, water distribution systems are very complex systems such that it is not easy to obtain least-cost design systems considering other constraints such as reliability, in addition to classical constraints related to hydraulic feasibility, satisfaction of nodal demands and requirement of nodal pressures. This study presents a user-friendly package concerning the design of water distribution networks by optimization using reliability considerations / this works employs the algorithm proposed by Goulter and Coals (1986). At the end, a skeletonized network design is offered / various costs are estimated in regard to the degree of reliability.