This thesis analyzes the presentation of organ donation organization on Weibo. This study used content analysis to find out the Love.Hope organ donation organization’s main content of Weibo’s content. The main content includes six themes. The theme of popularizing organ donation knowledge is the majority. Through analyzing the correlation of content of each themes with shares, likes, and comments. It is concluded that people are more inclined to engage with Weibo posts with popularization of organ donation knowledge and stories of organ donors and recipients, and people also concern about the organ supply and demand situation in China. It turns out that in China, knowledge about organ donation is still scarce, which may be one of the reasons for low donation rate. The organ donation organizations also tend to publish positive information or stories and people’s approval of this kind of information will also make a positive impression on organ donation. However, there are still lots of factors are restricting the development of organ donation in China. Our social media still has a long way to go in helping people to build up their values of organ donation.

Current literature on public communication campaigns suggests that challenges and problems remain, even though generally the effectiveness of campaigns has increased in the past years. Challenges and problems are issue-specific and efforts put into influencing particular social behaviours through public communication campaigns have not been significantly successful. Although public communication campaigns are a popular method employed to influence social behaviours in many societies, campaign strategies inadequately consider the impact of cultural elements on social behaviours. The disappointing results through the use of campaigns are exacerbated by the difficulties faced in translating research observations to appropriate campaign strategies. In view of current challenges, this research examines public communication campaigns. Two main variables shaped this research ??? ???identity??? and ???culture???. The research postulated that a person???s identity influences his or her behaviour. It also argued that culture would impact on behaviour. The theoretical orientation drew on interpretivist perspectives. Using a comparative cross-cultural method, this research nominated the issues of organ donation and waste disposal behaviours in public places and the countries of Australia and Singapore for empirical study. Focus group research was employed. A total of sixteen focus groups were conducted ??? eight groups on organ donation (four in Sydney, Australia and four in Singapore) and eight groups on waste disposal behaviours (four in Sydney, Australia and four in Singapore). In line with the theoretical orientation, ???grounded theory??? was used to analyse the focus group transcripts. It is argued that a person???s decision to organ donation or waste disposal behaviour was intimately related to his or her identity. Cultural elements are critical constituents of identity. This is to say, cultural values, beliefs and attitudes have significant impact on social behaviours. These intricacies were made apparent when each issue was seen in the national contexts of Australia and Singapore. This research concludes that issues of identity can partly explain the type of decision a person makes about organ donation, and the kind of waste disposal behaviour a person enacts. It also argues that the effectiveness of campaign strategies can potentially be enhanced, if the strategies are responsive to people???s identities.

Inledning: Sjukvården är beroende av frivilliga bloddonatorer. Det behövs alltid fler bloddonatorer då vi med dagens sjukvård kan utföra alltmer avancerad kirurgi samt rädda och hjälpa allt fler sjuka samt skadade, med hjälp av blod från frivilliga donatorer. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka vilka skäl som anges till att inte donera blod, samt undersöka om viljan att ge blod skiljer sig beroende på kön, ålder och om man har yrkes- eller studieanknytning till sjukvård. Syftet var också att undersöka vilka faktorer potentiella blodgivare anger som motiverande till att donera blod. Metod: Denna uppsats baseras på en kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie, bestående av en webbenkät som delats av författarnas på det sociala mediet Facebook. Enkäten vände sig till personer som enligt blodcentralens kriterier får donera blod, totalt inkom 90 svar, med ett bortfall på totalt 11 personer. Enkäter analyserades sedan kvantitativt med hjälp av statistikprogrammet SPSS. Resultat: Studien visar att den vanligaste orsaken till att respondenten inte gått och donerat blod är att de tillfrågade har tänkt på det men att det inte blivit av. Det finns ingen skillnad i motivationen att donera blod gällande kön, ålder och om man har yrkes-/studieanknytning till sjukvården. Det som respondenterna uppgett som mest motiverande till att gå och donera blod är att få svar på olika provsvar som till exempel kolesterol och infektionsparametrar. Slutsats: Att försöka göra blodgivningen mer tillgänglig skulle förhoppningsvis kunna öka antalet blodgivare, eftersom en tredjedel av de tillfrågade har tänkt på det, men att det inte blivit av. Att erbjuda bloddonatorerna svar på olika blodprover skulle troligtvis också öka chanserna för att flera personer ska bli återkommande bloddonatorer. / Introduction: Hospitals and general healthcare are dependent on volunteers to donate blood. Due to today’s advanced surgery there is an everlasting need for new and more blood donors. With the aid of donated blood more people in need could receive the appropriate treatment. Aim: The aim was to investigate what reasons would be given for not donating blood, and to investigate whether the will to donate blood may depend on gender, age and whether the subject has a work- or study relation to healthcare. The aim was also to determine the motivating factors to blood donation of future donors. Method: This essay is based on a quantitative cross-sectional study consisting of a web based survey shared by the authors on the social networking service Facebook. The target group of the survey was people who are suitable to donate blood according to the criteria of the blood donation centre. A total of 90 individuals responded to the survey, with a loss of 11 people. The surveys were analyzed quantitatively using the statistical program SPSS. Results: The study indicates that the most common reason to why the respondent has not donated blood is that he or she has thought of donating blood, but that it has simply not yet happened. The motivation of donating blood is not dependent on the person’s gender, age or whether or not the person has a work- or study relation to healthcare. The most motivating factor to donating blood is the opportunity to be informed of test results such as cholesterol levels and infection parameters. Conclusion: Since one third of the respondents have considered donating blood, but that they still have not done so, there would probably be an increase in the numbers of blood donors if blood donating centres were more accessible. To offer the donors the results of various kinds of blood tests would probably motivate more persons to become regular blood donors.

Introducción: Desde su primera descripción en 1984 las indicaciones de donación de óvulos han ido aumentando, lo que ha provocado un incremento progresivo en el número de ciclos realizados a nivel mundial. Aunque esta técnica de reproducción garantiza una elevada tasa de embarazo en la receptora, los profesionales también se esfuerzan en convertir el tratamiento para la donante en un proceso sencillo y seguro. Durante los últimos diez años los antagonistas de la GnRH, por sus características farmacodinámicas, ha sido el fármaco utilizado para desarrollar protocolos de estimulaciones ováricas sencillos y seguros para las donantes de óvulos. Materiales: La presente tesis doctoral resume las conclusiones de dos artículos publicados recientemente (2010) sobre la utilización de antagonistas de GnRH en la estimulación ovárica de donantes de óvulos. Además se discuten las conclusiones de otros cuatro artículos (publicados en revistas científicas de impacto durante los años 2006 y 2009) estrechamente relacionados a los aquí publicados. Los objetivos de esta tesis son: 1. comparar la eficacia de protocolos de estimulación basados en antagonistas de GnRH en comparación con protocolos basados en agonistas de GnRH a través de una revisión sistemática de la literatura y meta-análisis. 2. ilustrar que los protocolos de estimulación basados en antagonistas de GnRH aumentan la seguridad de la estimulación ovárica para la donante a través de una eliminación completa del riesgo del síndrome de hiperestimulación ovárica (SHO). Resultados: 1. El meta-análisis de de ocho ensayos clínicos llevados al cabo en donantes de óvulos estimuladas con antagonistas de GnRH no han demostrado diferencia significativa en el número de ovocitos obtenidos y las tasas de embarazo evolutivos en las receptoras correspondientes en comparación con agonistas de GnRH. 2. El estudio observacional, prospectivo realizado en donantes de óvulos de alto riesgo ha demostrado la eliminación completa de SHO moderado/severo tras la descarga con bolo de agonista de GnRH. Además se discuten las conclusiones de cuatro otros estudios apoyando las conclusiones mencionados arriba. Conclusiones: En el contexto de la donación de óvulos los protocolos de estimulación ovárica basados en antagonistas de la GnRH son igual de eficaces que los protocolos con agonistas de la GnRH. La inducción final de la maduración ovocitaria se puede llevar a cabo satisfactoriamente con un bolo de agonista de GnRH en vez de hCG, lo que prácticamente elimina el riesgo de SHO moderado/severo. La utilización preferencial de este protocolo de estimulación ovárica es muy aconsejable porque permite un tratamiento más sencillo y aumenta considerablemente la seguridad de la estimulación ovárica en donantes de óvulos. / Background: Since its first description in 1984 the indications of oocyte donation (OD) has widened considerably which has led to a continuous increase in the number of OD treatment cycles performed worldwide. Although this treatment option secured the highest pregnancy rates for the recipients of donor oocytes increased efforts were also made to achieve safer and simpler treament protocols for the oocyte donor. During the last decade with the advent and increased use of the GnRH antagonists this new pharmacological agent was also explored in ovarian stimulation protocols specifically tailored for oocyte donors. Materials: The present doctoral thesis summarizes the findings of two recently published articles (2010) on the application of GnRH antagonists in the ovarian stimulation of oocyte donors. Furthermore the findings of another four strictly related articles (published in high-impact international journals between 2006 and 2009) are also discussed. The primary objectives were: 1. to compare efficiency of GnRH antagonist protocols in comparison with GnRH agonist-based protocols in the context of oocyte donation by means of a systematic review and meta-analysis and 2. to illustrate that GnRH antagonist protocols substantially increase the safety of ovarian stimulation for oocyte donors by reducing or even eliminating the incidence of moderate/severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). Results: 1. A meta-analysis of eight randomized clinical trials (RCTs) performed in oocyte donors undergoing stimulation with GnRH antagonists showed no significant difference in the number of retrieved oocytes or recipient ongoing pregnancy rate when compared with GnRH agonists. 2. A prospective, follow-up study of a group of high risk oocyte donors showed that early onset moderate/severe OHSS was completely eliminated after triggering with a GnRH agonist. Furthermore the findings of four studies supporting the above conclusions are also presented. Conclusions: In the context of oocyte donation the GnRH antagonist based ovarian stimulation protocols are equally efficient compared to down regulation by GnRH agonists. The induction of final oocyte maturation can be successfully achieved by a GnRH agonist instead of hCG which practically eliminates early-onset moderate/severe OHSS. The proposed ovarian stimulation protocol should be preferentially used because it permits the simplification and considerably increases the safety of ovarian stimulation for oocyte donors.

The aim of the thesis is twofold: the first aim is to identify a number of reproductive logics that are used to construct Swedish regulation of embryo donation for reproductive use as either ethical or unethical in the governmental – and medical discussions – and to examine how these logics are interconnected with notions of gender and parenthood. The second aim is to identify a number of tensions that arise in the application of the governmental ethical logic on the embryo and embryo donation and discuss how these tensions can be solved with a feminist material approach. I argue that the terminology used to distinguish between genetic, biological, social and legal parenthood in my material is insufficient for understanding the value of the embryo outside its pre-human status. I therefore argue for an embryonic feminist bioethics that is attentive to the embryos post-human status, and for a reformulation of the parenthood terminology in line with what I call „reproductive ties‟.

Det vanligaste organet att transplantera är njuren. Cirka 30 % av alla njurtransplantationer sker från en levande donator och vanligtvis är det familjemedlemmar som donerar en av sina njurar. Under senare år har även nära vänner accepterats som njurdonatorer. Det finns mycket forskning på den som får ett organ men inte så mycket på den som donerar. Syftet med studien var att beskriva levande njurdonatorers erfarenheter av att donera en njure. Som metod att undersöka detta valdes en litteraturstudie där både kvalitativa och kvantitativa artiklar granskades. Tre huvudkategorier av erfarenheter hos den levande njurdonatorn framkom: motiv till att donera en njure, hur njurdonationen påverkar den egna hälsan samt vardag efter donationen. Resultatet visar att de vanligaste motiven till levande njurdonation är kärlek och altruism. Njurdonatorns hälsa påverkas inte negativt på lång sikt. Efter donationen erfars ökad självkänsla, förbättrade relationer samt en förenklad vardag.

Cause-Related Marketing(CRM), which was initiated by American Express Company in 1981 to support the arts in San Francisco raising fund. Many academic researches have tried to discover the benefit and risk of CRM since 1990s. Print advertisement is a main channel for CRM. Therefore, how to structure CRM ads, especially for the focus of visual component, will be important in CRM campaigns. Based on previous studies relevant to charitable donations, this study compares the effects of cause-focused and product-focused CRM ads through experimental design method. In addition, donation magnitude and consumer mood are also considered to observe how they sway the effectiveness of CRM ads. The present study employs an experimental design to investigate the effects of the types of visual component (cause-focused vs. product-focused), donation magnitude (5% of invoice price vs. 20% of invoice price) and consumer mood (positive vs. negative) on CRM effectiveness. A 2x2x2 factorial design is conducted. Eight different scenarios are established and the ad effects are measured by purchase intention and attitude toward the brand. The results indicate that the cause-focused ads are more effective than the product-focused ads. Although donation magnitude does not make a difference in a cause-focused ad, but low donation magnitude leads to higher purchase intention when a product-focused ad is presented. Positive mood facilitates the advertising effects of cause-focused ads. Finally, low donation magnitude and positive mood enhance the advertising effects of product-focused ads. The implications of these findings are discussed as well as the limitations and directions for future research.

<p>Det vanligaste organet att transplantera är njuren. Cirka 30 % av alla njurtransplantationer sker från en levande donator och vanligtvis är det familjemedlemmar som donerar en av sina njurar. Under senare år har även nära vänner accepterats som njurdonatorer. Det finns mycket forskning på den som får ett organ men inte så mycket på den som donerar. Syftet med studien var att beskriva levande njurdonatorers erfarenheter av att donera en njure. Som metod att undersöka detta valdes en litteraturstudie där både kvalitativa och kvantitativa artiklar granskades. Tre huvudkategorier av erfarenheter hos den levande njurdonatorn framkom: motiv till att donera en njure, hur njurdonationen påverkar den egna hälsan samt vardag efter donationen. Resultatet visar att de vanligaste motiven till levande njurdonation är kärlek och altruism. Njurdonatorns hälsa påverkas inte negativt på lång sikt. Efter donationen erfars ökad självkänsla, förbättrade relationer samt en förenklad vardag.</p>

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2002. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 166 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 138-158).

Idag väntar många patienter på transplantation av ett eller flera organ. Med nuvarande lagstiftning identifieras inte alla potentiella organdonatorer och därför kan inte dessa organ tas tillvara. Regeringen har därför tillsatt en utredning om det kan bli aktuellt med organdonation efter hjärtdöd. Detta uttrycks internationellt som Donation after Cardiac Death (DCD). Denna studiens syfte var att beskriva intensivvårdssjuksköterskors uppfattningar, tankar och känslor, samt förbereddhet kring begreppet donation efter hjärtdöd. Sju intervjuer av intensivvårdssjuksköterskor på två sjukhus i västra Sverige genomfördes och data analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet presenteras som fyra kategorier: Upplevda farhågor och potentiella konsekvenser av DCD, Mötet med anhöriga, Tankar och känslor kring organisatoriska svårigheter och Tankar och känslor kring etiska dilemman. Slutsatser var att de intervjuade intensivvårdssjuksköterskorna ställde sig positiva till DCD och tidigare forskning visar att det kan vara en källa till ökning av organtillgång förutsatt att det är organisatoriskt genomförbart. / Today there are many patients on the waiting list to receive one or more organ transplants. With the current Swedish legislation not all potential organ donors are identified and therefore these organs are omitted as potential transplants. The government is in the process of investigating the possibility to implement organ donation after cardiac death, i.e. DCD. The aim of the study was to describe ICU nurses’ understanding, thoughts and emotions, as well as their preparations regards to DCD. Seven ICU nurses at two hospitals in western Sweden were interviewed and data were processed through qualitative content analysis. The results are presented as four categories: Perceived fears and potential consequences regarding DCD, the meeting with relatives, Thoughts and emotions regarding organizational difficulties and Thoughts and emotions regarding ethical dilemmas. Conclusions derived from the findings in the interviews with ICU nurses were a fully positive perception of DCD and that DCD could mean an increase in the amount of available organ donors given that legalisation and organisation processes are clear and possible to carry out.