Openness about sperm and egg donation and the regulation of donor anonymity or non-anonymity are new phenomena. How do affected families, clinics, and regulators deal with information about gamete donors and the donation itself? And how does this knowledge management contribute to the creation and enactment of kinship? Addressing these questions in Germany and Britain, this ethnography makes a comparative contribution to the empirical and theoretical analysis of kin-formation and social change. Maren Klotz reveals a contemporary renegotiation of the values of privacy, information-sharing, and connectedness as they relate to the social, clinical, and regulatory management of kinship information. Transparency, not genetics, is the moral imperative, and instead of an unambiguously discernible “geneticization,” her findings on donor non-anonymity and parental openness display a pattern of “transparentization.” This pattern represents a shift in authority over kinship away from the sometimes highhanded reproductive medical profession towards concerned groups, parents-by-donation, and policymakers.

Content: The study are about a donation from Hjalmar Gabrielson´s self-portrait-collection to Gothenburgs Museum of Art. The work of art are from 1920-1940 period and foremost from Sweden. It is the history of self-portrait which are discussed and therafter a few short biographic about three artists who belong to the collection. The artworks of the three artists has been analyzied with Peirce´s semiotic theory.and also a collection of letters from the artist to the collector has been studied in short. Beyond this has the collection in the area of the museum been discussed synoptically.

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Contract of donation may be considered as one of the most common contractual type of the civil law that everyone can meet in everyday life. On the opposite its present legislation in the Civil Code represents one of the briefest ones in comparison with other contracts regulated there. Not only for this reason problems while interpretation appear, especially with respect to the special legal institute of return of the gift which gives the donor the right to revoke the gift under certain circumstances. The aim of this thesis is to provide its reader the comprehensive view of the contract of donation and subsequently return of the gift itself not only from the viewpoint of the civil theory but also from the perspective of judicial practice when it is impossible to dispense with it given the concise legislation. It is not an easy objective particularly when it comes to the institute of the return of the gift that is defined in only one provision of the Civil Code which provoked just from the beginning of its existence a number of consideration and discussion among professional public over some controversial matters; there is no need to mention that suggested solutions diverge. Then there is also important role of practice of the courts that attempts to interpret the undefined terms, but it is similar as...

No período de março a maio de 2004, foram estudados 351 primo doadores de sangue do Centro Regional de Hemoterapia de Ribeirão Preto (CRHRP), objetivando investigar os seguintes itens: adequação do tempo utilizado na triagem clínica; entendimento acerca do processo de auto-exclusão e de suas implicações; compreensão sobre as orientações contidas em material informativo, de modo particular em relação ao conceito de janela imunológica; entendimento do termo de consentimento e suas implicações; e entendimento com relação aos comportamentos de risco para a AIDS e para as hepatites B e C. Os participantes foram entrevistados após o término da doação, com as informações sendo obtidas através da aplicação de um questionário e da busca junto à Central de Processamentos de Dados do CRHRP. As entrevistas foram realizadas em todos os dias da semana e durante o horário de funcionamento do Serviço, das 7:00 as 13:00. Nos dias em que o número de primo doadores ultrapassou a capacidade de aplicação do questionário, a escolha dos participantes foi realizada através de sorteio. As variáveis grau de instrução, número de doadores por dia, tempo médio utilizado na triagem clínica e triador foram determinantes para quantificar e qualificar o entendimento dos doadores com relação ao processo de seleção. Verificou-se que 11,4% dos doadores não recebeu o material informativo, e, dos que o receberam, 21,2% não realizou a leitura. O tempo médio gasto na triagem clínica foi igual ou inferior a 3 minutos em cerca de 42,7% dos casos, com variabilidade de 1,2 a 18,2 minutos. Boa compreensão do termo de consentimento e do conceito de janela imunológica ocorreu em 54,4% e 35,3% dos doadores, respectivamente. Evidenciou-se um nítido contraste de boa compreensão sobre comportamento de risco para AIDS e para hepatites B e C, com valores respectivamente iguais a 81,5% e 8,6%. Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de aprimoramento do processo de triagem clínica, bem com de novas pesquisas que contribuam para melhorar o entendimento acerca dos determinantes das deficiências verificadas. / Three hundred fifty-one first time blood donors at the Centro Regional de Hemoterapia in Ribeirão Preto (CRHRP) were studied from March to May 2004, in an attempt to investigate the following items: adequacy of the time spent in the clinical selection; agreement concerning the self-exclusion process and its implications; understanding information contained in informative material, particularly in relation to the immunologic window; understanding consent form and its implications; and understanding risk behaviors for AIDS and hepatitis B and C. The participants were interviewed just after donation; the information was pooled through a questionnaire and a data search at the Data Processing Center at CRHRP. The interviews were performed every weekday during working time, from 7:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. During the days when the number of first time blood donors exceeded allocated time for questionnaire completion, the participants were chosen through a raffle. The variables, educational level, number of donors a day, average time used for clinical selection and selector were determinants to quantify and qualify donors' understanding of the selection process. 11,4% of the donors were found not to have received informative material and among the ones who had, 21,2% had not read it. The average time spent in clinical selection was less or equal to 3 minutes in about 42,7% of the cases, with variability of 1,2 to 18,2 minutes. A clear understanding of the consent form and the immunologic window was found in 54,4% and 35,3% of the donors respectively A clear understanding contrast about risky behavior for AIDS and for types B and C hepatitis, 81,5% and 8,6% respectively, stood out. The results show a clear need for improvement of the clinical selection process as well as new studies that would contribute improving understanding concerning the determinants of the flaws detected.

No período de março a maio de 2004, foram estudados 351 primo doadores de sangue do Centro Regional de Hemoterapia de Ribeirão Preto (CRHRP), objetivando investigar os seguintes itens: adequação do tempo utilizado na triagem clínica; entendimento acerca do processo de auto-exclusão e de suas implicações; compreensão sobre as orientações contidas em material informativo, de modo particular em relação ao conceito de janela imunológica; entendimento do termo de consentimento e suas implicações; e entendimento com relação aos comportamentos de risco para a AIDS e para as hepatites B e C. Os participantes foram entrevistados após o término da doação, com as informações sendo obtidas através da aplicação de um questionário e da busca junto à Central de Processamentos de Dados do CRHRP. As entrevistas foram realizadas em todos os dias da semana e durante o horário de funcionamento do Serviço, das 7:00 as 13:00. Nos dias em que o número de primo doadores ultrapassou a capacidade de aplicação do questionário, a escolha dos participantes foi realizada através de sorteio. As variáveis grau de instrução, número de doadores por dia, tempo médio utilizado na triagem clínica e triador foram determinantes para quantificar e qualificar o entendimento dos doadores com relação ao processo de seleção. Verificou-se que 11,4% dos doadores não recebeu o material informativo, e, dos que o receberam, 21,2% não realizou a leitura. O tempo médio gasto na triagem clínica foi igual ou inferior a 3 minutos em cerca de 42,7% dos casos, com variabilidade de 1,2 a 18,2 minutos. Boa compreensão do termo de consentimento e do conceito de janela imunológica ocorreu em 54,4% e 35,3% dos doadores, respectivamente. Evidenciou-se um nítido contraste de boa compreensão sobre comportamento de risco para AIDS e para hepatites B e C, com valores respectivamente iguais a 81,5% e 8,6%. Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de aprimoramento do processo de triagem clínica, bem com de novas pesquisas que contribuam para melhorar o entendimento acerca dos determinantes das deficiências verificadas. / Three hundred fifty-one first time blood donors at the Centro Regional de Hemoterapia in Ribeirão Preto (CRHRP) were studied from March to May 2004, in an attempt to investigate the following items: adequacy of the time spent in the clinical selection; agreement concerning the self-exclusion process and its implications; understanding information contained in informative material, particularly in relation to the immunologic window; understanding consent form and its implications; and understanding risk behaviors for AIDS and hepatitis B and C. The participants were interviewed just after donation; the information was pooled through a questionnaire and a data search at the Data Processing Center at CRHRP. The interviews were performed every weekday during working time, from 7:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. During the days when the number of first time blood donors exceeded allocated time for questionnaire completion, the participants were chosen through a raffle. The variables, educational level, number of donors a day, average time used for clinical selection and selector were determinants to quantify and qualify donors' understanding of the selection process. 11,4% of the donors were found not to have received informative material and among the ones who had, 21,2% had not read it. The average time spent in clinical selection was less or equal to 3 minutes in about 42,7% of the cases, with variability of 1,2 to 18,2 minutes. A clear understanding of the consent form and the immunologic window was found in 54,4% and 35,3% of the donors respectively A clear understanding contrast about risky behavior for AIDS and for types B and C hepatitis, 81,5% and 8,6% respectively, stood out. The results show a clear need for improvement of the clinical selection process as well as new studies that would contribute improving understanding concerning the determinants of the flaws detected.

This thesis presents an in-depth ethnographic mapping of deceased donation in a Catalan hospital. A unique site in terms of leading edge technoscientific practices, high rates of donation and its consolidated specialised team of transplant coordinators (TCs). The thesis situates donation as an embedded medical practice and traces the practicalities and specificities of making donation a possibility at the hospital. The empirical accounts offer a distinctive contribution that complements and challenges existing social sciences literature about donation. The latter have predominantly focused on donation as a controversial practice through highlighting the emotional experiences of donors’ families and individual medical practitioners involved. This empirical investigation mobilises, and further develops, STS material semiotics tools to provide an account of donation enacted as both procurement and healthcare. Ethnographic insights illustrate the shifting processes of mutual inclusion and exclusion that underpin the trajectory of integrating donation as a routinized hospital practice, along the recurring set of enduring tensions. This is achieved by following the work of TCs along the stages of donor detection, evaluation, maintenance, consent request and organ extraction. Crucially, the analytical focus decenters the individual actors’ perspectives, broadening the scope of the inquiry and making visible the complex sociomaterial arrangements that take place, inside and outside the hospital, which are rendered as a gradual process of assembling donations. Families’ consent to donation is essential but it is decentered, it is neither that which starts a donation process nor the only factor that contributes to the assembling of a donation process. Unlike available anthropological and sociological studies of donation this work is not about documenting the reductionist transition from patient to donor, whole to parts, person to thing and denouncing the fall from subject to object reified in donation practices. The emphasis here is on tracing the overlap between donors as patients, thus the analysis shows the shifting enactments of the embedded donor/patient configuration, which includes the donor/body, donor/person and donor/corpse figures simultaneously along the donation process. The intervention of bodies as active entities is examined through a speculative and pragmatic elucidation on the situated and relational enactments of responsive bodies and organs. This thesis contributes to contemporary re/articulations of materiality and agency through the lens of distributed joint action and entangled actors from a nonanthropomorphic stance. The research also contributes to current policy debates in the UK, and in Scotland in particular, that propose to tackle the national problem of low donation rates with a legislative move to an opt-out system for donation. It offers robust empirical evidence to contest the dominant organ shortage problematisation that is reduced to the legal polarity of either opting in or out of donation. I suggest that questions about increasing donation rates cannot be restricted to the domain of individual choice as this excludes the situated medical practices that enable the choice of donation in the first place.

With effect from 1st April 2005, UK law was amended such that gamete donors must now consent to their identity being released to their donor offspring, should they request it after the age of eighteen. This qualitative study investigates the views and experiences of those donating in this new context. Drawing primarily on twenty-four in-depth interviews with donors, supplemented by twenty staff interviews and observation in two fertility clinics, I examine how donors make sense of their role in relation to offspring, recipients and the wider community. I argue that donors make sense of their role as “biological” parents to offspring through creative reference to kinship repertoires, drawing on their own experiences of “doing family.” However, crucially, kinship connections are always qualified in some way to show that they are not quite family to donor offspring, and certainly not their “real” parent. Often this discursive work involved emphasising their relationship to recipients or the wider community (rather than offspring), framing the donation as a gift or a public act. In addition, donors drew on their kinship expertise to dilute, reshape or “re-route” their connection to offspring. Ultimately, this is a thesis about the limiting work involved in “doing kinship.” I demonstrate that donors did this limiting work in highly creative ways, not restricted to forgetting or ignoring connections. Instead, I show that not constructing kinship claims can be as active a process as making them.

Cadáveres não reclamados constituíram por muito tempo o suprimento de material para o estudo da Anatomia Humana. No entanto, devido à melhoria da qualidade de vida decorrente das tecnologias atuais, bem como, o caráter ético, vem ocorrendo um rareamento progressivo da sua utilização. Frente a estas circunstâncias, e a impossibilidade da substituição total deste material por outro de qualquer natureza para o estudo da Anatomia e a prática da dissecção na formação de profissionais da área da saúde, a criação de Programas de Doação Voluntária de Corpos para Estudo Anatômico é apresentada como alternativa de captação de cadáveres. Essa ação altruísta encontra respaldo legal no artigo 14 da lei 10.406/02 do Código Civil Brasileiro que esclarece a quem desejar doar o seu corpo ou parte dele às instituições de pesquisa e estudo científicos, sem obter qualquer ganho pecuniário, deverá fazê-lo em vida, através de inequívoca e expressa declaração de vontade. Deste modo, com o objetivo de desenvolver o Programa de Doação Voluntária de Corpos para Estudo Anatômico (pdvcea) para o Departamento de Anatomia do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas da Universidade de São Paulo (DA-ICB/USP) realizou-se no presente trabalho questionários relativos à obtenção de informações sobre: o conhecimento e a opinião da população de profissionais anatomistas e de alunos primeiranistas acerca do tema; a importância da disciplina de Anatomia e da dissecção para a prática profissional, bem como da população geral como fator de confiabilidade no profissional cirurgião médico. Os dados demonstraram que: a possibilidade de Doação de Corpos não é desconhecida pela maioria da população pesquisada, o que, não implica em potenciais doadores, e a necessidade de investimento em divulgação de mídia de massa. O pdvcea do DA-ICB/USP embora institucionalizado, ainda depende do parecer da Corregedoria do Estado de São Paulo, para diminuição do tempo de lavratura do assento do óbito, sem prejuízos financeiros aos familiares dos doadores, e da aquisição de jazigo pela instituição para homenagens aos doadores. / Unclaimed corpses were for many years the supply of human material for the study of human anatomy. However, due to improved quality of life and technology as well as the ethical character of the use, there has been the surround these. Faced with these circumstances, and the impossibility of total replacement of this material by others in training future professionals and the endless dissection technique, the Donation Voluntary Bodies for Anatomical Study is presented as an alternative to capture corpses and no legal impediment to such action, since the Civil Code provides for the donation of bodies for teaching and research through article 14 of Law 10.406/02, or who wish to donate your body or part of it to research institutions and scientific study, without obtaining any pecuniary gain, you should do it in life through clear and express statement of intent. Thus, the present study aimed to gather information about the knowledge and belief of the population of anatomists and freshmen, on the subject; obtain information on the importance of discipline and dissection for professional practice and reliability of the general population, and develop Donation Program Voluntary Bodies for Anatomical Study (pdvcea) for the Department of Anatomy at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (DA-ICB/USP). Regarding the importance of dissection for vocational training is considered, for the general population, such as reliability factor in professional medical surgeon, the possibility of donation Bodies is not unknown for the majority of the population studied, which do not necessarily set in potential donors. The Voluntary Donation Program is created, institutionalized, but still in the process of acquiring gravesite tributes to the institution; dependent for its dissemination, clarification and placement in mass media, as well as the opinion of the Magistrate of the State of São Paulo, to decrease the time of drafting the seat of death, without financial loss to the relatives of the donors.

Masters of Public Health - see Magister Public Health / Overreliance on donor supported health programs has crippled many African countries and there is inadequate long-term planning on the future sustainability of health systems. In the age of uncertainty in global politics and global economy, the future of these donor funded programs is also uncertain. It is imperative for African nations to begin to take responsibility for their health programs. In as much as the name “donation” suggests that something is given free of charge, in actual sense this may not be the case due to hidden costs attached. In medicine access, the hidden costs are the supply chain costs including cost for clearance, storage and distribution of such medicines which are charged as a percentage of claimed commodity costs on donors’ or suppliers’ invoices. Since the medicines donated are in originators’ brands, the invoiced prices are high thus supply chain costs are high as well. In some cases, it is thought that the hidden costs are higher than the cost of medicines had they been sourced locally as generics. The aim of this research was to assess and determine the hidden supply chain costs associated with the four medicine donation programs supporting the Tanzania Neglected Tropical Diseases Program and inform policy decision on optimal financing options for the program Methodology The cost analysis of the two options was undertaken from a payers’ perspective which in this case is the Government of Tanzania (Ministry of Health). Data was collected on both product and supply chain cost drivers incurred in the medicine donation programs from July 2014 to June 2017. Costs of the current mechanism were obtained from the program’s quantification reports and transaction data for the study period. Transactional data was obtained from shipment documents including sales invoices, parking list, proof of delivery and goods receiving notes were evaluated for actual quantities shipped, commodity prices and other supply chain cost. To verify the actual supply chain cost charged by the program, both the official bills from Medical Stores Department (MSD) to the program and the electronic bills available at MSD electronic database covering the study period were studied.