No description available.

A presente dissertação de mestrado verificou empiricamente a influência do tráfico de entorpecentes nos delitos de homicídio e roubo em 32 metrópoles da América Latina, por meio da análise dos delitos reportados por jornais diários dessas cidades nos anos de 2006 e 2011. O objetivo deste estudo foi mensurar o impacto em nível continental do comércio ilegal de drogas na prevalência de outros delitos, levando em consideração outras variáveis contextuais. A partir do entendimento de que a criminalidade urbana possui forte componente endógeno de organização, a hipótese central foi a de que o narcotráfico foi o principal impulsionador do surto de violência vivenciado nesta região do planeta. Para medir o peso desta atividade ilegal sobre outros crimes, empregou-se a metodologia quantitativa. Por meio de análises estatísticas multivariadas, as taxas de homicídio e roubo foram analisadas levando-se em consideração variáveis endógenas, como o tráfico, e variáveis de controle, de caráter exógeno à criminalidade. Os achados sociológicos demonstraram uma influência expressiva do narcotráfico na dinâmica dos dois crimes. No caso dos roubos, a relação detectada entre as taxas (criadas a partir dos delitos reportados) foi positiva e forte nos dois períodos pesquisados. Os homicídios, todavia, foram influenciados pelo comércio ilegal de drogas apenas no primeiro recorte temporal. No segundo momento pesquisado, são os roubos, influenciados pelo tráfico, que passam a impactar na prevalência de assassinatos em nível continental. / This dissertation presents an empirical verification of the influence of narcotics trafficking in the crimes of murder and robbery in 32 cities in Latin America, through the analysis of crimes reported by newspapers of those cities in the years 2006 and 2011. The aim of this study was to measure the impact at a continental level of illegal drug trade in prevalence to other crimes, taking also into account contextual variables. From the understanding that urban crime has a strong endogenous organizational component, the central hypothesis was that drug trafficking was the main factor of the outbreak of violence experienced in this region of the planet. To measure the weight of this illegal activity on other crimes, we used a quantitative methodology. Through multivariated statistical analysis, the rates of the three offenses were tested with control variables exogenous in relation to the crimes. The sociological findings are that there is a significant influence of the drug trade in the dynamics of the two crimes. In the case of robberies, the relation between crime rates was positive and strong in both periods studied. Homicides, however, were influenced by the drug trafficking only in the first period of time researched. In the second period researched, the rate of robberies (influenced by drug dealing) was the variable that impacted most in the prevalence of murders at a continental level.

A presente dissertação de mestrado verificou empiricamente a influência do tráfico de entorpecentes nos delitos de homicídio e roubo em 32 metrópoles da América Latina, por meio da análise dos delitos reportados por jornais diários dessas cidades nos anos de 2006 e 2011. O objetivo deste estudo foi mensurar o impacto em nível continental do comércio ilegal de drogas na prevalência de outros delitos, levando em consideração outras variáveis contextuais. A partir do entendimento de que a criminalidade urbana possui forte componente endógeno de organização, a hipótese central foi a de que o narcotráfico foi o principal impulsionador do surto de violência vivenciado nesta região do planeta. Para medir o peso desta atividade ilegal sobre outros crimes, empregou-se a metodologia quantitativa. Por meio de análises estatísticas multivariadas, as taxas de homicídio e roubo foram analisadas levando-se em consideração variáveis endógenas, como o tráfico, e variáveis de controle, de caráter exógeno à criminalidade. Os achados sociológicos demonstraram uma influência expressiva do narcotráfico na dinâmica dos dois crimes. No caso dos roubos, a relação detectada entre as taxas (criadas a partir dos delitos reportados) foi positiva e forte nos dois períodos pesquisados. Os homicídios, todavia, foram influenciados pelo comércio ilegal de drogas apenas no primeiro recorte temporal. No segundo momento pesquisado, são os roubos, influenciados pelo tráfico, que passam a impactar na prevalência de assassinatos em nível continental. / This dissertation presents an empirical verification of the influence of narcotics trafficking in the crimes of murder and robbery in 32 cities in Latin America, through the analysis of crimes reported by newspapers of those cities in the years 2006 and 2011. The aim of this study was to measure the impact at a continental level of illegal drug trade in prevalence to other crimes, taking also into account contextual variables. From the understanding that urban crime has a strong endogenous organizational component, the central hypothesis was that drug trafficking was the main factor of the outbreak of violence experienced in this region of the planet. To measure the weight of this illegal activity on other crimes, we used a quantitative methodology. Through multivariated statistical analysis, the rates of the three offenses were tested with control variables exogenous in relation to the crimes. The sociological findings are that there is a significant influence of the drug trade in the dynamics of the two crimes. In the case of robberies, the relation between crime rates was positive and strong in both periods studied. Homicides, however, were influenced by the drug trafficking only in the first period of time researched. In the second period researched, the rate of robberies (influenced by drug dealing) was the variable that impacted most in the prevalence of murders at a continental level.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-17T18:11:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 joycekelinascimentosilva.pdf: 2103990 bytes, checksum: 6efba82e23debb8f624ac6a15b27e5ab (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-18T11:37:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 joycekelinascimentosilva.pdf: 2103990 bytes, checksum: 6efba82e23debb8f624ac6a15b27e5ab (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-18T11:37:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 joycekelinascimentosilva.pdf: 2103990 bytes, checksum: 6efba82e23debb8f624ac6a15b27e5ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-23 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os estudos sobre o universo legal e judiciário, focando a descrição e compreensão de sua estrutura e entraves cresceram nos últimos anos no Brasil. E embora a criminalidade, geralmente, seja interpretada como um fenômeno masculino, observamos um crescente interesse acadêmico pela agência feminina criminosa, impulsionado pelo incremento no número de mulheres no Sistema Prisional na última década, especialmente pelo envolvimento com o tráfico de drogas. O objetivo deste trabalho é promover a discussão teórica sobre a possível influência de representações sociais de gênero, incorporadas aos sistemas de orientações e valores dos magistrados, no processo de tomada da decisão condenatória, bem como na natureza e quantidade das penas aplicadas. A definição do objeto da pesquisa decorre da constatação da escassez de estudos sobre a atuação dos magistrados brasileiros no processo decisório, bem como do incremento da participação da mulher nas estatísticas criminais. A análise dos elementos que surgem como determinantes na tomada de decisão pelos juízes envolveu elementos definidos na legislação brasileira antidrogas e na legislação processual penal. A pesquisa empírica empreende uma análise da sentencing nos processos de mulheres envolvidas com o tráfico, focalizada nos processos sentenciados e a problematização das variáveis explicativas das decisões pela autoridade judiciária, na sentença. Os estudos de “sentencing” concentram-se na análise do processo decisional e das disparidades nas penas, promovendo a desmistificação da ideia de imparcialidade na tomada de decisões judiciais ao analisar a atuação dos magistrados, bem como as variáveis sócio-históricas, filosóficas e jurídicas incorporadas no processo de racionalização da decisão, influenciando sua práxis e dinamizando uma cultura jurídica capaz de aplicar penas distintas para acusados pela prática de crimes semelhantes. Essa perspectiva teórica se apresenta como significativo instrumento de análise em estudos de sentenças, capaz de fornecer elementos conceituais aplicáveis à compreensão das condicionantes diretivas que envolvem a atividade judicante. Foram selecionados 39 (trinta e nove) sentenças, proferidas no período entre 2007 e 2012, nas 04 (quatro) Varas Criminais da Comarca de Juiz de Fora. Nestas sentenças, figuraram como acusadas pelo crime de tráfico 49 (quarenta e nove) mulheres, dentre as quais 03 (três) mulheres apareceram em 02 (duas) sentenças diferentes no período de tempo pesquisado, motivo pelo qual foram considerados 52 (cinquenta e dois) casos em conformidade com o objeto deste trabalho. Na análise sobre os critérios legais e extralegais que informam os magistrados durante o processo de tomada da decisão, num modelo da tradição jurídica na civil law, percebemos a filiação a um sistema de orientação marcado pelo formalismo jurídico, pronto a justificar-se dentro de um legalismo, em detrimento de uma postura universalista de promoção da justiça material. Bem como a reprodução de uma cultura penal tácita de conformidade quanto ao rigor no julgamento e condenação pelos crimes previstos na Nova Lei de Drogas. / Studies about the legal and judicial universe, focusing on the description and understanding of its structure and barriers have grown in recent years in Brazil. And although crime usually be interpreted as a male phenomenon, we observe a growing academic interest in female criminal agency, driven by the increase in the number of women in the prison system in the last decade, especially for involvement with drug trafficking. The objective of this work is to promote theoretical discussion on the possible influence of social representations of gender incorporated into the systems of guidelines and values of the magistrates in making the sentencing decision, as well as the nature and amount of penalties. The definition of the object of the research stems from the scarcity of studies on the role of Brazilians judges in decision process as well as the increase of women's participation in the crime statistics. The analysis of the elements that emerge as determinants in the decision by the judges involved elements defined in Brazilian law on narcotics and criminal procedure law. Empirical research undertakes an analysis of “sentencing” in cases of women involved in drug trafficking, focused on sentenced processes and questioning the explanatory variables of the decisions of the judicial authority in sentencing. Studies of “sentencing” focus on the analysis of decision making and disparities in criminal penalties, promoting the demystification of the idea of impartiality in making judgments to analyze the performance of judges, as well the sociohistorical, philosophical and legal variables incorporated in the process of rationalization of the decision, influencing your praxis and fostering a juridical culture able to apply different legal penalties for defendants that practice similar crimes. This theoretical perspective is presented as meaningful analytical tool in studies of sentencing, capable of providing conceptual elements applicable to the understanding of constraints directresses that involve adjudicative activity. We selected 39 (thirty-nine) sentences, handed down between 2007 and 2012, in 04 (four) Criminal Courts the Judicial District of Juiz de Fora. In these sentences, figured as accused for the crime of trafficking 49 (forty-nine) women, among which 03 (three) women appeared in 02 (two) different sentences in the time period studied, why were considered 52 (fifty-two) cases in accordance with the object of this work. In the analysis of the legal and extralegal criteria that inform the magistrates during the decision making process, a model of tradition in the civil law, we realize the membership of a guidance system marked by legal formalism, ready to be justified within a legalism, rather than a universalist stance of promoting material justice. As well the reproduction of a tacit criminal culture of conformity as to the rigor in the trial and sentencing for crimes under Brazilian Drug Law.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-08-22T11:26:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 alexandrejosesallesdefreitas.pdf: 1482710 bytes, checksum: 414c313b3458b97f77134266a90fe5e1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-22T12:01:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 alexandrejosesallesdefreitas.pdf: 1482710 bytes, checksum: 414c313b3458b97f77134266a90fe5e1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-22T12:01:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alexandrejosesallesdefreitas.pdf: 1482710 bytes, checksum: 414c313b3458b97f77134266a90fe5e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-12 / O presente trabalho estuda a aplicação prática de prisões preventivas, medida processual penal tratada como excepcional pela própria Constituição, mas que vem se tornando cada vez mais usual e recorrente. A fim de explicar o porquê de a exceção estar virando a regra, juristas e acadêmicos já apontam para problemas como falta de um prazo legal para a duração, ampla margem interpretativa dos fundamentos legais, bem como questões mais arraigadas de seletividade dos órgãos ligados à justiça criminal. A partir destes estudos, conjugados com uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a sociologia do crime e do desvio, aliados às discussões sobre o atual modelo de proibicionismo que resulta na política de “guerra às drogas”, o trabalho promove o estudo de 155 ações penais referentes ao crime de tráfico de drogas, distribuídas a uma das Varas Criminais da Justiça Estadual da comarca de Juiz de Fora – MG, num lapso temporal de dois anos, compreendidos entre as datas de 01/01/2014 e 31/12/2015. Os dados quantitativos e qualitativos extraídos destes processos foram interpretados com enfoque na questão da prisão preventiva e seu efeito no fluxo processual. Na sequência, seleciona-se 83 sentenças das quais se passa a analisar, tendo-se por base a teory of sentencing, as fundamentações para condenar, as penas utilizadas pelo magistrado dentre outros fatores, que permitem constatar um alto índice de condenações e uma predileção por penas privativas de liberdade, confirmando-se na prática a lógica da punição. Finalizase com o estudo de um caso modelo, do qual se observa em pormenores, desde a abordagem policial que resulta na prisão em flagrante, perpassando-se por sua conversão em preventiva até a posterior condenação, as correlações entre os órgãos de justiça criminal e a lógica de um processo de tráfico de drogas, onde se aliam dois dos principais gargalos do encarceramento. / The present work studies the practice of pre-trial detention, that should be exceptional, but has being usual. To explain the reason of being the rule, lawyers and specialists point to questions like lack of legal deadline, wide margin about legal grounds and questions like the selectivity of criminal justice. From these studies, with a literature review about sociology’s crime and deviance, allied to discussions about the actual model of prohibitionism that results in the public policy of war on drugs, this work promotes the study of 155 criminal actions linked to drug trafficking in a criminal court of State Justice in a city county, in a period between January of 2014 and December of 2015. The quantitative and qualitative data extracted from these cases were interpreted with focus on pre-trial detention and the effects on the process flow. In sequence, 83 were selected and analyzed by the theory of sentencing, the grounds of condemnation, the penalty used by the magistrate and other factors that allow us to verify an high index of condemnations and a preference to custodial sentences which confirms the punishment logical. We finished with a model of case study where were observed, in details, since the police approach that results in detention in the act, passing by conversion to pre-trial detention until the final condemnation, the correlations between criminal justice and the logic in a process of drug trafficking where two of the most important problems of incarceration are allied.

A presente dissertação de mestrado verificou empiricamente a influência do tráfico de entorpecentes nos delitos de homicídio e roubo em 32 metrópoles da América Latina, por meio da análise dos delitos reportados por jornais diários dessas cidades nos anos de 2006 e 2011. O objetivo deste estudo foi mensurar o impacto em nível continental do comércio ilegal de drogas na prevalência de outros delitos, levando em consideração outras variáveis contextuais. A partir do entendimento de que a criminalidade urbana possui forte componente endógeno de organização, a hipótese central foi a de que o narcotráfico foi o principal impulsionador do surto de violência vivenciado nesta região do planeta. Para medir o peso desta atividade ilegal sobre outros crimes, empregou-se a metodologia quantitativa. Por meio de análises estatísticas multivariadas, as taxas de homicídio e roubo foram analisadas levando-se em consideração variáveis endógenas, como o tráfico, e variáveis de controle, de caráter exógeno à criminalidade. Os achados sociológicos demonstraram uma influência expressiva do narcotráfico na dinâmica dos dois crimes. No caso dos roubos, a relação detectada entre as taxas (criadas a partir dos delitos reportados) foi positiva e forte nos dois períodos pesquisados. Os homicídios, todavia, foram influenciados pelo comércio ilegal de drogas apenas no primeiro recorte temporal. No segundo momento pesquisado, são os roubos, influenciados pelo tráfico, que passam a impactar na prevalência de assassinatos em nível continental. / This dissertation presents an empirical verification of the influence of narcotics trafficking in the crimes of murder and robbery in 32 cities in Latin America, through the analysis of crimes reported by newspapers of those cities in the years 2006 and 2011. The aim of this study was to measure the impact at a continental level of illegal drug trade in prevalence to other crimes, taking also into account contextual variables. From the understanding that urban crime has a strong endogenous organizational component, the central hypothesis was that drug trafficking was the main factor of the outbreak of violence experienced in this region of the planet. To measure the weight of this illegal activity on other crimes, we used a quantitative methodology. Through multivariated statistical analysis, the rates of the three offenses were tested with control variables exogenous in relation to the crimes. The sociological findings are that there is a significant influence of the drug trade in the dynamics of the two crimes. In the case of robberies, the relation between crime rates was positive and strong in both periods studied. Homicides, however, were influenced by the drug trafficking only in the first period of time researched. In the second period researched, the rate of robberies (influenced by drug dealing) was the variable that impacted most in the prevalence of murders at a continental level.

This project analyzes three examples of testimonial literature written by favela residents in Brazil to demonstrate the extent to which these accounts contest or confirm the popular news media's violent representation of favelas and their inhabitants. The literary works Quatrocentos contra um: Uma história do Comando Vermelho (1991) by William da Silva Lima and Capão pecado (2000) by Ferréz and the documentary Notícias de uma guerra particular (1999) present an insider's perspective of the violence that takes place in the favela and thus can reveal the factors that contribute to it. Through these explanations, readers and viewers become aware of the generally unheard side of the story of the repressed and ignored poor class. Lima's voice in Quatrocentos contra um serves to explain the way that crime was organized as a means of survival to combat the repression and abuse of the government, and in Capão pecado Ferréz demonstrates the difficulty that favela residents who are not involved in drug trafficking have in avoiding the violence that surrounds them because they do not have equal opportunity for education and employment. He suggests a non-violent rebellion through artistic means to build a positive image of favela inhabitants, both inside and outside of the poor community. The documentary Notícias de uma guerra particular directed by João Moreira Salles and Kátia Lund presents information that places much of the blame for violence on the lack of social structure that would integrate the poor, and more importantly allows for honest, hardworking favela residents to share their experience of trying to make a living and avoid illegal activity while suffering from the stereotype that all who live in poor communities are involved in violent activity. Together these works constitute an attempt for the violence of the favelas to be explained through the voice of favela residents themselves.

The Yugoslav wars of the 1990s - namely Croatia/ Bosnia (1991-1995) and Kosovo (1998-1999) - were the focus of unprecedented, and uninformed, international attention. This attention accepted at face value an ethnic rationale for the conflict that was often peddled by the combatants themselves; such rationales served to mask the economic and political aspirations of engaged state- and non-state actors. The wars allowed organised crime to take root and proliferate exponentially across geographical, political, and economic spheres. It became a tool of states, militaries and militias; states co-opted criminals, and vice-versa. The Serbian state became a criminal entity (as did, to a lesser extent, surrounding states) in partial control of a thoroughly criminalised regional combat economy, often in collusion with supposed ethnic `enemies.¿ Reconstruction, development, and governance interventions conducted by international actors in the successor states of the former Yugoslavia remain stifled by an absence of understanding of both the systematic infrastructural presence of organised crime, and a lack of acknowledgement of the economic rationales underlying the wars themselves.

Criminality related to organized crime and criminal networks, with gun violence, bombings, drug trafficking and money laundering, is a growing problem in Sweden. Many of these crimes are made possible through the network's links to legitimate businesses and the use of enablers - a field of research which has been historically underwhelming - but that is now starting to spark the interest of researchers and politicians alike. This thesis explores the phenomenon of these enablers in organized crime and criminal networks. The data consisted of a large sample of Swedish court documents that contain the verdicts derived from the encrypted chat services Anom, Encrochat and SkyECC. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the connections between individuals involved in organized crime and legitimate businesses. The results showed that 42 percent of the analysed cases contained enablers. A majority of the crimes that involved one or more enablers also involved narcotics, and that the legitimate businesses linked to the enablers were companies operating in professions such as the transportation sector, auto shops, exchange offices, law enforcement, storage or moving. Professional drivers were the most frequently prosecuted persons in the convictions, followed by business owners. Common themes for how the enablers presented in the material were related to the drug trafficking process and storing process. The results tell us that the use of enablers seem to be a relatively common aspect of organized crime operations and that it is, as previous research suggests, likely a problem that will only grow.

L’objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre de quelle manière le juge décide de la culpabilité de l’accusé, notamment dans les affaires de vol et de trafic de stupéfiants. En s’appuyant sur le programme ethnométhodologique et sur une enquête ethnographique, la recherche se penche sur l’ensemble de pratiques et raisonnements présents dans l’activité décisionnelle des juges, afin de rendre visibles les savoirs d’action mobilisés pour décider de la culpabilité. La thèse montre que la prise de décision est fortement marquée par la présomption de culpabilité qui découle d’un processus de catégorisation des justiciables en tant que « voleurs » et « trafiquants ». Ces catégories typiques sont associées à l’image de l’ennemi, c’est-à-dire, l’individu insoumis et incapable d’un modus vivendi commun (Jakobs, 2009). Prenant appui sur les analyses empiriques réalisées, l’étude fait une analogie entre la figure de l’ennemi et le concept d’homo sacer (Agamben, 1997; 2002) en proposant finalement que le verdict de culpabilité se construit à l’intérieur d’un « camp » - c’est-à-dire, un lieu de suspension de l’ordre juridique (Agamben, 1997) – qui se structure, paradoxalement, au sein même de la justice pénale. Mots-clés: sentencing ; vol ; trafic de stupéfiants ; verdict de culpabilité ; Brésil / This ethnographic study of the judicial practices in Brazil investigates how criminal judges decide the guilt of the accused. The research shows that this decision is strongly influenced by the presumption of guilt arising from a process of categorization of individuals as "thieves" and "drug traffickers". These categories are associated with the typical image of the enemy, that is to say, the individual unruly and incapable of common modus vivendi (Jakobs, 2009). Building on empirical data, the study makes an analogy between the enemy and the concept of homo sacer (Agamben, 1997, 2002), suggesting that the verdict of guilt builts inside a "camp", i.e, a place of suspension of the juridical order (Agamben, 1997).