Mercury is an environmental contaminant of global concern. The distribution of mercury in freshwater systems is poorly characterized in Mexico, despite widespread contamination from industrial and urban effluents. The land use, geology, and hydrology of the Lake Zapotlán basin, Mexico are conducive to the delivery of elevated mercury in water to the lake due to untreated wastewater discharge, deforestation, and local volcanic history. To assess a mercury exposure risk to fish consumers, the concentrations of total Hg (THg) in water inputs, surface waters, sediments, and the commercial catch of tilapia and carp were investigated. Results indicate that despite high particle-bound inputs of THg to the lake in runoff and wastewater, THg in sediments and surface waters were low. Dense Typha latifolia dominated wetlands are believed to retain THg inflow from water inputs. Concentrations of THg in tilapia and carp were low, suggesting low mercury bioavailability in this system.

Mercury is an environmental contaminant of global concern. The distribution of mercury in freshwater systems is poorly characterized in Mexico, despite widespread contamination from industrial and urban effluents. The land use, geology, and hydrology of the Lake Zapotlán basin, Mexico are conducive to the delivery of elevated mercury in water to the lake due to untreated wastewater discharge, deforestation, and local volcanic history. To assess a mercury exposure risk to fish consumers, the concentrations of total Hg (THg) in water inputs, surface waters, sediments, and the commercial catch of tilapia and carp were investigated. Results indicate that despite high particle-bound inputs of THg to the lake in runoff and wastewater, THg in sediments and surface waters were low. Dense Typha latifolia dominated wetlands are believed to retain THg inflow from water inputs. Concentrations of THg in tilapia and carp were low, suggesting low mercury bioavailability in this system.

Thèse doctorat : Sciences et Techniques du Déchet : Villeurbanne, INSA : 2002. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. p. [145]-155.

Ένα από τα μεγαλύτερα περιβαλλοντικά προβλήματα που αντιμετωπίζει όχι μόνο ο Νομός Αχαΐας, αλλά και πολλές άλλες περιοχές της χώρας μας, είναι η υποβάθμιση του περιβάλλοντος από μια σειρά αποβλήτων αγροτοβιομηχανιών που υπάρχουν στην ελληνική ύπαιθρο. Μεταξύ των αγροτοβιομηχανιών σημαντική θέση κατέχουν οι μονάδες επεξεργασίας γάλακτος και παραγωγής τυριού. Παρά το ότι η παραγωγή γάλακτος και γαλακτοκομικών προϊόντων είναι σχετικά περιορισμένη στο Νομό Αχαΐας, ωστόσο η διάσπαρτη κατανομή τους σε συνδυασμό με τις κρατούσες συνθήκες λειτουργίας τους συμβάλλει σημαντικά στη ρύπανση του περιβάλλοντος της περιοχής. Είναι γεγονός ότι οι περισσότερες αγροτοβιομηχανίες, όπως τα τυροκομεία, λειτουργούν σε περιοδική βάση αφού τα προϊόντα τους είναι εποχικά, τα εργοστάσια είναι διασκορπισμένα σε μεγάλες αποστάσεις και οι μονάδες είναι σχετικά μικρές. Τα απόβλητα που παράγονται από τις τυροκομικές μονάδες έχουν υψηλό οργανικό φορτίο και από προηγούμενη έρευνα έχει προσδιοριστεί ότι είναι τοξικά και αποτελούν αιτία υποβάθμισης των υδάτινων οικοσυστημάτων. Η παρούσα μελέτη έχει ως βασικό σκοπό την εκτίμηση της τοξικότητας των αποβλήτων που προέρχονται από τυροκομεία μετά από την επεξεργασία τους για παραγωγή βιαερίου (υδρογόνου και μεθανίου) σε αντιδραστήρες αναερόβιας χώνευσης (Η2-CSTR και CH4-CSTR αντίστοιχα), με σκοπό την συνολική εκτίμηση των επιπτώσεών τους στο υδάτινο οικοσύστημα. Αρχικά εκτιμήθηκε ο οικολογικός κίνδυνος από την απόρριψη των αποβλήτων μιας τυροκομικής μονάδας στο ποτάμι του Βουραϊκού. Τα δεδομένα που συγκεντρώθηκαν δίνουν ετήσια πρόβλεψη για κρίσιμα επίπεδα οικολογικού κινδύνου σε εποχές όπως είναι το καλοκαίρι όπου η ροή νερού στο ποτάμι είναι μικρή, και για μικρότερο, αλλά και πάλι αξιοσημείωτο επίπεδο κινδύνου κατά το φθινόπωρο. Οι βροχοπτώσεις είναι λογικό να δημιουργούν μεγαλύτερη αραίωση του αποβλήτου στο νερό γεγονός που προκαλέι μείωση των επιπέδων κινδύνου. Η συνδυασμένη ανάλυση των δεδομένων απέδειξε ότι εξαιρετικά μικρή συγκέντρωση του αποβλήτου, μικρότερη του 0,064%, είναι προϋπόθεση για να αποφευχθεί ο οικολογικός κίνδυνος για την υδρόβια πανίδα. Όμως, η παρούσα οικολογική κατάσταση του οικοσυστήματος απέχει πολύ από το να χαρακτηριστεί ως βέλτιστη, μιας και η απόρριψη ανεπεξέργαστων αποβλήτων στο νερό προκαλεί συγκεντρώσεις 5 φορές μεγαλύτερες από το ανωτέρω όριο, πλησιάζοντας το 0,32% κατά τη διάρκεια του καλοκαιριού. Ο έλεγχος τοξικότητας επιτεύχθηκε με τη χρήση βιοδεικτών από δύο τροφικά επίπεδα (ασπόνδυλα και ψάρια του γλυκού νερού). Συγκεκριμένα, στην πρώτη περίπτωση χρησιμοποιήθηκαν δύο μακροασπόνδυλα (Daphnia magna και Thamnocephalus platyurus) με τη μορφή των μικροβιοτέστ Thamnotoxkit F και Daphtoxkit FTM magna, τα οποία επελέγησαν λόγω της αξιοπιστίας τους, της σχετικής ευκολίας τους στη χρήση, του χαμηλού κόστους και της προοπτικής τους να χρησιμοποιηθούν από μη εξειδικευμένο προσωπικό για την παρακολούθηση των επιπτώσεων των συγκεκριμένων αποβλήτων. Στη δεύτερη περίπτωση έγινε ο έλεγχος της τοξικότητας με έμβρυα zebrafish (Danio rerio) με βάση τα πρωτόκολλα των σχετικών ISO και της EPA. Λήφθηκαν συνολικά 109 δείγματα (4 διπλά δείγματα τυρόγαλου, 55 διπλά δείγματα από τον αντιδραστήρα παραγωγής υδρογόνου και 50 διπλά δείγματα από τον αντιδραστήρα παραγωγής μεθανίου). Στα τεστ τοξικότητας που εφαρμόστηκαν (Thamnotoxkit F, Daphtoxkit FTM magna και zebrafish), υπολογίσθηκαν τα L(Ε)C50 24h και 48h σύμφωνα με τα πρωτόκολλα εργασίας. Ευρέθη ότι το μεν Thamnocephalus platyurus είχε μέση τιμή LC50 ίση με 0,76 για τα δείγματα από τον αντιδραστήρα Η2-CSTR και 1,33 για τα δείγματα από τον αντιδραστήρα CH4-CSTR, οι αντίστοιχες τιμές για την Daphnia magna στις 48 ώρες ήταν 1,82 και 2,26 ενώ για το zebrafish 0,88 και 0,95 στο ίδιο διάστημα. Οι τιμές που προέκυψαν από τους τρεις ελέγχους κατατάσσουν τα απόβλητα από «πολύ τοξικά» έως «εξαιρετικά τοξικά». Από τη συσχέτιση των φυσικοχημικών παραμέτρων με τα L(Ε)C50 προκύπτει ότι για τα δείγματα του Η2-CSTR υπάρχει θετική συσχέτιση των αμμωνιακών, νιτρικών και νιτρωδών ιόντων με το Thamnocephalus platyurus (R= 0,368, R=0,442 και R=0,362 αντίστοιχα) και για τα δείγματα του CH4-CSTR συσχέτιση υπάρχει μόνο με τα ολικά διαλυμένα στερεά (R=0,860). Για το zebrafish, υπάρχει συσχέτιση με τα φωσφορικά (R= 0.542) και με τα αμμωνιακά ιόντα (R=0,562) για τα δείγματα του Η2-CSTR, ενώ για τα δείγματα του CH4-CSTR με τα φωσφορικά (R=0,963) και τα νιτρώδη ιόντα (R= 0,960). Η Daphnia magna δε δείχνει καμία σημαντική συσχέτιση, με τη μεγαλύτερη εξ αυτών να παρατηρείται με τα αμμωνιακά ιόντα (R= 0,316) μόνο για τα δείγματα του Η2-CSTR. Σύμφωνα με τα ανωτέρω αποτελέσματα τεκμηριώνεται ότι το Thamnocephalus platyurus και το zebrafish είναι οι πιο ευαίσθητοι και επομένως οι πλέον κατάλληλοι οργανισμοί για την εκτίμηση της τοξικότητας των συγκεκριμένων αποβλήτων. Η παρατήρηση σκελετικών δυσμορφιών έστω και σε μικρό ποσοστό δειγμάτων του zebrafish, οδήγησε στην ανίχνευση βαρέων μετάλλων σε όλα τα επεξεργασμένα δείγματα δεδομένου ότι και αυτά έχουν ενοχοποιηθεί για την πρόκληση αυτών. Συγκεκριμένα ανιχνεύθηκαν χρώμιο, μαγγάνιο, ψευδάργυρος και μόλυβδος, όμως ο ρόλος καθενός από αυτά ή και συνεργιστικά όλων αυτών στις παρατηρηθείσες δυσμορφίες δε μπορεί να διερευνηθεί πλήρως στα πλάισια αυτής της μελέτης και για τούτο θα απαιτηθεί περαιτέρω έρευνα. Συνοπτικά αποδεικνύεται ότι όλα τα επεξεργασμένα δείγματα και με τις δύο μεθόδους ήσαν τοξικά και όχι περιβαλλοντικά ασφαλή για άμεση διάθεση σε υδάτινο αποδέκτη χωρίς περαιτέρω επεξεργασία για την απομάκρυνση των υπόλοιπων επιβαρυντικών παραγόντων όπως ο φώσφορος και οι ενώσεις του αζώτου. Τέλος, θα πρέπει να σημειωθεί ότι η παρούσα μελέτη είναι η πρώτη μελέτη εκτίμησης της τοξικότητας των αποβλήτων των τυροκομικών μονάδων μετά από την επεξεργασία του για παραγωγή βιοαερίου που γίνεται στη χώρα μας, αλλά και γενικότερα δεν υπάρχει ανάλογη αναφορά στη διεθνή βιβλιογραφία. Δεδομένου ότι η προαναφερθείσα επεξεργασία αποτελεί μια καινοτομία συνδυασμένης μεθοδολογίας που αποβλέπει αφενός στην εξυγίασνη του αποβλήτου και αφετέρου στην παραγωγή ωφέλιμου παραπροϊόντος όπως είναι το βιοαέριο, τα αποτελέσματα αυτής της έρευνας θα μπορούσαν να αποτελέσουν ένα αξαιρετικά χρήσιμο εργαλείο, αφενός στους επιστήμονες που ασχολούνται με την επεξεργασία των αποβλήτων ώστε να αναζητήσουν τρόπους περαιτέρω αποφόρτισης αυτών από τους εναπομείναντες τοξικούς παράγοντες και αφετέρου στην πολιτεία για τη συστηματική παρακολούθηση και τον έλεγχο των συγκεκριμένων μονάδων στα πλαίσια εφαρμογής ορθής περιβαλλοντικής πολιτικής. / One of the major environmental hazard not only for the Achaia Prefecture, but also for many other regions of the Greek area has to deal with agro-industrial effluents which outfall to the countryside. Among the agro-industries, the units of milk treatment and cheese production are concerned as such of great environmental interest. Despite that the production of milk and dairy products is relatively limited in Achaia Prefecture, their scattered installation and their unlegal operation contribute considerably in the environmental pollution of the area. The most dairy units operate in periodical base, they are scattered in the countryside while they are relatively assessed as small units. Their effluents that have been considered as toxic. The basic aim of the present study is to estimate the toxicity of cheese whey effluents from dairy unit after their treatment for biogas production (hydrogen and methane) in anaerobic digestion reactors (H2-CSTR and CH4-CSTR respectively), aiming at the total estimation of their repercussions in the aquatic ecosystem. Initially, the ecological risk from the rejection of cheese-whey effluents in the river of Vouraikos has been estimated. The data drived to an annual forecast which gives critical levels of ecological risk during summertime, and remarkable level of risk during autumn. Integrated analysis proved that effluents concentration of the river smaller than 0,064% is prerequired in order to avoid the ecological risk of the aquatic fauna, while the present ecological situation of ecosystem is far from optimal, as the rejection of the untreated effluents into the water leads to concentrations 5 times higher than the above limit, approaching 0,32% during summertime. The toxicity estimation was achieved with the use of bioindicators from two trophic levels (freshwater invertebrates and fish): Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus in the form of mikrobiotests Thamnotoxkit F and Daphtoxkit FTM magna, and the embryos of zebrafish (Danio rerio) according to the protocols of ISO and EPA. In total there have been taken 109 samples (4 duplicate samples of cheese whey, 55 duplicate samples from the reactor of hydrogen production and 50 duplicate samples from the reactor of methane production). In the toxicity tests applied (Thamnotoxkit F, Daphtoxkit FTM magna and zebrafish), L(E)C50 in 24h and 48h were calculated according to the tests protocols. It was found that mean LC50 values for the Thamnocephalus platyurus was 0.76 for the samples from H2-CSTR reactor and 1.33 for the samples from CH4-CSTR reactor. The corresponding values for Daphnia magna in the 48 hours was 1.82 and 2.26 while for the zebrafish 0.88 and 0.95 for the same period. The values resulted from the three tests classify the effluents from “very toxic” to “extremely toxic”. From the cross-correlation of physicochemical parameters with L(E)C50 results of Thamnocephalus platyurus, the samples of H2-CSTR reactor have positive correlation with the ammonium, nitrites and nitrates ions (R= 0.368, R=0.442 and R=0.362 respectively) and the samples of CH4-CSTR reactor have positive correlation only with TDS (R=0.860). Zebrafish correlates with phosphates (R= 0.542) and ammonium ions (R=0.562) for the samples of H2-CSTR, while for the samples of CH4-CSTR correlate with phosphates (R=0.963) and nitrites ions (R= 0.960). Daphnia magna does not show significant correlation. The highest values observed was for the samples of H2-CSTR with the ammonium ions (R= 0.316). According to the above results it is proved that Thamnocephalus platyurus and zebrafish are the most sensitive and suitable organisms for the toxicity estimation of the particular effluents. The observation of spinal malformations in a small percentage of zebrafish, led to the detection of heavy metals to all treated samples. Chromium, manganese, zinc and lead were detected, however the role of each one of them in the observed malformations could not be investigated in the frames of this study and further research is required. In ferentially, all the treated samples with both methods were toxic. They are not environmentally safe for direct disposal in the aquatic receiver and further treatment for the removal of the toxic factors as phosphates and the ions of nitrogen is needed. Finally, it must be noted that the present study is the first toxicity evaluation study of the dairy wastewaters after their treatment for biogas not only in the Greek area but worldwide. Since such a treatment constitutes an innovative and combined methodology that aims to the remediation of the wastewaters and the production of a beneficial by-product as biogas, the results of this study could constitute a useful tool, in one hand for the scientists concerning wastewater treatment provoking them to search methods for further remediation of these effluents from the remaining toxic factors and on the other hand for the officials in order to achieve monitoring and controlling of these particular units.

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Orientador: Lúcia Helena Sipaúba Tavares / Banca: Antônio Fernando Monteiro Camargo / Banca: Sidinei Magela Thomaz / Resumo: A aquicultura tem se intensificado nos últimos anos, produzindo efluentes que podem gerar eutrofização nos corpos d'água receptores, além de introdução de espécies exóticas e disseminação de doenças no ambiente, por serem enriquecidos com compostos como nitrogênio e fósforo. Como forma alternativa para tratamento de efluentes são propostos os ―wetlands‖ construídos, baseados em ―wetlands‖ naturais, ecossistemas que ficam parcial ou totalmente inundados durante o ano, conhecidos como várzeas de rios, igapós, pântanos, entre outros. As pesquisas com ―wetlands‖ construídos no efluente do sistema de aquicultura do Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP (CAUNESP) de Jaboticabal-SP vêm sendo realizadas desde 1992. Nesta dissertação foi avaliada a dinâmica e capacidade de remoção de compostos orgânicos e inorgânicos através do ―wetland‖ construído com macrófitas aquáticas, enraizadas e flutuantes, no efluente final do CAUNESP, que recebe também resíduos do processamento de fezes animais em biodigestores e elevado fluxo de água de chuva. A dissertação foi dividida em dois capítulos; o primeiro refere-se aos dados obtidos em 2008, sobre a caracterização das entradas de água no sistema, assim como a eficiência de remoção de nutrientes e coliformes termotolerantes em período de seca e chuva. O segundo capítulo apresenta os dados obtidos entre 2009 e 2010, após o wetland passar por uma reestruturação, onde foi avaliada a eficiência de remoção e a atuação das macrófitas e sedimento nesse processo / Abstract: The intensification of aquaculture during the last few years has produced effluents that may cause eutrophication in water bodies, the introduction of exotic species and the dissemination of diseases in the environment. This is due to the fact that water bodies are enriched with compounds such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Constructed wetlands, based on natural ones, have been suggested as an alternative for the treatment of these effluents. In fact, wetlands are natural ecosystems that are totally or partially flooded during the year and are knowns as floodplains of rivers and swamps. Research with constructed wetland in the final effluent of the Aquaculture Center of UNESP (CAUNESP) in Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil has been held since 1992. This dissertation evaluated the dynamics and capacity of the removal organic and inorganic substances through a constructed wetland with macrophytes, rooted and floating in the effluent of CAUNESP, which also receives waste from the processing of animal faeces in biodigesters and high flow of rainwater. This dissertation was divided into two chapters, the first of which refers to data obtained in 2008, on identifying the characteristics of each inlet in the system as well as the removal efficiency of nutrients and fecal coliform in the dry and wet climatic periods. The second chapter presents the data obtained between 2009 and 2010, after going through a restructuring wetland, which was evaluated the removal efficiency of this period as well as the role of macrophytes and sediment in the process / Mestre

A empresa estudada está sediada em Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, e fabrica produtos de limpeza. Os efluentes provêm das águas de lavagens dos tanques e misturadores de produção, recipientes utilizados na separação de matérias-primas e da lavagem do próprio piso da fábrica, onde ocorrem derramamentos de produtos. Foi implantada uma estação de tratamento de efluentes que opera por processos físico-químicos de coagulação/floculação e adsorção. Entretanto, observou-se que era ineficiente para atender aos parâmetros de qualidade de água exigidos pela legislação. Assim, o objeto deste estudo foi minimizar a geração de efluentes e aperfeiçoar a operação da estação de tratamento dos efluentes líquidos da empresa. A metodologia de trabalho consistiu na caracterização do efluente industrial; monitoramento do desempenho da estação de tratamento de efluentes, implantação de mudanças no processo produtivo para verificar a possibilidade de minimização da geração de efluentes bem como da carga poluidora, e estudo de alternativas de tratamento para melhorar a qualidade da água. Os parâmetros avaliados foram pH, DQO, DBO, fósforo total, nitrogênio total, óleos e graxas, surfactantes, sólidos sedimentáveis e sólidos suspensos. Os resultados demonstram que o efluente apresenta pH alcalino, uma elevada carga orgânica, é rico em nitrogênio e fósforo e possui uma alta concentração de surfactantes. Entretanto, a implantação de um sistema de produção mais limpo, através da programação prévia do processo produtivo, e aplicação de novos procedimentos durante as operações de envase, permitiu que o volume de efluentes gerados diminuísse de 8 m3/dia para 6 m3/dia. A carga de poluente na ETE baixou significativamente, resultando em maior eficiência da estação de tratamento de efluentes. Assim, foi possível atingir, exata ou aproximadamente, todos os parâmetros de emissão padrão. O estudo das alternativas de tratamento também comprovou que o tratamento físicoquímico de coagulação/floculação é mais eficiente quando seguido de um tratamento de adsorção por carvão ativado. A fotocatálise heterogênea, com aplicação de luz UV como forma de polimento ao efluente, reduz substancialmente a quantidade de matéria orgânica e surfactantes presentes no efluente. Os valores da relação DBO/DQO, para o efluente tratado, que variam de 0,29 a 0,34, demonstram a possibilidade de degradação biológica, desde que haja aclimatação ou indução dos microrganismos. Esse fato abre a possibilidade de realizar o tratamento biológico do efluente industrial, misturado ou não ao esgoto cloacal gerado na empresa. / The company studied produces cleaning reagents and is located in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. The effluent comes from many washing operations, including equipment and ground cleaning. A physical-chemical treatment plant was installed. It is based on coagulation/flocculation and activated carbon adsorption. However, the treatment operation did not reach the water quality emission standards established by the legislation. Thus, the aim of this work was to minimize the effluent generation and to improve the effluent treatment plant efficiency. The methodology consisted of characterization of the industrial effluent, evaluation of effluent treatment plant, implantation of clean technology procedures and the study of new alternatives for water quality improvement. The parameters analyzed were pH, DQO, DBO, total phosphorous, total nitrogen, oils and greases, surfactants, settable solids, and suspended solids. The results showed that the effluent presents an alkaline pH, a high organic load, is rich in nitrogen and phosphorous, and presents a high concentration of surfactants. However, the implantation of clean technology procedures, by process programming and employees training, allowed a volume reduction from 8 m3/day to 6 m3/day. The load of pollutants was significantly reduced, allowing a better performance of the effluent treatment plant. The emission treatment reached, or became very near the standard. The study of new alternatives also proved that the physical-chemical treatment of coagulation/flocculation is more efficient when followed by an activated carbon adsorption treatment. The use of the TiO2 – photocatalysis process – reduced surfactants concentration in effluent. The BOD/COD relationship, ranged from 0,29 to 0,34, showed that biological degradation is possible, provided that there is microorganism acclimatizing. This fact allows the possibility for the biological treatment of the industrial effluent to be either dumped into the general sewage generated in the company or not.

A demanda atual por recursos hídricos com quantidade e qualidade exige que todos os efluentes domésticos sejam tratados de maneira adequada para minimizar os impactos ambientais causados no meio ambiente. As estações de tratamento de efluentes domésticos que utilizam sistemas tradicionais de tratamento em muitos casos não conseguem atingir os valores de remoção de poluentes exigidos pelas legislações ambientais e, portanto, processos avançados de tratamento de efluentes devem ser realizados para garantir tal atendimento. No presente trabalho foi realizada a coleta e caracterização físico-química de amostras em diferentes pontos de processo na estação de tratamento de efluentes do Campus Litoral Norte da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. O monitoramento foi realizado durante 33 semanas e mostrou que o efluente tratado final da ETE apresentou valores elevados de poluentes como, por exemplo, nitrogênio total Kjeldahl (NTK), amônia e demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), o que impossibilita seu lançamento. O processo de eletrodiálise do efluente tratado da ETE foi realizada em uma planta piloto onde foram realizados 2 diferentes tipos de ensaios de eletrodiálise. No 1º ensaio o objetivo era avaliar o transporte iônico de poluentes do efluente após a eletrodiálise e os resultados encontrados mostram que, o efluente tratado por eletrodiálise, foram encontrados valores de concentração média abaixo de 1 mg/L para os ânions fluoreto, cloreto, nitrito e nitrato e para os cátions sódio, amônio, potássio e magnésio. Os resultados encontrados na caracterização fisico-química do efluente tratado indicam que o mesmo pode ser utilizado como água de reúso na agricultura, para fins urbanos e na psicicultura se for realizada a correção do pH. O 2º ensaio tinha como objetivo avaliar o comportamento das membranas através da qualidade do efluente após sucessivas eletrodiálises sem realizar a limpeza do sistema e os resultados encontrados mostram que foram obtidos valores de concentração média abaixo de 10 mg/L para todos os ânions e cátions. Os resultados encontrados pela caracterização fisico-química deste efluente tratado por eletrodiálise indicam que o mesmo pode ser utilizado como água de reúso na agricultura e reúso para fins urbanos se for realizada a correção do pH e a remoção da turbidez do efluente. Para o reúso na psicicultura, além da correção do pH, deve ser realizada a remoção do ânion nitrato para valores inferiores a 5 mg/L. / The current demand for water resources with quantity and quality requires that all domestic effluents must be adequately treated to minimize the environmental impacts caused on the environment. Municipal sewage treatment plants (MSTP) using traditional process in many cases fail to achieve the pollutant removal required by environmental. Therefore, advanced wastewater treatment processes must be carried out to ensure such care. The present work carried out the sampling and characterization samples at different process points from the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of Campus Litoral Norte of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. The monitoring was performed during 33 weeks and showed that the final treated effluent of the WWTP showed high values of pollutants such as NTK, ammonia and COD, which makes it impossible to discharge in nature. The process of electrodialysis of the final effluent, after the treatment at the WWTP, was carried out in the pilot plant. Two different electrodialysis tests were carried out. On the first test, the objective was to evaluate the ionic transport of pollutants from the effluent after the electrodialysis and the results found show that the effluent treated were found values of average concentration below 1 mg / L were obtained for fluoride, chloride, nitrite and nitrate anions and for sodium, ammonium, potassium and magnesium cations. The results found by the physicochemical characterization of the effluent indicate that it can be used as reuse water in agriculture, for urban proposes and in pisciculture if the pH correction is performed. In the second test, the objective was to evaluate the behavior of the membranes through the quality of the effluent after successive electrodialysis without cleaning the system. The results obtained in the effluent after the second test showed that mean values below 10 mg/L were obtained for all anions and cations. The results obtained by the physicochemical characterization of the effluent indicates that it can be used as reuse water in agriculture and for urban proposes reuse if the correction of the pH and the removal of the turbidity of the effluent is carried out. For reuse in the pisciculture, besides the correction of the pH, the removal of the nitrate anion should be carried out to values below 5 mg/L.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-07-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:06:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_ft_me_jabo.pdf: 1262629 bytes, checksum: f8b98467b40e9b77b2fd2b2c3ea9a469 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A aquicultura tem se intensificado nos últimos anos, produzindo efluentes que podem gerar eutrofização nos corpos d’água receptores, além de introdução de espécies exóticas e disseminação de doenças no ambiente, por serem enriquecidos com compostos como nitrogênio e fósforo. Como forma alternativa para tratamento de efluentes são propostos os ―wetlands‖ construídos, baseados em ―wetlands‖ naturais, ecossistemas que ficam parcial ou totalmente inundados durante o ano, conhecidos como várzeas de rios, igapós, pântanos, entre outros. As pesquisas com ―wetlands‖ construídos no efluente do sistema de aquicultura do Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP (CAUNESP) de Jaboticabal-SP vêm sendo realizadas desde 1992. Nesta dissertação foi avaliada a dinâmica e capacidade de remoção de compostos orgânicos e inorgânicos através do ―wetland‖ construído com macrófitas aquáticas, enraizadas e flutuantes, no efluente final do CAUNESP, que recebe também resíduos do processamento de fezes animais em biodigestores e elevado fluxo de água de chuva. A dissertação foi dividida em dois capítulos; o primeiro refere-se aos dados obtidos em 2008, sobre a caracterização das entradas de água no sistema, assim como a eficiência de remoção de nutrientes e coliformes termotolerantes em período de seca e chuva. O segundo capítulo apresenta os dados obtidos entre 2009 e 2010, após o wetland passar por uma reestruturação, onde foi avaliada a eficiência de remoção e a atuação das macrófitas e sedimento nesse processo / The intensification of aquaculture during the last few years has produced effluents that may cause eutrophication in water bodies, the introduction of exotic species and the dissemination of diseases in the environment. This is due to the fact that water bodies are enriched with compounds such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Constructed wetlands, based on natural ones, have been suggested as an alternative for the treatment of these effluents. In fact, wetlands are natural ecosystems that are totally or partially flooded during the year and are knowns as floodplains of rivers and swamps. Research with constructed wetland in the final effluent of the Aquaculture Center of UNESP (CAUNESP) in Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil has been held since 1992. This dissertation evaluated the dynamics and capacity of the removal organic and inorganic substances through a constructed wetland with macrophytes, rooted and floating in the effluent of CAUNESP, which also receives waste from the processing of animal faeces in biodigesters and high flow of rainwater. This dissertation was divided into two chapters, the first of which refers to data obtained in 2008, on identifying the characteristics of each inlet in the system as well as the removal efficiency of nutrients and fecal coliform in the dry and wet climatic periods. The second chapter presents the data obtained between 2009 and 2010, after going through a restructuring wetland, which was evaluated the removal efficiency of this period as well as the role of macrophytes and sediment in the process

A demanda atual por recursos hídricos com quantidade e qualidade exige que todos os efluentes domésticos sejam tratados de maneira adequada para minimizar os impactos ambientais causados no meio ambiente. As estações de tratamento de efluentes domésticos que utilizam sistemas tradicionais de tratamento em muitos casos não conseguem atingir os valores de remoção de poluentes exigidos pelas legislações ambientais e, portanto, processos avançados de tratamento de efluentes devem ser realizados para garantir tal atendimento. No presente trabalho foi realizada a coleta e caracterização físico-química de amostras em diferentes pontos de processo na estação de tratamento de efluentes do Campus Litoral Norte da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. O monitoramento foi realizado durante 33 semanas e mostrou que o efluente tratado final da ETE apresentou valores elevados de poluentes como, por exemplo, nitrogênio total Kjeldahl (NTK), amônia e demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), o que impossibilita seu lançamento. O processo de eletrodiálise do efluente tratado da ETE foi realizada em uma planta piloto onde foram realizados 2 diferentes tipos de ensaios de eletrodiálise. No 1º ensaio o objetivo era avaliar o transporte iônico de poluentes do efluente após a eletrodiálise e os resultados encontrados mostram que, o efluente tratado por eletrodiálise, foram encontrados valores de concentração média abaixo de 1 mg/L para os ânions fluoreto, cloreto, nitrito e nitrato e para os cátions sódio, amônio, potássio e magnésio. Os resultados encontrados na caracterização fisico-química do efluente tratado indicam que o mesmo pode ser utilizado como água de reúso na agricultura, para fins urbanos e na psicicultura se for realizada a correção do pH. O 2º ensaio tinha como objetivo avaliar o comportamento das membranas através da qualidade do efluente após sucessivas eletrodiálises sem realizar a limpeza do sistema e os resultados encontrados mostram que foram obtidos valores de concentração média abaixo de 10 mg/L para todos os ânions e cátions. Os resultados encontrados pela caracterização fisico-química deste efluente tratado por eletrodiálise indicam que o mesmo pode ser utilizado como água de reúso na agricultura e reúso para fins urbanos se for realizada a correção do pH e a remoção da turbidez do efluente. Para o reúso na psicicultura, além da correção do pH, deve ser realizada a remoção do ânion nitrato para valores inferiores a 5 mg/L. / The current demand for water resources with quantity and quality requires that all domestic effluents must be adequately treated to minimize the environmental impacts caused on the environment. Municipal sewage treatment plants (MSTP) using traditional process in many cases fail to achieve the pollutant removal required by environmental. Therefore, advanced wastewater treatment processes must be carried out to ensure such care. The present work carried out the sampling and characterization samples at different process points from the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of Campus Litoral Norte of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. The monitoring was performed during 33 weeks and showed that the final treated effluent of the WWTP showed high values of pollutants such as NTK, ammonia and COD, which makes it impossible to discharge in nature. The process of electrodialysis of the final effluent, after the treatment at the WWTP, was carried out in the pilot plant. Two different electrodialysis tests were carried out. On the first test, the objective was to evaluate the ionic transport of pollutants from the effluent after the electrodialysis and the results found show that the effluent treated were found values of average concentration below 1 mg / L were obtained for fluoride, chloride, nitrite and nitrate anions and for sodium, ammonium, potassium and magnesium cations. The results found by the physicochemical characterization of the effluent indicate that it can be used as reuse water in agriculture, for urban proposes and in pisciculture if the pH correction is performed. In the second test, the objective was to evaluate the behavior of the membranes through the quality of the effluent after successive electrodialysis without cleaning the system. The results obtained in the effluent after the second test showed that mean values below 10 mg/L were obtained for all anions and cations. The results obtained by the physicochemical characterization of the effluent indicates that it can be used as reuse water in agriculture and for urban proposes reuse if the correction of the pH and the removal of the turbidity of the effluent is carried out. For reuse in the pisciculture, besides the correction of the pH, the removal of the nitrate anion should be carried out to values below 5 mg/L.