Due to several reasons, treatment methods for a certain waste are oftennot available locally in the waste handling and management industry. This is especially true for regions which are not densely populated. This requires transports, the majority of which consumes fossil fuel. To avoid this, local waste treatment methods need to be developed. In this work it is investigated how treatment of one hazardous waste is done; water and sludge containing oil. Based on sustainability criteria three novel methods are presented that can be conducted locally; mycoremediation, phytoremediation and electrocoagulation. The methods are evaluated in a case study of a recycling company. Mycoremediation and electrocoagulation were found to be suitable in the case study, as long as some criteria are fulfilled. In addition it is shown what barriers exist in law, policies and practices that hinder local treatment of water and sludge containing oil.

Microalgae have now been widely considered as a promising bio-energy feedstock. The current microalgae harvesting methods used, such as centrifugation, sedimentation and flocculation, have been shown to be effective but are costly, representing between 35 % to 50 % of the total production cost. The aims of this study were: (1) to investigate the effectiveness of two electrocoagulation processes, electroflocculation and electroflotation, as algae pre-harvesting processes; and (2) to design, test and optimize a cost-effective and efficient filtration-based harvesting mechanism for micrioalgae. The principal results of the study showed that: (1) The mean final concentration for electroflocculation of 17.94 gL⁻¹ significantly exceeded (p = 0.0416) that for electroflotation of 9.51 gL⁻¹, indicating electroflocculation to be the more effective process; (2) Microscope images of the algae showed that, for the level of power applied (1 A, 40 V max), electrocoagulation did not appear to have produced any effect on the algae that was significantly different from that by centrifugation and that neither method appeared to have caused any significant cell wall damage or rupture; (3) The most effective configuration for the harvester prototype -- resulting in higher throughput rate (0.303 gh⁻¹), higher efficiency (233.33 gL⁻¹), as well as a lower energy consumption (143.46 kWhm⁻³) -- corresponded with higher concentration of the incoming biomass (21.5 gL⁻¹), lower belt velocity (0.05 ms⁻¹), higher inclination angle (25°) and lower pressure (0 Psi); and (4) The total energy consumption for the harvester prototype, when combined with a preceding pre-harvesting process, of 4.95 kWhm⁻³ was comparable to those reported by others for filtration-based harvesting. The new efficient harvesting mechanism proposed showed significant potential in successfully reducing algae production cost and make biofuels from microalgae economically feasible in the mid to long term in view of the prototype having achieved high output biomass concentration, low energy consumption per unit volume, high throughput rate, and facility of implementation.

L’extinction de feux de liquides inflammables sur des installations industrielles telles que les dépôts de carburant ou les raffineries entraîne l'utilisation de milliers de mètres cubes d'eau, composé majeur des mousses anti-incendie. Ces dernières contiennent généralement des tensioactifs hydrocarbonés ainsi que des tensioactifs fluorés qui se retrouvent dans les eaux d'extinction, ainsi que les suies et les restes de solvants. Les tensioactifs fluorés jouent un rôle clé dans l'efficacité des mousses anti-incendie en raison de leur nature chimique particulière. En raison de la présence des tensioactifs fluorés, le traitement actuel de l'eau d'extinction d'incendie est l'incinération dans des incinérateurs haute température et résistant aux halogènes. Les tensioactifs sont des composés amphiphiles qui ont comme propriétés d'abaisser la tension superficielle de l'eau et de former des agrégats en solution : les micelles. Les tensioactifs peuvent également s'adsorber aux interfaces ainsi qu'aux surfaces solides, et éventuellement y former des agrégats de surface, analogues aux micelles en solution. L’objectif industriel de la présente thèse est de proposer une unité mobile de traitement de ces eaux afin de concentrer les composés fluorés et limiter les volumes à incinérer. Les critères de sélection des procédés que nous avons retenus sont les suivants : compacité, peu ou pas de produits chimiques ou solides nécessaires. L’objectif scientifique de ce travail est de mieux comprendre le comportement de ces composés au cours des procédés d’électrocoagulation/filtration et d’osmose inverse. Des essais préliminaires ont été réalisés et ont permis de choisir les procédés suivant : l'électrocoagulation couplée à la filtration comme prétraitement pour séparer les particules en suspension et les traces d’émulsions éventuelles de la phase aqueuse et l'osmose inverse comme traitement pour concentrer les tensioactifs fluorés. A l'échelle du laboratoire, l'électrocoagulation, permettant le retrait de la matière en suspension, a été optimisée pour des eaux d'extinction d'incendie pilotes et un mécanisme a été proposé. L'efficacité de ce procédé a ensuite été vérifiée sur un pilote industriel. L'osmose inverse d'eaux d'extinction d'incendie pilotes pré-traitées par électrocoagulation/filtration a montré de forts taux de rétention du tensioactif fluoré. Une comparaison de différents matériaux membranaires a été réalisée sur un module d’osmose inverse plan avec des solutions modèles. Des essais de filtration de longue durée, à l’échelle pilote, ont permis de suivre l’évolution de la rétention des tensioactifs et du flux de perméat. Ces données ont été utilisées pour réaliser le dimensionnement d’une unité mobile de post traitement d’eau d’extinction d’incendie. Les perspectives de ce travail sont les suivantes : La prise en charge de la réalisation d’une unité mobile devrait être menée par un partenaire de DuPont de Nemours qu’il reste à identifier. L’étude sur la modification de l’état de surface des membranes est poursuivie dans le cadre d’une nouvelle thèse et permettra à terme de mieux choisir les conditions opératoires de filtration et de nettoyage au cours des procédés membranaires et ainsi d’améliorer les performances du procédé. / Extinguishment of large solvent fire leads to the production of fire fighting water, which are collected thanks to the design of industrial infrastructures. Depending on the nature of the firefighting foam used, the resulting water may require the removal of fluorinated surfactants potentially present. After decantation of the organic phase, fire fighting waters essentially contain surfactants. Surfactants are amphiphilic chemicals having the ability to lower both interfacial and surface tensions by adsorbing in an oriented fashion at interface. Surfactant can form micellar aggregates in solution and on interfaces under certain conditions, and have a pronounced influence on interfacial phenomena. Hence, before considering any water treatment process, interfacial science and surfactant were introduced. This work has a dual purpose. The industrial purpose is to provide an economically viable alternative to water incineration. The foreseen unit will have to be mobile and able to extract fluorinated surfactants from water at a rate of 1-4.5 m3h-1 (20,000 m3 in 4-6 months). The scientific purpose of this work is the study of the behavior of surfactants in the context of water treatment processes. The state of the art of relevant water treatment processes and an experimental screening with real firefighting water permitted to identify two steps as likely to fit the constraints of a mobile unit: electrocoagulationfiltration coupled with reverse osmosis. The electrocoagulation process followed by filtration was applied to pilot, model and industrial firefighting waters. This process was found to remove efficiently the unwanted turbidity from pilot firefighting waters. Current knowledge about the separation mechanisms of small organic molecules in reverse osmosis has been reviewed, and rejection as well as flux decline were related to membrane, solution, and solute properties. Polyamide and cellulose acetate membrane materials were screened in a flat sheet cell. The stabilities of rejection and flux decline were confirmed during longer tests (several days) on an industrial pilot with the most appropriate membrane. A final design study confirmed the possibility to combine electrocoagulation-filtration and reverse osmosis to treat firefighting waters.

Many drinking water treatment facilities face problems with algal organic matter (AOM) due to eutrophication of the environment and frequent occurrence of algal blooms. AOM can cause deterioration of water organoleptic properties, but the main threat is the potential for acting as a precursor of toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs). The presented master thesis deals with the possibility of using electrocoagulation (EC) - an innovative electrochemical method - to remove cellular organic matter (COM) produced by cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa from drinking water. EC is similar to widely used chemical coagulation, the difference is that during EC the coagulant is produced by electrochemical dissolution of an iron or an aluminum electrode. Synthetic water with COM concentration of 5.5 and 8.5 mg/L of TOC was used for the experiments. The target value of conductivity (4.5 mS/cm) was reached by addition of NaCl. pH of the solution was adjusted by HCl and NaOH. During some of the experiments, NaHCO3 was added to increase the ANC4.5. The experiments were conducted in a batch mode with a stainless-steel cathode and an aluminum or an iron anode. The coagulant dosage was regulated by applied electric current passing through the electrodes. Flocs were separated by sedimentation and centrifugation. COM...

L’électrocoagulation est une technique de traitement des eaux usées basée sur la dissolution d’anode sacrificielle de fer ou d’aluminium. Ces métaux se dissolvent sous formes de cations Fe2+ puis Fe3+ et Al3+ qui vont former des hydroxydes de métal qui entraînent par adsorption les impuretés de l’effluent en diminuant le potentiel Zêta de ces impuretés. Le réacteur électrochimique utilisé est constitué de deux électrodes métalliques (Fe ou Al) planes et parallèles qui laissent passer entre elles l’effluent à traiter. Des densités de courant de 50 à 200 A/m2 ont été appliquées pour traiter les trois effluents. L’un est un effluent directement issu d’une usine textile (effluent « usine »). Un second provient du flux d’entrée de la station d’épuration du site qui collecte les effluents de plusieurs usines (effluent « station »). Le troisième est un effluent artificiel de tannerie, créé en ajoutant 200 ppm de chrome VI à l’effluent « station ». Pour chaque expérience, la densité de courant et le temps de traitement vont déterminer la charge électrique et la concentration en métal dissous atteinte. L’influence de ces quatre paramètres sur l’élimination de la DCO, de l’absorbance, de la turbidité, du COT et du chrome hexavalent a été étudiée. L’évolution au cours du temps d’autres paramètres de l’EC tels que le pH, la tension, le rendement faradique et la dissolution métallique ont été étudiés afin de comprendre leur rôle dans le procédé. Le traitement a permis d’avoir un abattement maximal de DCO de 82% et 80% pour l’effluent « station » traité respectivement avec les électrodes de fer et d’aluminium ; 75 et 67% pour l’effluent « usine » traité respectivement avec les électrodes de fer et d’aluminium. L’abattement du chrome est de 100% avec les électrodes de fer mais tombe à 70% avec celles en aluminium. Des modèles d’élimination de la DCO et de l’absorbance ont été établis pour chaque matériau d’électrode utilisé. Le modèle d’élimination du chrome VI a été établi à partir du traitement avec les électrodes de fer. Une étude de la spéciation des espèces a permis de déterminer les pH optimaux de coagulation-floculation pour chaque métal impliqué (Al, Fe, Cr). La compétitivité entre l’abattement de la pollution organique et du Chrome a aussi été étudiée pour chaque type d’électrode / Electrocoagulation (EC) is a water treatment technology that relies on the electrochemical sacrificial anodes (in Fe or Al) dissolution. This metal dissolve themselves in Al3+ and Fe2+ cations that later oxidise to Fe3+ ions. These cations form metal hydroxides that adsorb the impurities of the effluent while decreasing the zeta potential. The electrochemical reactor used consists on two plane parallel metal electrodes with recirculation of the effluent to be treated between them. Current densities from 50 to 200 A/m2 were imposed to treat each effluent. Three effluents were used in this study. The first one is an effluent sampled at the outlet of a textile plant (« plant »). The second one is a mixture of several effluents coming from different plant and collected at the inlet of the wastewater treatment (« treatment plant »). The last one is a wastewater tannery plant simulated by addition of 200 ppm Chromium VI in the treatment plant effluent. For each experience the current density and the time of treatment rule the electrical charge and the concentration in dissolved metal reached. The influence of these four parameters on the elimination of COD, absorbance, turbidity, COT and hexavalent chromium content has been studied. Parameters e.g. potential, faradic yield, metal dissolution and pH have also been continuously monitored to better understand their role on EC process. The results show that DCO abatement reached 80 and 82% for treatment plant effluent, respectively with iron and aluminium electrodes; and 75 and 67% for plant effluent, respectively with iron and aluminium electrodes. The chromium treatment yields 100 % abatement with Fe electrodes whereas it is only 70% using Al electrodes. Models have been developed for COD and absorbance removal for the two electrode materials. Model for chromium (VI) treatment has been established considering all reactions occurring for iron EC. Metal speciation study allowed us to determine the optimal pH of coagulation –flocculation for each metal involved in the treatment (Al, Fe, Cr). Competition between organic pollution removal and chromium elimination has been also investigated for each electrode material

Wood is a material with an enormous number of applications. For decades, the development of wastewater treatment technologies tailored for the wood sector has focused on those industries that have water as an integral part of the industrial production, such as paper and pulp. However, there is a large and potentially growing sector that has been neglected, which is formed by industries in which water is not part of their production line, as for example, the wood floor and furniture industries (named wood-based dry industries). These industries still produces relatively low volumes of highly polluted wastewaters, with COD up to 30,000 mg/L, due to cleaning/washing procedure (named cleaning wastewaters). These cleaning wastewaters are often sent to the municipal wastewater treatment plant after dilution with potable water. Once there, recalcitrant pollutants are diluted and discharged into recipient water bodies or trapped in the municipal wastewater sludge. Another type of contaminated water these “dry industries” often generate in high volumes, and which is usually discharged with no previous treatment, is storm-water containing contaminants that have leached from large wood storage areas. The overall aim of this thesis was to increase the level of knowledge and competence and to present on-site wastewater treatment options for wood-based dry industries using the wood floor industry as a case-study, with a focus on combined treatment methods and solutions applicable to both the cleaning wastewater and storm-water. Among the treatment technologies investigated, electrocoagulation was studied both as a standalone treatment and combined with sorption using activated carbon. The combined treatment achieved a COD reduction of approximately 70%. Some advanced oxidation processes (AOP) were also studied: a COD reduction of approximately 70% was achieved by photo-Fenton, but the most successful AOP was ozone combined with UV light, were a COD reduction around 90% was achieved, with additional improvement in the biodegradability of the treated effluent. Ozone also proved to be effective in degrading organic compounds (approximately 70% COD reduction) and enhanced the biodegradability of the storm-water runoff from wood storage areas. The results have shown that the application of ozone can be considered an option for treatment of cleaning wastewaters and possibly for storm-water biodegradation enhancement. / Trä är ett material med ett stort antal möjliga användningsområden. Inom träindustrin har utvecklingen av vattenbehandlingsmetoder varit inriktat på de branscher som har vatten som en del av produktionen, såsom papper- och massaindustrin. Men det finns en stor och potentiellt växande sektor inom träindustrin som har försummats, den utgörs av industrier som inte har vatten som en del av produktionen, t.ex. trägolv och trämöbel industrier. Trots detta så producerar dessa industrier fortfarande relativt kraftigt förorenade avloppsvatten med t.ex. COD-värden upp till 30000 mg/l men i relativt låga volymer. Dessa avloppsvatten uppkommer vid rengöring av maskiner och städning av lokaler, varefter de oftast efter utspädning med dricksvatten skickas till det kommunala reningsverket. Väl där späds det förorenade vattnet vidare ut med annat inkommande vatten men passerar dock till stor del obehandlat och släpps ut i mottagande vattendrag eller så fastnar föroreningarna i avloppsslamet. Dagvatten är en annan typ av förorenat vatten från dessa "torra industrier" som ofta genereras i stora volymer och innehåller föroreningar som lakats från de trämaterial som förvaras i de stora upplag som ofta förekommer vid denna typ av industrier. Det övergripande syftet med avhandlingen var att öka kunskapen och kompetensen för att kunna miljömässigt riktigt och ekonomiskt billigt behandla industriavloppsvatten lokalt på plats inom trävaruindustrin, genom att använda en trä-golvsindustri som fallstudie. Fokus lades på kombinerade behandlingsmetoder och lösningar som skulle kunna vara lämpliga både för industriavloppsvatten och dagvatten. Ett antal behandlingstekniker har undersökts; elektrokoagulering studerades både som en fristående behandling och i kombination med aktivt kol. Den kombinerade behandlingen gav en COD-reduktion på ungefär 70 %. Flera avancerade oxidationsprocesser (AOP) studerades också, och en COD-reduktion på cirka 70% uppnåddes med en kombination av UV-ljus och Fenton behandling. Den mest framgångsrika behandlingen var ozon i kombination med UV-ljus där en COD-reduktion runt 90 % uppnåddes varvid en avsevärd förbättring av den biologisk nedbrytbarhet på det behandlade avloppsvattenet erhölls. Ozon visade sig också vara effektivt för nedbrytning av organiska föreningar (ca 70% COD reduktion) och förbättrade den biologiska nedbrytbarheten av föroreningarna i dagvattnet från den studerade industrin. Resultaten har visat att ozon kan anses vara ett lämpligt alternativ för att behandla industriavloppsvatten inom trävarusektorn och möjligen för att öka den biologiska nedbrytbarheten av dagvattnet från dessa industrier / Integrated Approach for Handling of Industrial Wastewater and Stormwater / Triple Helix Collaboration on Industrial Water Conservation in Småland and the Islands

[pt] No presente trabalho, foi avaliado num modo sistemático o processo de eletrocoagulação (EC) usando eletrodos de alumínio e ferro como material de anodo e aço inoxidável como material de catodo, operando com diferentes parâmetros tais como: concentração inicial do óleo, distanciamento entre os eletrodos, relação área-volume (SA/V) e densidade de corrente. A redução da demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) e turbidez foram às principais variáveis respostas analisadas. Os ensaios foram feitos em batelada com um efluente sintético (5,1 litros) e com agitação magnética (150 rpm). A densidade de corrente e a relação SA/V foram os parâmetros com maior influência no processo. O aumento deles reduz notoriamente o tempo de tratamento. Os resultados mostraram que a eletrocoagulação, para os dois tipos de materiais (Fe/Al), conseguem uma excelente redução da DQO e da turbidez nas seguintes condições experimentais: densidade de corrente, 9,4 mA/cm(2), distanciamento entre os eletrodos, 10 mm, relação área-volume(SA/V), 30,35 m(2)/m(3) e 30 minutos de operação. Eficiências de redução de 99% e 98,3% foram alcançadas para a DQO e a turbidez com anodos de alumínio. Do mesmo modo 94,8% da DQO e 98,5% da turbidez para o caso do ferro foi reduzido do efluente sintético. O processo de eletrocoagulação, operando nessas condições envolve um custo total de 7,1 R$/m(3) e 5 R$/m(3) por metro cúbico para alumínio e ferro, respectivamente. Estes custos só incluem custo de energia e consumo dos eletrodos. A borra produzida foi de 2,23 kg/m(3) para alumínio e 2,76 kg/m(3) para o ferro. Finalmente, o consumo de energia foi de 4,15 kWh/m(3) e 3,72 kWh/m(3) para alumínio e ferro, respectivamente. Um tratamento de eletrocoagulação para um efluente oleoso sintético foi satisfatoriamente implementado do ponto de vista da redução destes parâmetros. / [en] In the present work, electrocoagulation process (EC) with aluminum and iron as materials for anode and stainless steel as cathode, under different operational parameters, such as: initial concentration of oil, distance between electrodes, area-volume relation (SA/V) and current density, were examined in a systematic manner. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity removals were selected as a performance criteria. Tests were carried out batch-wise in an electrochemical cell (5.1 liter) with synthetic wastewater and with magnetic stirring (150 rpm); the current density and SA/V relation were found to be the most significant parameters, an increase of theses notably reduces the electrocoagulation required time for the treatment. The results have shown that electrocoagulation, using both kind of materials (Fe/Al), successfully removes the COD and turbidity in experimental conditions such as: the current density, 9.4 mA/cm(2), distance between electrodes, 10 mm; SA/V relation, 30.35 m(2)/m(3) and 30 minutes of operation . Removal efficiencies over 99% and 98.3% were measured for COD and turbidity, using anodes of aluminum. Likewise 94.8% of COD and 98.5% of turbidity were removed from synthetic wastewater, using anode of iron. Electrocoagulation process operated under theses conditions involves a total cost of 7.1 R$/m(3) for aluminum and 5 R$/m(3) for iron per meter cubic of treated wastewater. These costs only include energy cost and electrode consumptions. The sludge produced after electrocoagulation treatment was 2.23 kg/m(3) for aluminum and 2.76 kg/m(3) for iron, and the power requirements were 4.15 kWh/m(3) and 3.72 kWh/m(3) for aluminum and iron. An electrocoagulation treatment of a synthetic wastewater was successfully implemented from removal efficiency point of view.

[pt] A remoção de metais pesados presentes em soluções aquosas em concentrações reduzidas (entre 10-7 e 10-4 moles.dm-3) não encontra resultados satisfatórios nos métodos tradicionais que não conseguem a Remoção adequada para o enquadramento do efluente nos parâmetros de emissão. A técnica de remoção de metais pesados presentes em solução através da flotação iônica vêm sido estudada como uma possibilidade viável capaz de tratar grandes volumes de efluentes em áreas relativamente pequenas e que aceita combinações com outras técnicas, como a coagulação. O uso da eletroflotação agrega vantagens ao processo de flotação, principalmente quanto à uniformidade e ao tamanho diminuto das bolhas formadas eletroliticamente. Como complementação do processo de eletroflotação, a eletrocoagulação tem sido comumente estudada como uma técnica complementar ao processo de eletroflotação. Este trabalho teve como objetivo projetar e construir uma unidade experimental para ensaios de eletroflotação e eletrocoagulação, e estudar algumas variáveis mais importantes que influenciam o processo de eletroflotação e a influência do uso conjugado da eletroflotação com a eletrocoagulação na remoção de zinco e cádmio contido em soluções sintéticas contendo 20mg.l-1 do metal e o coletor aniônico dodecilsulfato de sódio (DSS). Foi estudada a influência de diversos parâmetros: pH, concentração de coletor, tensão, densidade de corrente e força iônica. A introdução de eletrodos para a produção in situ do agente coagulante também foi observada. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o equipamento utilizado é capaz de produzir resultados satisfatórios para remoção de zinco e cádmio dentro da faixa de valores investigada. Na presença de DSS na razão de três para um e em pH da solução de entrada por volta de sete, foram obtidos os melhores resultados, quando foi registrado até 96 por cento de remoção. / [en] The removal of heavy metals from diluted aqueous solutions (in the range of 10-3 to 10-4 models.dm-3) do not produce good results using classical methods which cant t reach enough removal efficiency in agreement with environmental quality standards. The use of ionic flotation as an efficient method to remove heavy metals has been studied as a promising technique to treat large amount of effluents in a relatively small units which may be used combined with others techniques a coagulation. The use of electroflotation joins some advantages to the flotation process, mainly due the small bubble size formed on the electrodes surface. The electrocoagulation, applied with the electroflotation, has been studied as a complementary operation working with the electroflotation. The aim of this work was to project and build an electroflotation/electrocoagutation experimental unitm some of its important variables and the influence of its variables in the removal of zinc and cadmium from synthetic solutions wich contains 20 mg.l-4 of each metal concentration and sodium dodecil sulphate (SDS) as an anionic collector. The influence of some important parameters: pH, collectos concentrations, tension, current density and ionic strength were analyzed. An introduction of a pair of electrodes of aluminum and stainless steel to produce the coagulant agents was also investigated to bring the electrocoagulation of the particles. The results showed that the experimental unit can bring satisfactory results of removal of the metals withim the range studied. In the best results, 96 percent of removal of cadmium was obtained using SDS as a collector in stoichiometric proportion equal to three and inlet pH around seven.

This PhD thesis investigated solid and liquid waste treatment systems for Sureclean, a waste Management company based in the North of Scotland. Sureclean receives a diverse range of waste streams and the increasing need for sustainable development as well as stringent environmental legislation motivated this research to develop an integrated waste treatment system. Waste characterisation was conducted using a range of analytical instrumentation to identify the TPH, COD, heavy metals content, TOC, and particle size of Sureclean waste streams. From there, four treatment systems were investigated utilising Sureclean waste streams: mechanical separation, chemical treatment, electro-coagulation and the advanced oxidation process. Laboratory and field trials were conducted using these different treatment techniques and the analysis was performed to verify the treatment results. The result of these trials led to the development of four modular waste treatment units, that form the outcome of this research: the Sureclean Water Treatment System (SWTS), a filtration based mechanical separation system was shown to reduce the TSS, BOD and TOC content of an oily wastewater; the Sureclean Sludge Separation System (SSSTS), a chemical-enhanced filtration based system was demonstrated to reduce 52.6 % of the sewage sludge volume; the Sureclean Electro-coagulation Water Treatment System (SEWTS), a system that agglomerates colloid particles and demulsifies oil removed 99.9 % of TPH from Sureclean interceptor effluent; and the Sureclean Advanced Water Treatment System (SAWTS), an advanced oxidation process which was demonstrated to reduce the TPH of a contaminated groundwater collected from an ex-gas work. The treated effluent could be discharged to Sureclean interceptor. The four treatment units developed in this research expanded Sureclean waste treatment capabilities and an integrated system was developed to treat different waste streams and to improve the treatment efficiency thus increasing the revenue and future waste stream options for Sureclean.

Thesis (B.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING / Includes bibliographical references. / by Stephen F. Bart. / B.S.