This study is based on a detailed literature review of the approaches that are being used for inspecting cargos. It was concluded that especially X-rays are suitable for precise inspection of cargos due to high-quality output images. The images captured with X-Ray scanning methods are sufficient for discriminating various materials. Methods for the inspection of cargos with the help of electromagnetic radiation at radio frequencies are also discussed.

Esta tese propõe uma metodologia para avaliar o emprego de técnicas de seleção e conversão da radiação solar para aumentar a produção de energia elétrica de células fotovoltaicas. Foi feita uma revisão dos mecanismos fotovoltaicos para produção de energia elétrica e os entraves para aumentar sua eficiência, em especial os impactos da temperatura e da absorção do espectro solar. Uma metodologia foi criada para definir um filtro óptico ótimo a ser utilizado em uma região na presença ou não de conversão do espectro, através de simulações computacionais, que define a faixa do espectro solar que deve ser absorvida pela célula para se ter o melhor equilíbrio entre absorção e aquecimento. Um modelo matemático foi criado e implementado computacionalmente, para calcular a produção de energia de um módulo fotovoltaico, em uma dada região com ou sem a aplicação de técnicas de conversão e seleção da radiação solar. Através de um estudo de caso com dados da cidade de Petrolina, PE, Brasil, concluiu-se que o ganho esperado para utilização de um filtro óptico que reflete ondas de comprimento superiores a 1000 nm é cerca de 1% da energia gerada. Ensaios empíricos permitiram validar a metodologia proposta, comparando os dados reais com os dados teóricos obtidos pelas simulações do modelo matemático. Após a calibração do modelo matemático, verificou-se que os resultados de potência instantânea calculados com o modelo matemático variavam cerca de 5% tanto para o módulo com filtro quanto para o módulo sem filtro. Para contornar a restrição construtiva do filtro óptico e verificar outros ganhos possíveis são propostos experimentos com compostos de conversão de radiação solar associados com filtros ópticos para seleção da radiação solar. Com isto, espera-se aumentar significativamente a produção de energia elétrica de células fotovoltaicas de Silício cristalino. / This thesis proposes a methodology to evaluate the use of solar radiation selection and conversion techniques to increase the production of electric energy of photovoltaic solar cells. A review of the photovoltaic mechanisms for the production of electrical energy and the obstacles to increase its efficiency, especially the impacts of temperature and the absorption of the solar spectrum was done. A methodology was developed to define an optimal optical filter to be used in a region in the presence or not of solar spectrum conversion, through computational simulations, which defines the range of the solar radiation that must be absorbed by the cell in order to have the best balance between absorption and heating. A mathematical model was created and implemented computationally to calculate the energy production of a photovoltaic module in a given region with or without the application of solar radiation conversion and selection techniques. A case study with data from the city of Petrolina, PE, Brazil, concluded that the expected gain for the use of an optical filter that reflects wavelengths above 1000 nm is about 1% of the power generated. Empirical tests allowed validating the proposed methodology comparing the actual data with the theoretical data obtained by the simulations of the mathematical model. After calibration of the mathematical model, it was verified that the instantaneous power results calculated with the mathematical model vary about 5% for both the filter module and the unfiltered module. To avoid the constructive constraint of the optical filter and to verify other possible gains are proposed experiments with solar radiation conversion compounds associated with optical filters to select the solar radiation. With this, it is expected to significantly increase the electricity production of crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells.

Esta tese propõe uma metodologia para avaliar o emprego de técnicas de seleção e conversão da radiação solar para aumentar a produção de energia elétrica de células fotovoltaicas. Foi feita uma revisão dos mecanismos fotovoltaicos para produção de energia elétrica e os entraves para aumentar sua eficiência, em especial os impactos da temperatura e da absorção do espectro solar. Uma metodologia foi criada para definir um filtro óptico ótimo a ser utilizado em uma região na presença ou não de conversão do espectro, através de simulações computacionais, que define a faixa do espectro solar que deve ser absorvida pela célula para se ter o melhor equilíbrio entre absorção e aquecimento. Um modelo matemático foi criado e implementado computacionalmente, para calcular a produção de energia de um módulo fotovoltaico, em uma dada região com ou sem a aplicação de técnicas de conversão e seleção da radiação solar. Através de um estudo de caso com dados da cidade de Petrolina, PE, Brasil, concluiu-se que o ganho esperado para utilização de um filtro óptico que reflete ondas de comprimento superiores a 1000 nm é cerca de 1% da energia gerada. Ensaios empíricos permitiram validar a metodologia proposta, comparando os dados reais com os dados teóricos obtidos pelas simulações do modelo matemático. Após a calibração do modelo matemático, verificou-se que os resultados de potência instantânea calculados com o modelo matemático variavam cerca de 5% tanto para o módulo com filtro quanto para o módulo sem filtro. Para contornar a restrição construtiva do filtro óptico e verificar outros ganhos possíveis são propostos experimentos com compostos de conversão de radiação solar associados com filtros ópticos para seleção da radiação solar. Com isto, espera-se aumentar significativamente a produção de energia elétrica de células fotovoltaicas de Silício cristalino. / This thesis proposes a methodology to evaluate the use of solar radiation selection and conversion techniques to increase the production of electric energy of photovoltaic solar cells. A review of the photovoltaic mechanisms for the production of electrical energy and the obstacles to increase its efficiency, especially the impacts of temperature and the absorption of the solar spectrum was done. A methodology was developed to define an optimal optical filter to be used in a region in the presence or not of solar spectrum conversion, through computational simulations, which defines the range of the solar radiation that must be absorbed by the cell in order to have the best balance between absorption and heating. A mathematical model was created and implemented computationally to calculate the energy production of a photovoltaic module in a given region with or without the application of solar radiation conversion and selection techniques. A case study with data from the city of Petrolina, PE, Brazil, concluded that the expected gain for the use of an optical filter that reflects wavelengths above 1000 nm is about 1% of the power generated. Empirical tests allowed validating the proposed methodology comparing the actual data with the theoretical data obtained by the simulations of the mathematical model. After calibration of the mathematical model, it was verified that the instantaneous power results calculated with the mathematical model vary about 5% for both the filter module and the unfiltered module. To avoid the constructive constraint of the optical filter and to verify other possible gains are proposed experiments with solar radiation conversion compounds associated with optical filters to select the solar radiation. With this, it is expected to significantly increase the electricity production of crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells.

No description available.

The experimental studies of this work were done using a microwave cavity spectrometer, Escherichia coli (E-coli) bacteria, and other peripheral equipment. The experiment consists of two steps. First, a general survey of frequencies from 8 GHz to 12 GHz was made. Second, a detailed experiment for specific frequencies selected from the first survey were further studied. Interesting frequency dependent results, such as unusually higher growing or killing rates of E-coli at some frequencies, were found. It is also concluded that some results are genetic, that is, the 2nd, and 3rd subcultures showed the same growing status as the 1st cultures.

Quando uma partícula carregada em movimento uniforme cruza a superfície entre dois meios de propriedades eletromagnéticas diferentes, ela emite a chamada Radiação de Transição (RT). Esta radiação tem espectro amplo, com emissão inclusive no intervalo de radiação visível. Esse processo de produção de radiação tem sido muito empregado em sistemas de monitoramento de feixes em aceleradores de partículas, por ser um processo que responde linearmente à carga que cruza a superfície e por permitir o monitoramento de diversos parâmetros do feixe em um único ponto de observação. Neste trabalho é apresentado o desenvolvimento de um sistema de monitoramento baseado em RT no intervalo óptico para operar em baixas energias de feixe de elétrons (próximas de 2 MeV) e realizar o diagnóstico de parâmetros importantes do feixe na entrada do primeiro estágio de aceleração do Mícrotron do IFUSP. / Transition Radiation (TR) is emitted when a charged particle moving with constant velocity, crosses the boundary between two media with different electromagnetic properties. This radiation is emitted in an wide spectral range, including the optical interval. This physical process has been used in beam diagnostic devices in particle accelerators due to its linear response to the charge that crosses the boundary and also because it allows the measurement of several beam parameters in a single observation point. In this work, we present the design of a device based on TR in the optical range to operate with low energy beams (about 2 MeV). The device enables the determination of the transverse phase space and of the fractional momentum deviation of the beam at the end of the linac, allowing the determination of important beam parameters at the entrance to the Microtron Booster.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία έχει ως θέμα τις μεθόδους εκτίμησης της έκθεσης του ανθρώπου σε ηλεκτρικά, μαγνητικά και ηλεκτρομαγνητικά πεδία. Ειδικότερα, με σκοπό την εκτίμηση της έκθεσης σε χαμηλόσυχνα ηλεκτρομαγνητικά πεδία επιλέχθηκε ο χώρος των γυμναστηρίων όπου διεξήχθησαν μετρήσεις μαγνητικής επαγωγής κατά τη χρήση ηλεκτρικών οργάνων άθλησης. Στο πρώτο μέρος της παρούσας εργασίας παρουσιάζονται τα ηλεκτρομαγνητικά πεδία και οι αιτίες δημιουργίας τους. Γίνεται αναφορά στις επιπτώσεις της ηλεκτρομαγνητικής ακτινοβολίας στον ανθρώπινο οργανισμό και παρουσιάζονται οι προδιαγραφές των οργάνων μέτρησης και οι τεχνικές των μετρήσεων που απαιτούνται, προκειμένου να αξιολογηθεί η έκθεση του ανθρώπου. Στο δεύτερο μέρος περιγράφεται η διαδικασία λήψης των μετρήσεων και παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα σε σύγκριση με τα επίπεδα αναφοράς για την ασφαλή έκθεση του κοινού σε ηλεκτρομαγνητικά πεδία. / The subject of this thesis is the assessment methods of human exposure to electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields. In particular, in order to estimate the exposure to low frequency electromagnetic fields, magnetic induction measurements were made during the use of cardiovascular equipment at gyms. In the first part of this paper the electromagnetic fields and their sources are being presented. There is also reference to the impact of electromagnetic radiation on the human body and to the specifications of instrumentation and measurement techniques that are required to assess human exposure. The second part describes the measurement process and presents the results compared to the reference levels for safe exposure to electromagnetic fields.

Darbe analizuojami teisės aktai reglamentuojantys elektromagnetinės spinduliuotės apsaugą, Europos sąjungos elektromagnetinės spinduliuotės apsaugos politika ir direktyvos. Išnagrinėta elektromagnetinės spinduliuotės skleidžiamų šaltinių lygiai Lietuvoje ir Šeduvoje. Atliktas žmogaus sukurtų elektromagnetinę spinduliuotę skleidžiančių šaltinių tyrimas Šeduvos mieste. Tyrime buvo atlikti aukštos įtampos 110 kV elektros perdavimo linijų, elektros transformatorinių pastočių, judriojo radijo ryšio bazinių stočių, bei buityje naudojamų elektrinių prietaisų elektromagnetinių laukų matavimai. Darbe pateikta gyventojų nuomonė ir susirūpinimas dėl elektromagnetinės spinduliuotės, visuomenės sveikatos centro specialistų atliktų matavimų rezultatai. Apžvelgiami pažangiausi užsienio šalių EML valdymo pavyzdžiai bei jų taikymo Lietuvoje galimybės. Pateikiami moksliškai pagrįsti patarimai ir individualios saugos priemones kaip apsisaugoti nuo elektromagnetinės spinduliuotės. Atlikus literatūros apžvalgą, remiantis teoriniais ir eksperimentiniais tyrimais, įsitikinta, kad elektromagnetiniai laukai turi įtakos žmogui ir aplinkai. / The work analyzes the laws governing electromagnetic radiation protection, the European Union electromagnetic radiation protection policies and directives. Analyzed the sources of electromagnetic radiations levels in Lithuania and Šeduva. The research was about high voltage of 110 kV transmission lines, transformer substations, mobile radio base stations and household electrical appliances used in the electromagnetic field measurements. The work consists of people views and concern about electromagnetic radiation, measurement results of the public health center professionals. There are foreign advanced management examples of EMF application in Lithuania. An overview of the scientific advice and the individual public health and safety measures of electromagnetic radiation. Review of literature, according to theoretical and experimental researches, it was noticed that electromagnetic fields of industrial frequency influence the human and environment.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1974. / Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Σκοπός της διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η εκτίμηση και η αναγνώριση των γεωμετρικών χαρακτηριστικών των ερυθρών αιμοσφαιρίων με ψηφιακή επεξεργασία της σκεδασμένης ακτινοβολίας. Αποτελείται από 8 κεφάλαια και ένα παράρτημα Α. Σε αυτά περιλαμβάνεται η μελέτη και η εφαρμογή μεθόδων επίλυσης του προβλήματος αναγνώρισης γεωμετρικών χαρακτηριστικών των ανθρώπινων ερυθρών αιμοσφαιρίων από ψηφιοποιημένες εικόνες Ηλεκτρομαγνητικής Ακτινοβολίας ενός He-Ne Laser 632. 8 nm. Oι αλγόριθμοι εκπαίδευσης των νευρωνικών δικτύων ακτινικής συνιστώσας που εφαρμόσθηκαν υλοποιήθηκαν με τη βοήθεια του MATLAB R2009a. Οι κώδικες προγραμματίστηκαν από τον Κύριο Aποστολόπουλο Γεώργιο και τα αποτελέσματα τους αξιολογήθηκαν σε συνεργασία με τον καθηγητή κ. Δερματά. Επίσης, αρκετά στοιχεία και έννοιες πάρθηκαν για καθαρά μόνο εκπαιδευτικό σκοπό από την Διδακτορική Διατριβή Του κ. Αποστολόπουλου Γεωργίου και τον ευχαριστώ πάρα πολύ για την πολύτιμη βοήθεια του. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται μια εισαγωγή στις ιδιότητες και τα χαρακτηριστικά του ανθρώπινου ερυθρού αιμοσφαιρίου δίνοντας έμφαση στα γεωμετρικά χαρακτηριστικά των υγιών απαραμόρφωτων ερυθροκυττάρων. Τέλος, γίνεται μία αναφορά στις ανωμαλίες των ερυθροκυττάρων και στους μέχρι τώρα υπάρχοντες τρόπους ανίχνευσης τους. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο γίνεται μια αναφορά και μια επεξήγηση κάποιων θεωρητικών εννοιών όσον αφορά την θεωρία του Ηλεκτρομαγνητισμού, ξεκινώντας από την αρχή της ιστορίας του Ηλεκτρισμού, με αναφορά στο ηλεκτρικό φορτίο, την αρχή όλων. Γίνεται μια αναλυτική παρουσίαση των εξισώσεων Maxwell και τέλος γίνεται η επεξήγηση της ηλεκτρομαγνητικής Ακτινοβολίας και του Ηλεκτρομαγνητικού Φάσματος καθώς επίσης και της απορρόφησης του φωτός από τα ερυθρά αιμοσφαίρια. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζεται διεξοδικά το φαινόμενο της σκέδασης και της ανάκλασης, αφού η σκέδαση είναι προϊόν πολλαπλής ανάκλασης, γίνεται η συσχέτιση της απορρόφησης της σκέδασης της Ηλεκτρομαγνητικής ακτινοβολίας από τα ερυθρά αιμοσφαίρια. Γίνεται η επεξήγηση του «ευθέως προβλήματος της σκέδασης» και τέλος γίνεται μια απλή αναφορά στις εφαρμογές της σκέδασης στους διάφορους τομείς της επιστήμης και της ανθρώπινης ζωής. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο αναλύεται διεξοδικά το «αντίστροφο πρόβλημα της σκέδασης ηλεκτρομαγνητικής ακτινοβολίας» δηλαδή, το γεγονός του να γνωρίζουμε το σκεδαζόμενο πεδίο και το προσπίπτον κύμα και το να προσπαθούμε να βρούμε το σχήμα και το μέγεθος του σκεδαστή. Στη συγκεκριμένη έρευνα προσπαθούμε με τη βοήθεια μιας πειραματικής συσκευής να αναγνωρίσουμε τα ανθρώπινα αιμοσφαίρια και να εκτιμήσουμε με την βοήθεια των νευρωνικών δικτύων ακτινικής συνιστώσας τα γεωμετρικά χαρακτηριστικά των ερυθροκυττάρων μέσω των ψηφιοποιημένων εικόνων σκέδασης. Στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο περιγράφονται αναλυτικά και γίνεται μια εκτενής αναφορά στα Τεχνητά Νευρωνικά Δίκτυα, ξεκινώντας από την αρχή της ιστορίας τους. Γίνεται μια εισαγωγή σε θεωρητικές έννοιες, οι οποίες θα μας βοηθήσουν στην διάρκεια της ερευνάς μας, να μπορέσουμε να κατανοήσουμε επαρκέστερα είτε τη λειτουργία των Τεχνητών Νευρωνικών Δικτύων (Artificial Intelligence) και Των Νευρωνικών Δικτύων Ακτινικής Συνιστώσας (RBF-NN) είτε την μεθοδολογία και την επιστημονική αξία της εκπαίδευσης των προηγουμένων. Στο έκτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται μια αναφορά στις έννοιες, της ψηφιακής επεξεργασίας εικόνας, της Συμπίεσης των εικόνων,της κανονικοποίησης των εικόνων, της Διαδικασίας ανάκτησης πληροφορίας, στις μεθόδους εξαγωγής χαρακτηριστικών από ψηφιοποιημένες εικόνες, όπου στην συγκεκριμένη εργασία χρησιμοποιήθηκαν ο Διακριτός μετασχηματισμός συνημιτόνου (DCT), Ο Διακριτός μετασχηματισμός Κυματιδίου (DWT), Ο Γωνιακός Ακτινικός Μετασχηματισμός (ART), Τα φίλτρα Gabor και τέλος οι Ροπές Zernike. Στο έβδομο κεφάλαιο εισχωρούμε πλέον στην βαθύτερη και ουσιαστικότερη πλευρά της ερευνάς μας. Είμαστε πλέον έτοιμοι,από πλευράς θεωρητικών εννοιών. Κάνουμε εκτενή αναφορά στο «Αντίστροφο πρόβλημα της σκέδασης» στην συγκεκριμένη περίπτωση, δηλαδή στην Διαδικασία Ανάκτησης (με την χρήση δισδιάστατων Μετασχηματισμών, οι οποίοι περιγράφονται αναλυτικότατα), αναγνώρισης και Ταξινόμησης (με την μέθοδο των Νευρωνικών δικτύων ακτινικής Συνιστώσας) της Πληροφορίας μας (την αναγνώριση των ερυθρών αιμοσφαιρίων και την εκτίμηση των γεωμετρικών χαρακτηριστικών τους). Στο Όγδοο κεφάλαιο εμφανίζονται τα αποτελέσματα της πειραματικής διαδικασίας μέσω διαγραμμάτων και σχολίων - συμπερασμάτων. Παρατίθενται οι γραφικές παραστάσεις του Μέσου Απόλυτου Σφάλματος (Mean Regression Error) και του ποσοστού επιτυχίας Αναγνώρισης (Mean Identification Error). Στο Παράρτημα Α παρουσιάζονται τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα σε μορφή πινάκων Excel, δηλαδή παρατίθενται οι πίνακες του μέσου Απόλυτου Σφάλματος (Regression Error)συναρτήσει του αριθμού των Νευρώνων(Number of Neurons) και το Μέσο Ποσοστό Επιτυχίας Αναγνώρισης (Mean Identification Error) συναρτήσει του αριθμού των Νευρώνων αλλά και συναρτήσει του Λευκό Gaussian θορύβου SNR(dB). / The aim of this particular scientific project is the estimation and the recognition of the geometrical characteristics of healthy, undistorted Red blood Human Cells using scattering images of visible light. This means that we use scattering images throughout scattering phenomena in the visible spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. This project includes and focuses on the study and the use of several important methods such as, Image Feature Extraction, Image Feature Normalization, Estimation and Identification of the geometrical Features of RBCs, throughout Neural Networks. We make an important and a sufficient reference on the theories, that we are going to use on this survey such as the theory of Electromagnetic Radiation, the theory of Artificial Intelligence, the theory of Scattering Images, the theory of Compressing Images throughout Transforms and at last but not least the theory of the Forward scattering Problem. On This project we use, 5 well-known Transforms for the Image Feature Extraction, such as, Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), Discrete wavelet Transform (DWT), Angular Radial Transform (ART), Zernike Transform and Gabor’s Filters. The each proposed method is evaluated in both, Regression and Identification Tasks when Three Important geometrical properties of The Human RBC are estimated using Database of 1575 simulated images generated with the boundary element Method. The experimental set up consists of a light beam at 632.8 nm and moving RBCs in a thin glass and additive noise distortion is simulated using White Gaussian Noise from 10 to 60 dB SNR. We give our whole attention on the diagrams which show us, The Mean Regression Error of the three geometrical properties versus The Number of Neurons, and the Mean Identification Error versus the Noise Distortion.