Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:35:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:00:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:35:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:00:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de sistemas dosimétricos baseados em diodos especiais de Si, resistentes a danos de radiação, para monitoração online de processos de irradiação com elétrons de 1,5 MeV de energia e para dosimetria relativa e escaneamento de feixe de elétrons clínicos dentro de uma faixa de energia de 6 a 21 MeV. Os diodos utilizados foram produzidos pelos métodos de fusão zonal padrão (FZ), Czochralski em presença de um campo magnético (MCz) e crescimento Epitaxial (EPI). Para utilizar os diodos como detectores, eles foram fixados em uma base de alumina permitindo a ligação dos eletrodos de polarização e de extração de sinais. Após a montagem na base, cada diodo foi fixado em uma sonda acrílica preta dotada de uma janela de Mylar® aluminizado e de conector do tipo LEMO®. Com os dispositivos operando em modo fotovoltaico, a integração dos sinais de corrente em função do tempo de irradiação permitiu obter a carga produzida no volume sensível de cada diodo irradiado. O acelerador de elétrons utilizado para as irradiações de doses altas foi o DC 1500/25/4 - JOB 188 de 1,5 MeV instalado no Centro de Tecnologia das Radiações do IPEN/CNEN-SP. Foram estudados o perfil da corrente em função do tempo de exposição, a repetibilidade de resposta, a sensibilidade em função da dose absorvida e a curva resposta de cada dispositivo. Foi observada uma queda na sensibilidade mais acentuada para o diodo MCz do que para o diodo FZ e uma boa repetibilidade nos dois casos. Ainda, o aumento da carga com a dose absorvida obedeceu a uma função polinomial de segunda ordem. Na caracterização do diodo EPI, ele exibiu melhor repetibilidade que a obtida por dosímetros CTA, rotineiramente aplicados em processamento por radiação. Os resultados acima descritos indicam a potencial utilização desses diodos de Si resistentes a danos de radiação em dosimetria online para aplicações envolvendo elevadas doses. Para as irradiações de doses baixas foram utilizados os Aceleradores Lineares KD2 e Primus, ambos fabricados pela Siemens e instalados no Hospital Sírio-Libanês. A resposta dos diodos foi avaliada para energias de 6 a 21 MeV. Foram estudados: a repetibilidade de resposta, a curva dose-resposta em função da dose absorvida, a sensibilidade em carga com a energia do feixe de elétrons, a porcentagem de dose profunda (PDP) e o perfil transversal de dose. Apesar da resposta dos diodos FZ, MCz e EPI serem levemente dependentes da energia do feixe de elétrons, a resposta dosimétrica, em todo o intervalo de energia de feixe estudado, mostrou-se linear. Ainda, em relação aos diodos epitaxiais, os dispositivos estudados mostraram excelente acordo com simulações de Monte Carlo e medições realizadas com MatriXX®, demonstrando que os dispositivos podem ser usados como dosímetros em elétrons radioterápicos para escaneamento de varredura de feixe, mapeamento de distribuições de dose de feixes, monitoramento rotineiro da constância do fator calibração e dosimetria relativa. / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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L'usage des câbles électriques comme support de transmission de données numériques en vue d'applications comme l'accès à Internet ou la domotique, est certes très attractif. Cependant, les rayonnements électromagnétiques (EM) non intentionnels, engendrés par les systèmes filaires lors d’une transmission CPL, peuvent être une source de pollution EM et constituent un problème gênant de compatibilité électromagnétique (CEM). L'évaluation de ces rayonnements en champ proche revêt donc un intérêt certain.Dans ce manuscrit, le travail de recherche effectué, consiste à modéliser le rayonnement électromagnétique engendré par les conducteurs filaires utilisés par la technologie des courants porteur en ligne (CPL). En effet, l’estimation du rayonnement d’un réseau CPL de point de vue de la CEM, s’avère très importante pour la prédiction des niveaux d’émissions rayonnées. Les valeurs des champs rayonnés par le réseau CPL sont parfaitement définies si la distribution du courant est déterminée, en pratique, l'accès à la mesure de ces courants est très difficile voire impossible.On propose, donc dans ce mémoire une approche simplifiée des équations intégrales des champs électromagnétiques afin de quantifier convenablement le rayonnement EM émis par les systèmes filaires avec un minimum d’informations mesurées. Ce modèle est capable de traiter des cas pour lesquels l’identification du courant le long des conducteurs est compliquée et numériquement fastidieuse à obtenir avec les codes de simulation existants (FEKO, NEC,… etc.). Notre modèle a été largement validé, soit par simulation, en utilisant le logiciel Feko, ou bien expérimentalement à travers une étude comparative effectuée sur différents cas tests. / The use of electric cables as a support for transmitting digital data for applications such as Internet access or home automation is certainly very attractive. However, unintentional electromagnetic radiation (EM) from such wire systems for PLC transmission may be a source of EM pollution and a problem of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Therefore, the evaluation of the corresponding radiations in the near-field zone is of a certain interest. In this manuscript, a mathematical model for estimation of the electromagnetic radiation from wire conductors used by the PLC technology is presented. From the EMC standpoint, the radiation of a PLC network is observed from the aspect of the emission levels. The corresponding radiated values of the fields may be appropriately determined if the current distribution in the PLC network is known. However, in practice the approach to measuring these currents is very difficult or even impossible. Therefore, a simplified approach based on the integral equations of the electromagnetic fields is proposed in order to adequately quantify EM radiation from PLC wire conductors in cases of least measured data. Also, this model may be applied in cases where estimation of current distribution is numerically difficult even by using existing numerical software (FEKO, NEC, etc.). The proposed model is validated either by simulations compared to FEKO software, or experimentally through a comparative test case studies.

[pt] A confiabilidade metrológica da medição de elevadas temperaturas em processos industriais é importante para a segurança, qualidade e as características de produtos de diversas indústrias do Brasil. Devido ao fato de que a rastreabilidade dos resultados de uma calibração de termômetro de radiação infravermelha, utilizado para a medição de processos industriais, é assegurada pelo Inmetro (Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial) até 1500 graus Celsius, e levando-se em consideração que as condições de calibração em laboratórios são normalmente diferentes das de medição na indústria, um procedimento foi desenvolvido e validado nesta dissertação para analisar a confiabilidade da mesma em temperaturas mais elevadas (1750 graus Celsius), estimando-se os valores de erros sistemáticos e de incerteza de medição da temperatura em um forno industrial. / [en] The accuracy of high temperature measurement in industrial processes is important for safety reasons and product quality and specification in different industries. Due to the fact that the traceability of temperature measurement by infrared thermometers, as used in industrial processes, is only assured by Inmetro (National Institute for Metrology, Standards and Industrial Quality) up to 1500 Celsius Degree, and considering that the calibration conditions in laboratory are normally different from measurement conditions in industry, a procedure in the dissertation was developed and validated to analyze the accuracy of higher temperature measurement (1750 Celsius Degree), estimating systematic errors and uncertainty of measurement of temperature in a industrial furnace.

This thesis deals with the analysis of the color parameters for their subsequent use in the design of the device, which will be used to measure their stability in continuous production. The theoretical part defines the basic concepts and knowledge needed to understand the problems. In addition, there are described individual components and sensors suitable for color measurement. The practical part deals mainly with the descrip- tion of the construction of the colorimeter, its individual parts and the creation of the control program. At the end, there are results of the testing of the product and their overall assessment

Adhesive wear occurs when small surfaces of the cutting tool due to friction are micro-welded to the chips and removed from the tool surface. A hypothesis as to whywelding occurs is that an electric potential field arises which initiates a chemical reaction and then welding of the work material and the tool takes place in the cuttingzone. The electric potential field results in a fluttering magnetic field, which in turngenerates electromagnetic issues. The waves should be around and above 1 MHz.The aim of this work is thus to investigate the presence of electromagnetic wavesfrom the cutting zone. The purpose is to compare sound and electromagnetic wavesduring the adhesive process. Previous research shows that the adhesive mechanism is a transient vibration thatmanifests itself as a cluster of waves with a stochastic duration, including a feedbacksystem restricted by the plastic deformation within the chip. Furthermore, the cutting speed is the most important cutting parameter in tool wear and the main wearmechanism at cutting speeds around 200 m/min is the adhesive wear. Several studies showed the emission of electromagnetic waves during plastic deformation ofmetals during tensile test. Frequency ranges for radiations are between 1 and 1000MHz. To investigate the hypothesis, axial turning was performed with a cutting speed190–200 (m/min) and one steel grade, SS2541 was used as a work material. Thedepth of cut and feed were set to 1 mm and 0,196 mm/rev. Detection and measurement of electromagnetic waves was performed with a spectrum analyzerMT8221B with four different signal receivers. A reference measurement was madewhen the turning machine was on without the workpiece being machined and then ameasurement was made during the turning process. The results of measurementsshowed a source of electromagnetic radiation within the frequency range 0–5 MHz.This result was achieved with copper plate as an antenna. To find out how signalsfrom acoustic emission and electromagnetic waves develop during the adhesive wearprocess, sound measurements were performed with microphones during the turningprocess. Results of sound measurement showed that the frequency at which adhesivewear occurs decreases and the amplitude increases as the insert wears. To be able toanalyze how electromagnetic radiation develops with the wear process, measurements must be performed in a shielded space from ambient disturbances, as in aworkshop there are many sources of noise that can affect the accuracy of the measurement. An antenna can be designed so that the measurement can take place asclose to the cutting zone as possible.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Introduction: Nonsurgical root canal therapy procedures aim to reduce the total microbial load within an infected root canal system through chemomechanical debridement of the root canal system via instrumentation in conjunction with an antibacterial irrigating solution. The most commonly used irrigant is sodium hypochlorite, often at concentrations toxic to human cells. Electromagnetic wave irradiation is a novel method of disinfection that has been shown to be bactericidal against planktonic microorganisms in solution, but its efficacy against an established biofilm is unknown. Pilot studies have demonstrated a synergistic killing effect with sodium hypochlorite through a process termed electromagnetic stimulation (EMS). If confirmed, lower concentrations of the current gold standard of 6.0-percent sodium hypochlorite could be used to irrigate infected root canals during endodontic treatment, resulting in less toxicity to human cells. There are also regenerative implications as EMS could be used to disinfect the root canals of immature teeth using 1.5-percent sodium hypochlorite, as recommended by the American Association of Endodontists. Objectives: The purpose of this in-vitro study was to evaluate the anti-biofilm effect of EMS against an established biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis. Materials and Methods: Single rooted teeth were cut to a standardized length (12 mm) and instrumented with a 45.05 Wave One Gold reciprocating file. Specimens were sterilized and inoculated with E. faecalis, which grew for two weeks to form an established biofilm. There were five treatment groups: 1) 6.0-percent sodium hypochlorite; 2) 1.5-percent sodium hypochlorite; 3) 1.5-percent sodium hypochlorite with EMS; 4) 0.9-percent saline with EMS and 5) 0.9-percent saline. Samples were collected, plated, and incubated for two days. The number of CFUs/mL was determined and converted to log10. The effect of treatment group on bacterial counts was made using Wilcoxon Rank Sums Test. One sample per group was scored and split for confocal imaging. Null Hypothesis: Teeth treated with EMS in combination with 1.5-percent sodium hypochlorite or 0.9-percent saline will not demonstrate a significant anti-biofilm effect in comparison to those treated with 6.0-percent sodium hypochlorite alone. Results: 0.9-percent saline and 0.9-percent saline with EMS were significantly higher than 6.0-percent NaOCl, 1.5-percent NaOCl, and 1.5-percent NaOCl with EMS. 0.9-percent saline was significantly higher than 0.9-percent saline with EMS. The three groups that included treatment with NaOCl were not significantly different from each other. Confocal imaging confirmed the CFU findings. Conclusion: Because there was no growth in any of the NaOCl groups, the null hypothesis cannot be rejected. However, there was an antibiofilm effect when comparing the two saline groups, demonstrating that EMS has an antibiofilm effect. Future studies should focus on determining what concentration of NaOCl is most effective in combination with EMS.

Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) and solar flares are energetic events taking place at the Sun that can affect the space weather or the near-Earth environment by the release of vast quantities of electromagnetic radiation and charged particles. Solar active regions are the areas where most flares and CMEs originate. Studying the associations among sunspot groups, flares, filaments, and CMEs is helpful in understanding the possible cause and effect relationships between these events and features. Forecasting space weather in a timely manner is important for protecting technological systems and human life on earth and in space. The research presented in this thesis introduces novel, fully computerised, machine learning-based decision rules and models that can be used within a system design for automated space weather forecasting. The system design in this work consists of three stages: (1) designing computer tools to find the associations among sunspot groups, flares, filaments, and CMEs (2) applying machine learning algorithms to the associations¿ datasets and (3) studying the evolution patterns of sunspot groups using time-series methods. Machine learning algorithms are used to provide computerised learning rules and models that enable the system to provide automated prediction of CMEs, flares, and evolution patterns of sunspot groups. These numerical rules are extracted from the characteristics, associations, and time-series analysis of the available historical solar data. The training of machine learning algorithms is based on data sets created by investigating the associations among sunspots, filaments, flares, and CMEs. Evolution patterns of sunspot areas and McIntosh classifications are analysed using a statistical machine learning method, namely the Hidden Markov Model (HMM).