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Determinação de modelos simplificados de fontes equivalentes de campos elétricos e magnéticos aplicáveis à análise de compatibilidade eletromagnética de sistemas embarcados. / Determination of simplified equivalent source models of electric and magnetic fields appliable to electromagnetic compatibility analysis of embedded systems.Daniel Vitor Faria Cardia 30 November 2017 (has links)
Neste trabalho apresentar-se-á um método para a determinação de modelos simplificados de fontes equivalentes de campos elétricos e magnéticos aplicáveis à análise de compatibilidade eletromagnética de sistemas embarcados. Esses modelos são obtidos a partir de medições laboratoriais, com técnicas de cálculos analíticos, numéricos e híbridos. Destacam-se, o fato da utilização do método de medição através de antenas de grandes loops (ou, laços, em português), na determinação de fontes equivalentes de emissão radiada e a aplicação destas na avaliação dos campos eletromagnéticos radiados. A contribuição deste trabalho é a obtenção dessas fontes equivalentes de emissão radiada, que possibilitam a avaliação da contribuição dos campos elétricos e magnéticos em ambientes eletromagnéticos. E também contribui com a aplicação de uma metodologia para a obtenção dos campos elétricos a partir dos campos magnéticos previamente determinados. Em particular, este trabalho pode ser considerado como decorrente da evolução da Dissertação de Mestrado [1]. / It will be shown in this work a method for simplified models determination of equivalent sources for electric and magnetic fields, applicable to embedded systems electromagnetic compatibility analysis. These models are obtained by laboratory tests with analytical calculation techniques associated to numerical and hybrid calculations. This work highlights the application of measurement method by Large Loop Antennas (LLAs) for the creation of radiated emission equivalent sources and the application of a corresponding method for obtaining radiated electromagnetic fields. The contribution of this work is the acquisition of these equivalent sources of radiated emission, which allows the evaluation of the magnetic and electric field contribution in electromagnetic environments. And it also contributes with the application of a methodology to obtain the electric fields from previously determined magnetic fields. In special, this work may be considered as an evolution of the Master\'s Thesis [1]
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Técnicas de otimização baseadas no paradigma de enxames de partículas e sua aplicação ao projeto de equipamentos eletromagnéticos. / Optimization techniques based on particle swarm paradigm and its application to the design of eletromagnetic devices.Leandro Zavarez Barbosa 11 October 2012 (has links)
O presente trabalho propõe a utilização do método de otimização baseado no paradigma de enxame de partículas no projeto de um dispositivo eletromagnético, modelado analiticamente. A otimização baseada em enxames de partículas pertence à classe dos algoritmos evolutivos e é baseada no algoritmo de simulação do movimento de pássaros na busca por comida. O trabalho será focado na resolução de problemas de otimização multiobjetivo e apenas alguns casos de otimização mono-objetivo serão resolvidos para demonstrar a funcionalidade do método de otimização. Dois métodos de otimização multiobjetivo são propostos: um é baseado num algoritmo de otimização multiobjetivo que utiliza o paradigma de enxames em conjunto com soluções adotadas pelo algoritmo genético multiobjetivo denominado Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) e o outro é baseado também no paradigma de enxames utilizando elementos do algoritmo de otimização multiobjetivo intitulado Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm (SPEA). Ambos algoritmos são validados em um problema de otimização baseado no projeto de um motor de corrente contínua sem escovas, um benchmark de otimização. / This work proposes the use of the optimization method based on the particle swarm paradigm in the design of electromagnetic device, analytically modeled. Particle swarm optimization belongs to the class of evolutionary algorithms and is based on the movement simulation of birds searching for food. This work will be focused on solving multi-criteria optimization problems and some cases of single-objective optimization problems will be solved only to demonstrate the functionality of optimization method. Two multi-criteria optimization methods are proposed: one based on an optimization algorithm that uses the multiobjective particle swarm paradigm and some concepts extracted from the multiobjective genetic algorithm called Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) and the other is based on the particle swarm paradigm by using some elements of another multiobjective optimization algorithm entitled Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm (SPEA). Both methods are applied to an optimization problem related to the design of a brushless direct current motor.
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Improvement of Electromagnetic Railgun Barrel Performance and Lifetime by Method of Interfaces and Augmented ProjectilesPavlov, Aleksey D 01 June 2013 (has links)
Several methods of increasing railgun barrel performance and lifetime are investigated. These include two different barrel-projectile interface coatings: a solid graphite coating and a liquid eutectic indium-gallium alloy coating. These coatings are characterized and their usability in a railgun application is evaluated. A new type of projectile, in which the electrical conductivity varies as a function of position in order to condition current flow, is proposed and simulated with FEA software. The graphite coating was found to measurably reduce the forces of friction inside the bore but was so thin that it did not improve contact. The added contact resistance of the graphite was measured and gauged to not be problematic on larger scale railguns. The liquid metal was found to greatly improve contact and not introduce extra resistance but its hazardous nature and tremendous cost detracted from its usability. The simulated resistivity augmented projectiles were able to mitigate harmful current build-up on the back of a projectile using different conductivity gradients. Within the range of conductivity of aluminum alloys no simulated gradient was able to fully level the current density, however, once the range was expanded to include the lower conductivity of titanium, nearly uniform current density was achieved.
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Do invisível ao redor: arte e espaço informacional. / Of the invisible around: art and informational space.Silveira, Lucas Bambozzi da 26 April 2019 (has links)
O projeto analisa o impacto dos fluxos imateriais formados por infraestruturas de comunicação e conectividade na percepção dos lugares. A emergência de espaços informacionais nos centros urbanos vem mudando a noção do que é visível e não visível na sociedade e na arte. A abordagem considera o \"lugar\" como um campo afetado por questões socioeconômicas e tecnopolíticas, bem como por migrações semânticas, que ocorrem em função de deslocamentos culturais, operações linguísticas, licenças poéticas ou digressões teóricas. As especificidades de um espaço arquitetônico que inclui cada vez mais aspectos imateriais em sua constituição, como campos de radiofrequência (RF) e ondas eletromagnéticas (EMF) gerados por celulares, redes wi-fi, transmissões de TV, satélites e telefones sem fio são discutidas através de uma arte em constante atrito com elementos da comunicação, em relações que se intensificaram notavelmente desde o início dos anos 1990. Essas investigações buscam não apenas evidenciar o quanto o espaço pode ser de fato considerado pelo que não é visível, tendo em vista as progressivas novas apreensões do espaço diante de inovações tecnológicas, mas também discute recursos que permitem fazer ver componentes intrínsecos à sua constituição, apontando novas condições e formas da invisibilidade. Para tanto, o projeto parte inicialmente de considerações metafóricas e de conceitos que discutem o espaço informacional e os fluxos de comunicação imersos na sociedade (CASTELLS, SANTOS, VIRILIO, BEIGUELMAN, DI FELICE), com a intenção de investigar os três tópicos principais da pesquisa: a noção de lugar, carregado de informação e de aspectos imateriais (FOSTER, LIPPARD, DEUTSCHE, KWON, DIDI-HUBERMAN), incluindo a presença da infraestrutura de conectividade e sua ubiquidade (DUNNE, SAVIC, EASTERLING, GREENFIELD); as tecnologias, suas instabilidades e efeitos colaterais em formas ubíquas de modulação de subjetividade e de ideologias (AGAMBEN, FOUCAULT, ZUBOFF, BRUNO, CRARY, RANCIÈRE); as artes criadas sob novas especificidades de lugares e condições (CAUQUELAIN, FOSTER, ZANINI, MEDOSCH, Metodologicamente são abordados uma série de artistas que convergem esses conceitos em trabalhos que são tanto alusivos da ideia da suposição como um componente da arte como indutores de conscientização a respeito das invisibilidades, ideologias e políticas imersas no ambiente ao nosso redor. Em interlocução com obras próprias e de vários artistas, são discutidas formas de ativar uma percepção que considera o que não está explícito no espaço ao redor, em uma apreensão de fluxos de comunicação e campos eletromagnéticos cada vez mais ubíquos, intrusivos e determinantes de nossa participação e existência nas esferas culturais, sociais e políticas atuais. / The project analyses the impact of immaterial flows produced by the infrastructure of connectivity in the understanding of the concept of the site. The emergence of information spaces in urban centres changes the notion of what is visible and not visible in both society and in the arts. The approach taken considers the site as a field affected by socioeconomic and technopolitical issues, as well as by semantic migrations, which occur due to cultural displacements, linguistic operations, poetic licenses or theoretical digressions. The specificities of an architectural space that increasingly involves intangible aspects in its constitution, such as radiofrequency (RF) and electromagnetic fields (EMF) generated by cell phones, wi-fi networks, TV broadcasts, satellites and cordless phones are discussed through a series of art projects in constant friction with elements of communication, in relations that have intensified notably since the beginning of the 1990s. The investigations seek to inquire not only the extent to which the site can actually be constituted by nonvisible elements in view of the progressivelly new seizures of space in the face of technological innovations, but to point out political implications behind networking infrastructures. To do so, the project starts from metaphorical considerations and concepts discussing the notion of informational space and the communication flows immersed in society (CASTELLS, SANTOS, VIRILIO, BEIGUELMAN, DI FELICE), aiming to investigate three essential approaches in the research: the perception of the site, loaded with information and immaterial constituents (FOSTER, LIPPARD, DEUTSCHE, KWON, DIDI-HUBERMAN), including the presence of the infrastructure behind connectivity and its ubiquity (DUNNE, SAVIC, EASTERLING, GREENFIELD); the technologies, its instabilities and side effects on modulations of subjectivity and ideology (AGAMBEN, FOUCAULT, ZUBOFF, BRUNO, CRARY, RANCIÈRE); the arts created under new specific conditions and places (CAUQUELAIN, FOSTER, ZANINI, MEDOSCH). Concerning the methodology employed, the research comments on these theorethical concepts in relation to art projects that are both allusive to the idea of supposition as an art component as well as inductive of awareness about the invisibilities, ideologies and policies immersed in the environment. In a dialogue with artworks by several artists, including my own, the research seeks ways to activate perception in order to consider what is not explicit in the surrounding space, as an apprehension of communication flows and electromagnetic fields that are becoming increasingly ubiquitous, intrusive and determinant of our participation and existence in the current cultural, social and political spheres.
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Caractérisation du champ proche électromagnétique et exposition professionnelle aux ondes RF en milieu industriel / Electromagnetic Near-field Characterization & Occupational Exposure to RF Waves in Industrial EnvironmentJomaa, Kassem 14 December 2018 (has links)
L'étude des émissions rayonnées d'une source dans tout l'espace, est essentielle pour l'analyse dosimétriques et l’analyse des interférences électromagnétiques. L'importance du dernier augmentent en raison de la nécessité d'avoir une prédiction de la fiabilité des circuits électroniques. De plus, l'utilisation quotidienne des dispositifs et des systèmes émettant des champs électromagnétiques radiofréquences ne cesse d'augmenter. Certains de ces dispositifs fonctionnent à proximité du corps humain, et les opérateurs se trouvent dans la région des champs proches de la source rayonnante, et ils sont exposés à des niveaux de champs électromagnétiques pouvant être élevés. Pour cette raison, l'analyse dosimétrique, qui passe par une cartographie tridimensionnelle (3D) au voisinage de la source rayonnante, doit être effectuée. Pour ce type d'applications, plusieurs scans des champs proches doivent être effectués dans différents plans afin de construire la cartographie de champs 3D. Étant un processus difficile dans les études de compatibilité électromagnétique, la caractérisation en champ proche est traitée par plusieurs algorithmes qui proposent différentes approches pour réaliser le scanning requis au voisinage de la source rayonnante.Dans ce travail, nous introduisons un système de scanning 3D avec des sondes de champ magnétique à trois axes à faible coût. Le fait de disposer de telles sondes permet la mesure simultanée des trois composantes du champ magnétique sur la base d'un seul scan au voisinage du dispositif testé. Les sondes conçues se composent de trois boucles orthogonales combinées ensemble; la première sonde contient trois boucles conventionnelles réunies dans un cube en plastique d'une dimension totale de 10 × 12 × 13 mm3, tandis que la deuxième sonde est une sonde PCB imprimée sur un substrat FR4 de 3,2 mm avec une dimension réduite de 9 × 9 × 3,2 mm3. Les sondes conçues ont été étalonnées avec une cellule TEM et les facteurs d'antenne correspondants ont été extraits. Le système de scanning présenté utilise comme un instrument de mesure un oscilloscope RF- 4 canaux, qui donne la possibilité de mesurer à la fois dans le domaine temporel et dans le domaine fréquentiel.La deuxième partie de cette thèse présente un algorithme de reconstruction basé sur la méthode du spectre d'ondes planes. Afin de réduire le nombre des scans et donc les exigences de temps, l'algorithme présenté nécessite juste un scan en champ proche 2D des composantes de champ, pour reconstruire la distribution du champ magnétique 3D au-dessus du dispositif rayonnant.La troisième partie de la thèse est consacrée à l'analyse dosimétrique des champs électromagnétiques rayonnés à proximité des systèmes RFID et des machines de soudage RF. L'évaluation de l'exposition en champ proche des champs rayonnés des antennes de lecture RFID, fonctionnant à 13,56 MHz et utilisées dans les bibliothèques, a été réalisée. Les mesures du champ magnétique près de l'antenne ont été établies à l'aide des sondes conçues. Les résultats sont ensuite analysés et comparés aux réglementations des normes européennes et des lignes directrices de l'ICNIRP. En outre, l'exposition aux champs électromagnétiques RF des travailleurs à proximité de machines de soudage RF dans un environnement industriel est étudiée. Ces machines, fonctionnant à 27 MHz, émettent de forts rayonnements et l'exposition a eu lieu dans la région de champ proche. La distribution spatiale des champs électromagnétiques dans cette région est étudiée à la fois dans des simulations numériques et des mesures réelles. / The analysis of radiated emissions from a source throughout the space, is very essential for both dosimetric and electromagnetic interference analysis. The concerns about the latter are growing because of the need to have prediction of the system reliability of the electronic circuits. Moreover the everyday use of devices and systems emitting radio frequency electromagnetic fields is continuously increasing. Some of these devices are operating in the vicinity of human body, and operators are in the near-field region of the radiating source, and they are exposed to electromagnetic fields. For this reason, dosimetric analysis, that shows the necessity of having three dimensional (3D) field mapping in the vicinity of the radiating source, should be performed. For this kind of applications, several scans of the near fields should be done within different planes in order to build the 3D field mapping. Being a challenging process in electromagnetic compatibility studies, near field characterization is being treated by several algorithms that propose different approaches to achieve the required scanning on the radiating source.In this work, we introduce a 3D scanning system with a low cost three axis magnetic field probes. Having such probes allow the simultaneous measure of the three components of the magnetic field based on a single planner scan above the device under test. The designed probes consist of three orthogonal loops combined together; the first probe contains three conventional loops joined in a plastic cube with a total dimension of 10×12×13 mm3, whereas the second probe is a PCB probe printed on an FR4 substrate of 3.2 mm with a reduced dimension of 9×9×3.2 mm3. The designed probes were calibrated with a TEM cell and the corresponding antenna factors were extracted. The presented scanning system uses an oscilloscope as a measuring instrument that gives the possibility of both time and frequency domain measurements. The second part of this thesis presents a reconstruction algorithm based on plane wave spectrum method. In order to reduce the number of scans and hence the time requirements, the presented algorithm requires just a 2D near field scan of the field components, to reconstruct the 3D magnetic field distribution above the radiating device.The third part of the thesis is devoted for the dosimetric analysis of the radiated electromagnetic fields near RFID systems and RF-welding machines. The near-field exposure assessment of the radiated fields from RFID reader antennas operating at 13.56 MHz and used in Libraries was performed. The measurements of the magnetic field near the antenna were established using the designed probes. The results are then analyzed and compared to the regulations in European Directives and ICNIRP Guidelines. Moreover, the exposure to RF electromagnetic fields of workers near RF-welding machines in industrial environment is studied. These machines, operating at 27 MHz, emit strong radiation and the exposure takes place in the near-field region. The spatial distribution of the electromagnetic fields in this region is studied in both numerical simulations and measurements.
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Studies of magnetic filtration techniques to purify potable water and waste water : a project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Engineering (M.E.) in Information and Telecommunications Engineering, Institute of Information Sciences and Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New ZealandDe Silva Karunanayaka, Shanaka January 2007 (has links)
The effects of Electromagnetism on potable water and waste water has been proven in practice but not scientifically proven to the extent that it is accepted by Engineers and Engineering Consultants. The operating principle of magnetic filtration or separation is based on the interaction of electromagnetic fields with the materials under test. Technical water system (TWS) system configuration has been analysed to determine the system characteristics. Three field trials and some laboratory experiments have been reported in this report. Finite element software has been used for the analysis of magnetic field distribution of the TWS system and also for magnetic separation modelling. There is a need to do some more experiments for more convincing and conclusive outcome.
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Gravitoelectromagnetism and the question of stability in general relativityStark, Elizabeth January 2004 (has links)
Abstract not available
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Approche mixte théorie / expérimentation pour la modélisation numérique de chambres réverbérantes à brassage de modesVernet, Raphaël 21 June 2006 (has links) (PDF)
Cette thèse concerne le développement d'une méthodologie pour la modélisation numérique de chambres réverbérantes à brassage de mode (CRBMs). Ce moyen d'essai est utilisé pour les mesures en immunité et en émission de systèmes électroniques dans le domaine de la compatibilité électromagnétique (CEM). L'objectif de ces travaux consiste à proposer une modélisation numérique qui prend en compte un maximum de caractéristiques réelles des CRBMs. L'outil numérique utilisé pour la résolution des équations de Maxwell est la méthode des différences finies dans le domaine temporel. Les caractéristiques géométriques des équipements présents dans les CRBMs sont retranscrites dans le domaine numérique à l'aide de la géométrie discrète qui contrairement aux mailleurs commerciaux permet de contrôler les propriétés topologiques des maillages tridimensionnels obtenus. Les caractéristiques intrinsèques (le facteur de qualité essentiellement) sont intégrées a posteriori via un filtre spécifique appliqué aux solutions temporelles sans perte. Une étude approfondie de l'influence de la source (position, type....) sur la puissance numérique injectée est également présente. Enfin, ces travaux de thèse se concluent par une confrontation directe entre des résultats numériques et expérimentaux suivant les critères normatifs et statistiques actuels.
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Avaliação de desempenho de câmaras excitadas via linhas de transmissão aplicáveis à compatibilidade eletromagnéticaAlves Dos Santos Junior, Mario 27 November 2009 (has links) (PDF)
Este trabalho propõe uma configuração de câmaras excitadas por linhas de transmissão, considerada como potencial solução para as restrições das câmaras reverberantes atuais. Entre estas restrições, menciona-se, por exemplo, as relativas à operação das câmaras em baixas freqüências, cujas dimensões poderão representar uma restrição física à sua implementação em ambientes de teste. Outras características físicas podem ser consideradas também restritivas, ao se considerar o volume útil de trabalho e o modo de excitação das câmaras canônicas. Visando satisfazer os índices de mérito aplicáveis, as diversas configurações propostas são avaliadas, onde, além dos arranjos das linhas de transmissão, também são considerados os detalhes relativos à variações da excitação e da carga via controle eletrônico. A metodologia de análise de desempenho da câmara proposta utiliza, basicamente, métodos analíticos, numéricos e avaliações experimentais. A aplicação de algoritmos e métodos de otimização recomendados pela literatura atual e alguns procedimentos desenvolvidos e adaptados pelos autores, foram utilizados na busca de configurações que melhor satisfaçam os índices de mérito adotados. Diversos resultados, obtidos através de simulações numéricas e de avaliações experimentais realizadas em um protótipo, são apresentados e comparados, visando uma análise das potencialidades e da aplicabilidade deste tipo de câmara às necessidades dos ensaios de compatibilidade eletromagnética de equipamentos e sistemas elétricos e eletrônicos.
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Miniaturisation et intégration d'antennes imprimées pour systèmes communicants ULB pulsésChami, A. 25 November 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Cette thèse a fait partie du projet MIMOC (Méthodes d'Intégration et de Miniaturisation d'Objets Communicants) qui a été mené à terme en partenariat avec le laboratoire IM2NP de Marseille, la société InsightSiP à Sophia Antipolis et Orange Labs La Turbie. Le projet cible les systèmes de transmission par impulsions occupant une très large bande de fréquences (signaux Ultra Large Bande : ULB). Au sein de ce projet, les travaux de cette thèse ont été concentrés sur le développement, la miniaturisation et l'intégration des antennes dans des systèmes de communications ULB conformes aux normes Américaines (FCC :3.1-10.6 GHz) et Européennes (ECC : 6-8.5 GHz). Le développement d'une antenne consiste à en maîtriser les différents paramètres en analysant leurs influences sur l'adaptation et le rayonnement de celle-ci. Une étude préliminaire a permis de créer une base de données qui a été utilisée par la suite dans les différentes phases du projet afin de réadapter l'élément en fonction de l'évolution de son environnement. Un élément rayonnant imprimé constitué de plusieurs étages rectangulaires, alimenté par la ligne ground coplanaire (GCPW), adapté dans la bande de fréquence FCC, a servi de base d'étude. Cette antenne a été étudiée dans deux configurations correspondant à deux types d'applications : un format carte de crédit et un format clé USB, principalement distinguées par leur encombrement lié à la largeur des plans de masse. L'étude a débuté avec une structure à plan de masse large et a été suivie, dans une deuxième phase, par des travaux de miniaturisation. La miniaturisation consiste à réduire la largeur des plans de masse en modifiant la géométrie de la structure afin de conserver ses performances radioélectriques. Plusieurs techniques ont été étudiées, notamment la réduction de l'encombrement par repliements 2D et 3D. La technique la plus efficace fut celle basée sur l'insertion de découpes au niveau des plans de masse latéraux ainsi qu'au niveau des plans de masse inférieurs. Une bonne maîtrise des dimensions de ces encoches a permis d'obtenir une structure réduite d'un facteur 5 avec une bonne adaptation sur toute la bande de fréquences. Ces structures ont ensuite été réalisées et les prototypes ont été caractérisés. La caractérisation s'est déroulée lors de plusieurs campagnes de mesures au LEAT et à Orange Labs à La Turbie. Un banc de test a été entièrement développé et des mesures dans les domaines temporel et fréquentiel ont permis d'extraire les performances des antennes : gain, diagramme de rayonnement, réponse impulsionnelle, facteur de fidélité, etc. La capacité d'une transmission à travers ces prototypes a été vérifiée en environnement réel. Des débits allant jusqu'à 500Mbits/s ont été atteint. La troisième phase des travaux a consisté à modéliser une puce génératrice d'impulsions ULB et l'intégrer en l'assemblant avec l'antenne dans un système. Cette étude a été réalisée dans la bande ULB européenne ECC. Un nouvel élément imprimé et miniaturisé adapté dans cette bande de fréquences a du être conçu. La puce a totalement été modélisé et paramétrée de façon à ce qu'elle soit prise en compte lors de la conception du système. Le projet MIMOC a été achevé avec succès. Le bon partenariat avec tous les membres s'est avéré très constructif et a permis de réaliser le codesign de la partie "antenne" et de la partie "microélectronique". Suite à ces travaux, un autre projet qui consiste à développer des systèmes communicants en contact avec le corps humain (RUBY) vient de démarrer.
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