The motivation for the thesis was to discover whether Finnish Red Cross Youth Shelters can be evaluated and developed from legal and moral standpoints, such as the Human Rights. A special focus is put on how the international law gets interpreted and practiced in a local (Youth Shelter) context. Findings from the collected data are based on the experiences of the Youth Shleter’s employees and volunteers through workshop discussions, surveys and interviews. This observational work done within the thesis is an initial mapping of how “things are at the moment”. Data is analysed with The New Legal Realism (NLR) theory, which main focus is to study law’s context-based interpretations and mobility ie. how international law creates meanings in a local setting. (Dagan & Kreitner, 2018; 534.) The value of the findings will increase through new ideas, support measures and a better identification of the needs of employees and volunteers arising from the findings. The observational work is inspired by the idea that if someone has an obligation to ensure rights, they are also entitled to get support with knowledge of how to implement them properly.

Magister Commercii - MCom / Over the 1ast eight years up to 1989, a new business phenomenon has manifested itself in South Africa. During this period, the so-ca 11ed "factory shop" concept has developed into one of the fastest growing industries in both the manufacturing and commercial sectors. In South Africa, factory shops have initially established in the Cape Peninsula.4,5. The nature of these shops is such that their creation may be attributed to the clothing industry itself ;" This trend originated in about 1980 at a few clothing manufacturers in Cape Town, inter alia, Desiree, Readywear, Atlantic Knitting Mills. Originally these factory shops were open for limited hours, I usually over lunch-time and on only one Saturday per month. They were strictly limited to and for the sole benefit of I the staff of those firms. Gradually, however, family and later friends and acquaintances of these staff members became aware of the so-called bargain prices at these stores. Both supply and demand played important roles in the development of factory shops. For example, increasing pressure on management to supply larger quantities of these merchandise items at bargain prices, as well as the fact that clothing factories had excess stock which was difficult to clear through the normal distribution channels. Factory owners recognized and seized this opportunity to reduce stock at little additional cost. From their inception, factory shops have had a significant influence on the turnover and profitability of the retail clothing industry. This trend is documented in reports by the organ i zed trade, 7 ,B where reference has been made to the influence of these factory shops and where independent clothing retailers have been calling for a plan of action for protect i on against the encroachment by these factory shops on their (the clothing retailers') markets. However, up to that stage, no in-depth study or formal research was done to justify such action for protection. The ref 0reitwa s felt that" An empirical stud y of the development of factory shops in the clothing industry in the Cape Peninsula" was needed to acquire an objective view of the state of affairs.

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Agile methods have been widely implemented in the industry while teaching these methods is a substantial part of Computer Science and Engineering program curricula. Evidencedriven data of agile practices, methods, and tools have been extracted based on empirical studies with students, however, there is an important need for more anecdotal evidence to confirm these findings. In order to fill this gap, this paper explores the perceptions and the applicability of the Scrum Framework in a student research team in an industrial context. Empirical data have been gathered through interviews with the case study participants combined with a survey. The analysis reveals that student experiences are mainly positive and that they can easily grasp the benefits of Scrum Framework. The challenges of implementing Scrum in such a setting mainly concern the balance between coach and self-organization, formulating accurate user stories when researching, finding the most suitable estimation method, as well as planning when conducting research. The empirical findings may potentially be extrapolated in student scrum teams or even in industrial settings. Finally, this research paper should encourage other researchers to investigate the adoption of Scrum in a student setting. / Agila metoder har implementerats i stor utsträckning inom branschen, medan undervisning i dessa metoder är en väsentlig del av utbildningarna för datavetenskap och teknik. Bevisdriven data om agila arbetssätt, metoder och verktyg har tagits fram från empiriska studier med studenter, men det finns ett viktigt behov av mer anekdotiska bevis för att bekräfta dessa resultat. För att fylla detta gap utforskar den här rapporten uppfattningarna och tillämpligheten av ramverket Scrum i ett studentforskningsteam i ett industriellt sammanhang. Empiriska data har samlats genom intervjuer med deltagarna i fallstudien i kombination med ett frågeformulär. Analysen visar att studentupplevelserna är främst positiva och att man lätt kan förstå fördelarna med Scrum. Utmaningarna med att implementera Scrum i en sådan miljö gäller främst balansen mellan coaching och självorganiserande, formulera exakta användarhistorier när man forskar, finner den mest lämpliga uppskattningsmetoden samt planerar forskningsrelaterat arbete. De empiriska fynden kan eventuellt extrapoleras i Scrumteam med studenter eller till och med i industriella miljöer. Slutligen bör detta forskningsarbete uppmuntra andra forskare att undersöka införandet av Scrum i ett studentkontext.

In traditional meta-analysis, a random-effects model is used to deal with heterogeneity and the random-effect is assumed to be normally distributed. However, this can be problematic in the presence of outliers. One solution involves using a heavy tailed distribution for the random-effect to more adequately model the excess variation due to the outliers. Failure to consider an alternative approach to the standard in the presence of unusual or outlying points can lead to inaccurate inference. A heavy tailed distribution is favoured because it has the ability to down-weight outlying studies appropriately, therefore the removal of a study does not need to be considered. In this thesis, the performance of the t-distribution and a finite mixture model are assessed as alternatives to the normal distribution through a comprehensive simulation study. The parameters varied are the average mean of the non-outlier studies, the number of studies, the proportion of outliers, the heterogeneity and the outlier shift distance from the average mean. The performance of the distributions is measured using bias, mean squared error, coverage probability, coverage width, Type I error and power. The methods are also compared through an empirical study of meta-analyses from The Cochrane Library (2008). The simulation showed that the performance of the alternative distributions is better than the normal distribution for a number of scenarios, particularly for extreme outliers and high heterogeneity. Generally, the mixture model performed quite well. The empirical study reveals that both alternative distributions are able to reduce the influence of the outlying studies on the overall mean estimate and thus produce more conservative p-values than the normal distribution. It is recommended that a practitioner consider the use of an alternative random-effects distribution in the presence of outliers because they are more likely to provide robust results. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

This dissertation consists of three papers related to firms' resiliency to supply chain disruptions. The first paper seeks to evaluate the effects of supply chain disruptions on firms' performance by using a recent dataset of supply chain disruptions. To this end, we analyzed operating and stock market performances of over 300 firms that experienced a supply chain disruption during 2005 to the end of 2014. The results show that supply chain disruptions are still associated with a significant decrease in operating income, return on sales, return on assets, sales, and a negative performance in total assets. Supply chain disruptions are also associated with a significant negative abnormal stock return on the day of the supply chain disruption announcements. These results are in line with previous findings in the literature. In the second paper, in order to provide a more detailed characterization of negative impacts of disruptions on firms' performance, we develop three complementary measures of system loss: the initial loss due to the disruption, the maximum loss, and the total loss over time. Then, we utilize the contingent resource-based view to evaluate the moderating effects of operational slack and operational scope on the relationship between the severity of supply chain disruptions and the three complementary measures of system loss. We find that maintaining certain aspects of operational slack and broadening business scope can affect these different measures of loss in different ways, although these effects are contingent on the disruptions' severity. The third paper examines relationships between the origin of supply chain disruptions, firms' past experience, and the negative impacts of supply chain disruptions on firms' performance. This third study shows that the impact of external and internal supply chain disruptions on firms' performance can be different when firms do and do not have past experience with similar events. For example, the results show that past experience significantly decreases initial loss, recovery time, and total loss over time experienced by firms after internal disruptions, although past experience may not decrease initial loss, recovery time, and total loss over time in the case of external disruptions. / Ph. D.

Master of Arts / Department of Economics / Tracy M. Turner / Many municipalities are beginning to play a more central and active role in slowing and reversing the process of the economic stagnation of business and commerce within their cities. Many municipalities combat these problems through the use of providing existing businesses or start up businesses with financial assistance or incentives. Economic theory shows us that a firm’s decision on production and location is influenced by fiscal incentives that are afforded to them. This paper explores the external effects of municipally assisted redevelopment programs. This analysis strives to broaden our understanding of businesses redevelopment programs to include not just the impacts on the commercial side, but see the total effects which include the residential side as well. It analyzes key economic indicators of households who reside within and directly around publicly assisted redevelopment areas and compares these indicators to their non-redeveloped area counterparts. Specifically, it empirically examines the impact of redevelopment on house values and unemployment rates in seven large Midwestern cities: Des Moines, Wichita, Kansas City, St. Louis, Lincoln, Omaha, and Milwaukee, using census data at the block group and census tract levels. I find that redevelopment has a substantial impact in increasing house values and reducing unemployment rates in the vicinity of the redevelopment projects.

Software reuse is a powerful tool in order to reduce development and maintenance time and cost. Any software life cycle product can be reused, not only fragments of source code. A high degree of reuse correlates with a low defect density. In the literature, many theoretical and empirical researches have examined the relationship of software reuse and quality. In this thesis, the effects of reuse on software quality are investigated in an industrial setting. Throughout this study, we worked with Turkey&rsquo / s leading defense industry company: Aselsan&rsquo / s software engineering department. We aimed to explore their real-life software projects and interpret reuse and quality relations for their projects. With this intention, we defined four different hypotheses to determine reuse and quality relations / and in order to confirm these hypotheses / we designed three separate case studies. In these case studies, we collected and calculated reuse and quality metrics i.e. Object-oriented quality metrics, reuse rates and performance measures of individual modules, fault-proneness of software components, and productivity rates of different products. Finally, by analyzing these measurements, we developed suggestions to further benefit from reuse in Aselsan through systematic improvements to the reuse infrastructure and process. Similar case studies have been reported in the literature, however, in Turkey, there are not many case studies using real-life project data, particularly in the defense industry.

Japan obtained equal status with the west imperialism, like Britain and North America, after defeating Russia in 1905. For promoting their mainland policy, they set up the semi-official and semi-private company- South Manchuria Railway (SMR). It owned a huge Research Bureau to investigate some aspects like railway, natural resources, transportation and military, not only for satisfying colonial goal but also for producing rich, valuable and multidimensional knowledge .During forty-years, the Research Bureau attracted and enrolled many Japanese who had interests on, or preference to China. Japanese took this process as a approach or domain to contact with China. This process also reflected their own ideology, image and relative location to China by the rise of the Empire of Japan. This dissertation starts from reviewing important research results, such as Shina Resistance Report, Nōson Chūgoku Kankō Chōsa Surveys. The discussion goes further to four researchers in the SMR: Shūmei Ōkawa, Tachibana Shiraki, Amano Waranosuke and Itō Takeo, who were with various academic background and even standpoint. The investigators attempted to construct their own research approach and meanwhile suffered from dealing it with the subjective power structure. The last section focuses on the academic debate after the war time, in term of controversial interpretation about Mantetsu knowledge from Japanese Sinology. From these three perspectives, the dissertation intends to take Mantetsu as a example to portray the context, power relationship and conflicts within research institute in Japan. It would therefore generalize objectivity, autonomy and path-dependence from the Mantetsu knowledge.

This study mainly discusses the effect, in country level, of minority shareholder protection on shareholder wealth during mergers and acquisitions (M&A). In particular, based on the index of anti-director rights (ADRI) developed by LLSV (1998) and the index of shareholder protection index (SPI) by John Armour et al.(2009), I empirically examine the linkage between M&A activities and indexes as well as the components of these indexes. This study expects the result may show some relevance between of indices and M&A activities, and the legal value of this relevance. The purpose is to show whether minority shareholder protection is workable in M&A activities, and whether it can facilitate M&A markets. To begin with, this paper discusses LLSV¡¦s uniqueness in corporate law study ¡V using empirical method to value whether corporate law matters or not around the world. Then, I analyze LLSV¡¦s possible defects, review criticisms and effects they had incurred. Secondly, we design a study to compare the revised LLSV methodology developed by the Harvard scholar Spamann with SPI index through stock market and M&A market. I also code China¡¦s and Taiwan¡¦s data to make up the lack of samples of cross level variation, and take this as the basis for corporate institutional comparison. This study reports that each of sub-indexes from ADRI and SPI has different relevance to M&A activities: three are positive, five are negative, three are insignificant, and two are valueless of discussion (definition or design defect). Thus we may see the importance of law quantification. We appreciate further research and authorities¡¦ consideration following our work in Taiwan. Finally, the contribution of this study is to attempt to integrate empirical and comparative legal analysis, in response to global corporate governance issues of promoting cross research. On policy implications is that it can predict some investor protection mattes, direct the way of policy adjustment. Besides, this study can also suggest specific amendment for Company Law and Securities law to re-examine how to balance between market development and the protection of minority shareholders.