Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Físicas e Matemáticas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Matemática e Computação Científica. / Made available in DSpace on 2013-07-15T23:18:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0

Neste trabalho apresentamos três métodos distintos provando que S(n) = +1 X k=−1 (4k + 1)−n é um múltiplo racional de n para todos os inteiros n = 1, 2, 3, . . . O primeiro utiliza a teoria das função analíticas e funções geradoras. No segundo reduzimos o problema, via mudança de variável devida a E. Calabi, ao cálculo do volume de certos politopos em Rn enquanto que no terceiro usamos a teoria dos operadores integrais compactos. Cada um dos métodos tem um interesse intrínsico e está sujeito a generalizações para aplicações em novas situações.

Neste trabalho apresentamos três métodos distintos provando que S(n) = +1 X k=−1 (4k + 1)−n é um múltiplo racional de n para todos os inteiros n = 1, 2, 3, . . . O primeiro utiliza a teoria das função analíticas e funções geradoras. No segundo reduzimos o problema, via mudança de variável devida a E. Calabi, ao cálculo do volume de certos politopos em Rn enquanto que no terceiro usamos a teoria dos operadores integrais compactos. Cada um dos métodos tem um interesse intrínsico e está sujeito a generalizações para aplicações em novas situações.

Neste trabalho, apresentaremos e definiremos os poliedros, seus elementos e vamos diferenciar os poliedros convexos dos não convexos. Será exposta a Relação de Euler (ou Teorema de Euler), teorema a qual diz: Seja um poliedro convexo com A arestas, F faces e V vértices, vale a igualdade V - A + F = 2. Daremos alguns detalhes sobre poliedros não-convexos. Chegaremos à parte mais importante deste trabalho que é definir os poliedros de Platão (ou regulares) e provar a existência de apenas cinco poliedros regulares: o tetraedro, o hexaedro (cubo), o octaedro, o dodecaedro e icosaedro.

En zones côtières, une onde se propageant à la surface de l'océan est fortement influencée par le courant sous-jacent. Les profiles de vitesses sont variables en profondeur du fait du vent soufflant à la surface et des frottements au fond. En considérant les équations d'Euler pour un fluide non-visqueux et incompressible, accompagnées des conditions de surface cinématiques et dynamiques appropriées, l'interaction entre une onde de surface bi-dimensionnelle, progressive et périodique et un courant sous-jacent est étudiée. En ne considérant pas uniquement un champs de vitesses dérivant d'un potentiel scalaire, ce travail étend le modèle d'un courant cisaillé linéairement à des profiles de courant définis par une classe de fonctions de vorticité exponentielle.Il est montré que ces profiles de courant bi-dimensionnelles sont linéairement stables en l'absence d'une perturbation à la surface. L'influence du courant sous-jacent sur des ondes d'amplitude et de profondeur arbitraire est ensuite étudiée numériquement, en présence ou non de capillarité. Malgré le fait que la célérité et l'énergie potentielle et cinématique de l'onde sont fortement influencées par le paramètre de non-linéarité que représente la cambrure, il est montré que l'effet de la vorticité est non-négligeable, surtout pour des ondes de gravité pure. Finalement, des résultats sont présentés pour une étude de stabilité linéaire d'ondes d'amplitude finie (2D) perturbées en trois dimensions. Les classes d'instabilité classiques sont détectées en présence de vorticité constante et non-constante. De plus, un mécanisme est proposé pour une instabilité tri-dimensionnelle dominante en présence de vorticité. / In coastal zones, waves propagating at the surface of the ocean are strongly influenced by underlying shear currents. Depth-dependent velocity profiles are generated by wind blowing at the surface and friction at the bed. Considering the Euler equations for an inviscid and incompressible fluid, along with the appropriate free-surface kinematic and dynamic boundary conditions, the interaction between a two-dimensional progressive periodic free-surface wave of permanent form and an underlying current is studied. By not assuming that the velocity field derives from a scalar potential, this work extends the linear, constant vorticity, shear model to velocity profiles defined by a class of exponential vorticity functions. The two-dimensional current profiles are first shown to be linearly stable in the absence of a free-surface perturbation. The influence of the underlying shear on waves of arbitrary amplitude and depth is then studied numerically, both in the absence and presence of capillarity. Although the celerity and potential and kinetic energy of the wave are strongly influenced by the nonlinear wave steepness parameter, the effect of vorticity is shown to be non-negligible, especially for pure gravity waves. Finally, results are presented for a linear stability analysis of these finite amplitude (2D) waves under three-dimensional perturbations. It is found that the classical classes of instability corresponding to four and five wave resonances are recovered in three-dimensions in the presence of constant or depth-dependent vorticities. Finally, a mechanism is proposed for the dominant three-dimensional instability caused by the presence of an underlying shear current.

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En construction navale militaire, les navires sont conçus pour résister à des menaces conventionnelles comme les mines ou les torpilles. Ces conceptions s’appuient sur des calculs aux explosions sous-marines lointaines qui sont bien maîtrisées aujourd’hui. Depuis la Seconde Guerre Mondiale, cette thématique a en effet bénéficié d’importants travaux de recherche. Ceux-ci ont abouti à des méthodes numériques robustes qui permettent de simuler l’essentiel des phénomènes caractérisant ces événements. Ces méthodes, utilisées en ingénierie, s’appuient cependant sur des hypothèses restrictives qui limitent leur champ d’application. Elles sont discriminantes si l’on souhaite simuler les explosions sous-marines en champ proche, caractérisées par des phénomènes fortement non-linéaires. Dans ce cadre, on adapte la méthode éléments finis Euler-Lagrange Multi-Matériaux avec Couplage Euler-lagrange, pour simuler ces problèmes. Les évolutions présentées dans la thèse s’articulent autour de deux points. (1) La méthode est développée en deux dimensions pour résoudre les problèmes 2D axisymétriques avec une rapidité et une précision accrues par rapport aux simulations 3D. (2) La projection des résultats 2D sur des grilles de calculs différentes 2D ou 3D est implémentée. Cette technique de projection permet de résoudre le problème complet par des phases successives dont la physique se situe sur des échelles de temps et d’espace très différentes, et qui nécessitent des maillages adaptés. Les développements effectués sont finalement intégrés dans le code de calcul LS-DYNA version 5.1.1, et validés pour les différentes phases du problème à partir de résultats théoriques et expérimentaux. / In military shipbuilding, ships are designed to withstand conventional threats such as mines or torpedoes. These designs are based on calculations of structural response to underwater explosions in far field, what is relatively well controlled today. The thematic of underwater explosions has indeed benefited from extensive research since the Second World War. This has resulted in robust numerical methods to simulate the main phenomena that characterize such events. These methods used in engineering are based on assumptions that limit their scope. These restrictions are discriminatory when we attempt to simulate underwater explosions in near field which are mainly nonlinear phenomena. In this context, the Multi-Material Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method with Euler-Lagrange coupling is chosen to simulate these problems. To make the method more easily applicable in engineering, its adaptation is based on two points. (1) Firstly the method is developed for two-dimensional cases in order to solve 2D axisymmetric problems with higher speed and accuracy compared to 3D simulations. (2) Then the projection of results from two-dimensional analysis on 2D or 3D grids is implemented. The projection from one grid to the other allows solving the whole problem through successive phases for physics on very different time scales and space scales, what necessitates adapted meshes. The developments are implemented in LS-DYNA code for the revised version 5.1.1 and validated for the different phases of the problem from theoretical and experimental results.

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University / In this paper, several numerical methods, instructive for the calculation of the approximate solutions of differential equations, are exhibited to be convergent. In the first two methods (Picard's Method and the Cauchy-Euler method), the theoretical importance of numerical solutions is demonstrated by establishing existence and uniqueness theorems for the linear differential equation of the first order dy/dx = f(x,y) subject to the following conditions: The equation is considered in some region of xy space containing a point (xo,yo) and in addition to being continuous, f(x,y) is assumed to satisfy a Lipschitz condition with respect to y, i.e. |f(x,y1)-f(x,y2)| < k|y1 - y2| where k is called the Lipschitz constant [TRUNCATED]

Neste trabalho estudamos superfícies com a propriedade que suas componentes irredutíveis são superfícies tóricas. Em particular, apresentamos uma fórmula para calcular a obstrução de Euler local destas superfícies. Como uma aplicação desta fórmula, calculamos a obstrução de Euler local para algumas famílias de superfícies determinantais. Além disso, definimos a característica de Euler evanescente de uma superfície tórica normal X&sigma;, damos uma fórmula para calcular tal invariante e relacionamos este número com a segunda multiplicidade polar de X&sigma;. Apresentamos também, uma fórmula para a obstrução de Euler de uma função f : X&sigma; &rarr; C e para o número de Brasselet de tal função. Como uma aplicação deste resultado, calculamos a obstrução de Euler de um tipo de polinômio definido em uma família de superfícies determinantais. / In this work we study surfaces with the property that their irreducible components are toric surfaces. In particular, we present a formula to compute the local Euler obstruction of such surfaces. As an application of this formula we compute the local Euler obstruction for some families of determinantal surfaces. Furthermore, we define the vanishing Euler characteristic of a normal toric surface X&sigma;, we give a formula to compute it, and we relate this number with the second polar multiplicity of X&sigma;. We also present a formula for the Euler obstruction of a function f : X&sigma; &rarr; C and for the Brasselet number of it. As an application of this result we compute the Euler obstruction of a type of polynomial on a family of determinantal surfaces.