RAMOS, Danilo. Fatores emocionais durante uma escuta musical afetam a percepção temporal de músicos e não músicos? 2008, 268 p. Tese (Doutorado). Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto. Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 2008. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo verificar o papel das emoções desencadeadas pela música na percepção temporal de músicos e não músicos. Quatro experimentos foram realizados: no Experimento I, músicos e não músicos realizaram tarefas de associações emocionais a trechos musicais de 36 segundos de duração, pertencentes ao repertório erudito ocidental. A tarefa consistia em escutar cada trecho musical e associá-lo às categorias emocionais Alegria, Serenidade, Tristeza, Medo ou Raiva. Os resultados mostraram que a maioria dos trechos musicais desencadeou uma única emoção específica nos ouvintes; além disso, as associações emocionais dos músicos foram semelhantes às associações emocionais dos não músicos para a maioria dos trechos musicais apresentados. No Experimento II, músicos e não músicos realizaram tarefas de associação temporal aos trechos musicais mais representativos de cada emoção, utilizados no Experimento I. Assim, os trechos musicais eram apresentados e os participantes deveriam associar cada um deles a durações de 16, 18, 20, 22 ou 24 segundos. Os resultados mostraram que, para o grupo Músicos, os três trechos musicais associados à Tristeza foram subestimados em relação às suas durações reais; nenhuma outra categoria emocional apresentou mais do que um trecho musical sendo subestimado ou superestimado em relação a suas durações reais, para ambos os grupos. Pesquisas recentes em Psicologia da Música têm mostrado duas propriedades estruturais como sendo moduladoras da percepção de emoções específicas durante uma escuta musical: o modo (organização das notas dentro de uma escala musical) e o andamento (número de batidas por minuto). Assim, no Experimento III, músicos e não músicos realizaram tarefas de associações emocionais a composições musicais construídas em sete modos (Jônio, Dórico, Frígio, Lídio, Mixolídio, Eólio e Lócrio) e três andamentos (adágio, moderato e presto). O procedimento foi o mesmo utilizado no Experimento I. Os resultados mostraram que o modo musical modulou a valência afetiva desencadeada pelos trechos musicais: trechos musicais apresentados em modos maiores obtiveram índices positivos de valência afetiva e trechos musicais apresentados em modos menores obtiveram índices negativos de valência afetiva; além disso, o andamento musical modulou o arousal desencadeado pelos trechos musicais: quanto mais rápido o andamento do trecho musical, maiores os níveis de arousal desencadeados e vice-versa. No Experimento IV, músicos e não músicos realizaram tarefas de associação temporal aos trechos musicais modais utilizados no Experimento III. O procedimento foi o mesmo utilizado no Experimento II. Os resultados mostraram que manipulações, principalmente no arousal, afetaram a percepção temporal dos ouvintes: para ambos os grupos, foram encontradas subestimações temporais para trechos musicais desencadeadores de baixos índices de arousal; além disso, para o grupo Não Músicos, foram encontradas superestimações temporais para trechos musicais desencadeadores de altos índices de arousal. Estes resultados mostraram que, no caso dos músicos, a percepção temporal foi afetada por atmosferas emocionais relacionadas à Tristeza; no caso dos Não Músicos, a percepção temporal foi afetada por fatores relacionados ao nível do arousal dos eventos musicais apreciados. / RAMOS, Danilo. Do emotional factors during music listening tasks affect time perception of musicians and nonmusicians? 2008, 268 pages. Thesis (PhD). Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto. University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 2008. This study aimed to verify the role of emotions triggered by music on time perception of musicians and nonmusicians. Four experiments were conducted: In Experiment I, musicians and nonmusicians performed emotional association tasks for musical excerpts of 36 seconds duration belonging to the Western classic repertoire. The tasks required to listen to each musical excerpt and to associate it with emotional categories: Joy, Serenity, Sadness, or Fear/Anger. The results showed that most musical excerpts triggered a specific single emotion in listeners; moreover, the emotional associations of musicians were similar to the emotional associations of nonmusicians for most musical excerpts presented. In Experiment II, musicians and nonmusicians performed temporal association tasks for the three most representative excerpts of each emotion used in Experiment I. Thus, the participants had to associate each of such musical excerpts with the following durations: 16, 18, 20, 22 or 24 seconds. The results showed that for the musicians, the three musical excerpts associated with Sadness were underestimated in relation to their real time; moreover, no other emotional category was associated with more than one musical excerpt whether being underestimated or overestimated, regarding their real time, for both groups. Recent researches in Psychology of Music have shown two structural properties as the modulators of specific emotions perceived during a music listening task: the mode (the organization of the notes in a musical scale) and tempo (the number of beats per minute). Thus, in Experiment III, musicians and nonmusicians carried out emotional association tasks with musical compositions constructed in seven modes (Ionian, Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Aeolian, and Locrian) and three tempi (adagio, moderato, and presto). The procedure was the same used in Experiment I. The results showed that the musical mode modulated the affective valence triggered by the excerpts: musical excerpts based on major modes obtained positive affective valence indexes and musical excerpts based on minor modes obtained negative affective valence indexes; moreover, the musical tempo modulated the arousal triggered by the excerpts: the faster the tempo of the musical excerpts, the higher the arousal levels and vice versa, for both groups. In Experiment IV, musicians and nonmusicians performed temporal association tasks for those modal musical excerpts used in Experiment III. The procedure was the same used in Experiment II. The results showed that manipulations concerning arousal affected the time perception of the listeners: time underestimations due to low arousal excerpts were found for both groups; moreover, time underestimations due to high arousal excerpts were found only for nonmusicians. These results showed that in the case of musicians, time perception was affected by emotional atmospheres related to Sadness; in the case of nonmusicians, time perception was affected by factors related to the level of arousal of music events appreciated.

O presente trabalho visa a uma discussão crítica acerca das relações entre filosofia e mídia. Para tanto, valemo-nos das teorizações foucaultianas acerca da problemática da governamentalidade, por meio de um procedimento analítico inspirado na obra Arqueologia do saber. Partiu-se de um primeiro mapeamento de enunciados de diferentes naturezas que se dedicaram a debater desdobramentos da popularização da filosofia e a difundir produções culturais alegadamente filosóficas. Em seguida, tendo uma revista brasileira de jornalismo cultural CULT Revista Brasileira de Cultura como plataforma empírica de investigação, mapearam-se todos os artigos e entrevistas realizados por e com filósofos ou com alguma formação em filosofia num período de quase 17 anos, de 1997, ano de fundação da revista, até 2013, totalizando 186 fascículos. A análise debruçou-se sobre os diversos modos de abordagem temática, teórica e metodológica presentes nos artigos da referida revista, optando por categorizar os escritos segundo suas estratégias discursivas proeminentes. Inventariamos profissões dos autores, correlações narrativas, temas gerais, teorizações, os objetos privilegiados e conceitos-chave. Deste modo, procuramos problematizar determinados jogos de governo de si e dos outros, articulados pela assiduidade, adensamento e desaparecimento de certos tipos de estratégias, auscultando também o que seria o papel relegado ao filósofo como pensador e/ou intelectual público ante seu presente em suma, a função pública do filósofo na mídia. Nossa hipótese de trabalho apostou numa possível conversão da prática filosófica em uma expertise da conduta humana, por meio de sua aliança com práticas de cunho estético e psicopedagógico, findando por participar de tal modo no rol das estratégias contemporâneas de governo de si e dos outros. / This paper aims at a critical discussion on the relations between philosophy and the media. For this purpose, we make use of Foucault\'s theories about the problematics of governmentality through an analytical procedure inspired by the Archaeology of knowledge. We started from an initial mapping of different kinds of statements who were dedicated to discussing about the unfoldings of the popularization of philosophy, and to spreading allegedly philosophical cultural productions. Having a Brazilian magazine of cultural journalism CULT Revista Brasileira de Cultura as our empirical research platform, we have mapped all articles and interviews by and with philosophers or by authors with some philosophical background within a period of almost 17 years, from 1997, the magazine\'s founding year, until 2013, totaling 186 issues. The analysis has scrutinized the diverse modes of thematical, theoretical and methodological approaches within the magazine articles, by opting to categorize them according to their prominent discursive strategies. We inventoried authors\' institutional affiliations, the styles of the narratives, the general themes, the theories, the privileged objects and key concepts. Therefore, we have tried to problematize certain games of government of the self and others, articulated by attendance, density and disappearance of certain types of strategies, also observing what role would be relegated to the philosopher as a thinker and/or a public intellectual at his present in short, the philosophers public role on the media. Our working hypothesis bets on a possible conversion of the philosophical practice into an expertise of the human conduct, by its alliance with aesthetic and psychopedagogical practices, participating in such a way in the list of contemporary strategies of government of the self and others

Orientador: Léa Maria Strini Velho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T15:19:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Miguel_JeanCarlosHochsprung_M.pdf: 1261008 bytes, checksum: cae693aecb9ec2ccd6416cfffba3af7b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Um desafio lançado às sociedades democráticas na atualidade é o de como integrar progressivamente nos processos de tomada de decisão e formulação de políticas o aconselhamento de especialistas. Na medida em que a própria definição de quem é um especialista em determinado assunto já é produto de um arranjo político, a análise desse processo de inclusão torna-se ainda mais importante. Para entender a dinâmica entre as políticas e as expertises, ambientes de discussão como as audiências públicas revelam-se espaços privilegiados de análise. Assim, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar a participação de especialistas em audiências públicas. Como estudo de caso, adotam-se as audiências realizadas pelo Congresso Nacional no período de 2009 a 2012 sobre a reformulação do Código Florestal brasileiro. Fazendo uso dos referenciais analíticos dos Estudos Sociais da Ciência e Tecnologia (ESCT), busca-se "seguir" tomadores de decisão e especialistas em torno dos principais assuntos discutidos. A partir daí, são mapeadas controvérsias e identificadas distintas frentes de interesses formadas por estes atores. Este trabalho, portanto, ao abrir "a caixa preta" das audiências públicas, apresenta um olhar no interior das discussões em um processo de tomada de decisão. Ao demonstrar a contradição entre as diferentes frentes de interesses formadas por tomadores de decisão e especialistas, surge um amplo panorama de conflitos que conjuga saberes e poderes. Nesta pluralidade de conflitos de interesses, vislumbram-se os desafios que surgem àqueles que procuram pensar em um modelo de tomada de decisão que se distancie da tecnocracia ao mesmo tempo em que consiga lidar com a ampliação das discussões públicas em assuntos que exigem o parecer de especialistas / Abstract: A challenge to democratic societies is how integrate the expert advice into the decision making processes and policy formulation. The analysis of the process of expert counseling becomes even more important due to the fact that the definition of who is an expert in a particular topic is already the product of a political arrangement. To understand the dynamics between policies and expertises, the public hearings are privileged spaces for analysis. Thus, this research aims to investigate the participation of specialists in public hearings. The hearings held by the Congress from 2009 to 2012, to discuss and inform the reformulation of the Brazilian Forest Code, are analyzed as a case study. From the standpoint of the Social Studies of Science, this research seeks to "follow" decision makers and experts involved with the main issues discussed. Controversies are mapped and distinct coalitions formed by actors are identified. By opening the "black box" of public hearings, this works presents a look inside the discussions in a process of decision making. By demonstrating the contradiction between the interests of different coalitions formed by decision makers and experts, this study produces a wide view of conflicts that combines knowledge and power. Through the plurality of conflicts of interest are presented the challenges to those who believe in a model of decision making that move away from technocracy while handling the expansion of public discussions on issues that require expert advice / Mestrado / Politica Cientifica e Tecnologica / Mestre em Política Científica e Tecnológica

The successful implementation of an enterprise system requires training and end users in the new systems and procedures. There has been no research reporting a relationship between Domain Expertise (DE) and the successful implementation of an enterprise system. This study sought to begin filling this knowledge gap by exploring the relationship between DE, technical proficiency, training outcomes, and perceived training effectiveness for a new enterprise system, specifically a Case Management System (CMS) in a small and medium enterprise (SME). The research examines different subjects of technical expertise including skills, abilities, and knowledge to increase professional acceptance in the high domain of expertise field. In order to understand the complex nature of expertise and the significant impact, an exploratory approach is undertaken. Purposive sampling was utilized to select the 88 respondents to participate in the research, in which the role of domain expertise and technical expertise is explored. Based upon analysis, research showed the relevance of domain expertise and technical expertise in the deployment of successful case management systems. The results contributed to literature by showing that how training influences soft skills such as tacit knowledge on organizational culture and potential clients, deliver best solutions to the project management. Meanwhile, the outcomes provided significant traits on perceived training effectiveness, which drive increase in knowledge, practical implication, and quality of project delivered, presentation skills, communication and problem-solving abilities. The study also contributed to the literature in terms of defining how technical and domain expertise not only effect the outcomes of case management systems but also develop greater coordination for dealing the intricacies, project difficulties, and task-related complexities.

L’expertise a été étudiée en psychologie cognitive afin de comprendre les mécanismes psychologiques et les compétences intervenant dans différents domaines d’expertise. Dans le domaine du vin, les quelques études menées suggèrent que les experts organiseraient leurs connaissances autour de « prototypes » de couleur ou de cépage. L’objectif général de cette thèse visait à répondre aux questionnements théoriques concernant les représentations des vins d’experts et de novices, ainsi qu’aux questionnements de la filière concernant les perceptions des vins du Beaujolais. Pour cela, l’effet de l’expertise sur les représentations des vins a été évalué en comparant les performances de trois panels (experts, novices familiers et novices non familiers). Dans une première partie, l’organisation hiérarchique des connaissances a été étudiée en la comparant au système de classification des vins. Pour cela, une tâche de tri libre hiérarchique a été réalisée sur des étiquettes de vins de différents cépages, vignobles et appellations. Des interviews complémentaires ont permis d’identifier les critères et les stratégies utilisés par les panélistes. Dans une deuxième partie, les retranscriptions des interviews ont été analysées par analyse textuelle afin d’apporter des informations complémentaires sur les représentations des vins des différents panels. Dans une troisième partie, les représentations conceptuelles et perceptuelles des vins pour des niveaux de catégorisation de plus en plus spécifiques (cépage, appellation et lieu-dit) ont été comparées. Pour cela, une tâche de tri binaire a été réalisée pour chaque niveau de catégorisation sur des vins et les étiquettes de ces mêmes vins. / Expertise was studied in cognitive psychology in order to understand the psychological mechanisms and the abilities involved in various areas of expertise. In the wine field, the few studies conducted on expertise suggest that the knowledge representation of experts is organized around “prototypes” derived from wines of different colours or grape varieties. The general purpose of this thesis was to address 1) theoretical questions about knowledge representation of wines among experts and novices, and 2) wine industry questions about Beaujolais wine perceptions. To this end, the effect of expertise on knowledge representations of wines was evaluated by comparing the performance of three different panels (experts, familiar novices and unfamiliar novices). In a first section, the hierarchical organization of knowledge was studied, and compared to the wine classification system. To this end, a free hierarchical sorting task was conducted on wine labels from different grape varieties, vineyards and appellations. Additional interviews allowed us to identify the criteria and the strategies used by panelists.In a second section, the transcribed interviews were analyzed by textual analysis in order to provide additional information about the wine representations of the different panels.In a third section, the conceptual and the perceptual wine representations of panelists were compared at different levels of abstraction going from the more general to the more specific (grape variety, appellation and lieu-dit) were compared. A binary sorting task was conducted for each level of abstraction using wines and labels of the same wines as stimuli.

L'objectif de ce travail est de montrer que l’'expertise peut-être une solution aux baisses de performances observées dans un paradigme de multitâche. Beaucoup d'expériences sur l'expertise expliquent que les experts vont mobiliser leurs connaissances antérieurement acquises afin de réaliser une tâche (stratégie top-down). Au contraire des novices, qui vont explorer le matériel de manière plus exhaustive en partant uniquement de l’objectif de la tâche à réaliser (stratégie bottom-up). Nous avons réalisé trois études. La première porte sur les patterns visuels des experts du jeu WoW. Alors que les experts devaient mémoriser des éléments d’une vidéo (simple vs complexe) tout en écoutant une histoire, on observe que lorsque le matériel est simple, les experts mettent en place une stratégie top-down, au contraire lorsque la tâche est plus complexe ils vont retourner progressivement à une stratégie bottom-up. Les novices, quant à eux suivront une stratégie bottom-up tout le long de l’expérience. La saillance capturerait le regard des novices, au contraire des experts qui arriveraient à l'inhiber. Grâce à ces résultats, nous avons mis à jour une grille d’heuristiques ergonomique. Enfin, nous avons étudié les patterns visuels dans un environnement plus écologique comme la réservation de billets d’avion en ligne. Les résultats, tout comme ceux de la première expérience, montrent le même type de pattern visuel trouvé dans les recherches n’impliquant que l’expertise. Les experts dans un domaine seraient aussi experts en multitâche dans ce domaine. De plus, la dernière expérience montre que les experts, quelques soient la charge de travail, mettent en place des stratégies top-down. / The aim of this project is to show how expertise can be a solution to the decrease of the performance in a multitasking paradigm. A lot of experience on the expertise explain that these experts will use their knowledge previously learned to explore an interface (top-down strategy). Unlike novices, who will explore the material in a more exhaustive way based on the objective of the task to be achieved (bottom-up strategy).We have carried out three studies to answer this problem. We studied the visual patterns of the WoW game experts, while asking them to memorize elements of a video (simple vs complex) and listening a story . We observe ambivalence in the strategy of exploration. Effectively, when the material is simple, experts will use a top-down strategy, and progressively with the complexity of the task, they will return to a bottom-up strategy. The novices, meanwhile, will follow a bottom-up strategy throughout the experience. The study of the map of salience shows that the attention of the novices will be captured by this one. This is not the case for experts who will inhibit it and explore the most important information for the task. From these results, we have updated an usability heuristic grid. Finally, we have completed this research by studying visual patterns in a more ecological context as booking airline tickets online. The results, like those of the first experiment, show the same type of visual pattern found in research involving only expertise. Experts in one field would also be experts in multitasking in this field. Moreover, in the last research, we found experts use all long these top-down’ strategy even on the more complex condition.

La thèse est menée dans le cadre d’une convention industrielle de formation par la recherche (Cifre) avec un cabinet d’études et de conseil spécialisé dans les relations sociales, l’analyse des enjeux contemporains du travail (organisation, conditions de travail, évolution des métiers, etc.) et de la stratégie des entreprises. Il réalise dans ce cadre des expertises demandées par les Institutions représentatives du personnel (Comités d’entreprise ou d’établissement, Chsct) dont l’appropriation par les représentants du personnel est marquée par une forte disparité. Cette recherche s’inscrit dans la suite d’une étude réalisée pour la Dares sur les savoirs des représentants du personnel qui a été réalisée en 2009 conjointement par le cabinet et le Ceperc où il est apparu que l’expertise tenait une place ambigüe dans le discours des représentants du personnel. Ceux-ci, bien que pensant l’expertise utile, ne l’identifient pas toujours comme une source de savoirs. A partir d’une réflexion sur la notion d’expertise, il s’agit dans ce travail de comprendre comment elle opère en connecteur entre le monde des militants du travail et le monde des experts auprès des IRP. La première partie de cette thèse cherche à circonscrire respectivement ces deux mondes tandis que la seconde partie se propose de les mettre en pratique à travers l’activité du cabinet et une enquête menée auprès des représentants du personnel. Les résultats ainsi obtenus, nous permettent de dégager des trajectoires d’appropriation en fonction du profil des militants, des catégories d’expertises et des savoirs. / The thesis is carried out as part of an industrial convention of a research training program (Cifre) with a consultancy firm specialized in social relationships, in the study of contemporary issues of work (organisation, working conditions, working evolution etc…) and in the companies’strategy. This firm carries expert assessments requested by the Institutions representing the staff (works council or joint consultative committee, Chsct) – an appropriation which is marked by a strong disparity. This investigation fits into a study line made by the Dares on the staff representatives acknowledgements which was made in 2009 by both the firm and the Ceperc. During this investigation, it appeared that the assessment had an ambiguous place in the speech of the staff representatives. Though they thought the investigation useful, they don’t always relate it to a source of knowledge. Beginning with a reflection on the notion of expertise, this work seeks to understand how expertise operates as a link between the world of militant workers and that of the experts working with representative bodies. The first part of my thesis tends to confine these two worlds distinctly, while the second offers to put them into practice through the activity of the practice and a survey conducted with the staff representatives. The results thus obtained allow us to bring out paths of appropriation depending on militants profile, categories of expertise and knowledge.

Le but de ce travail est d’étudier l’influence de l’expertise (musicale ou linguistique) sur le traitement des sons linguistiques et non-linguistiques chez l’adulte sain. Plus précisément, il s’agit de cerner les effets de transfert d’apprentissage d’un domaine d'expertise vers un autre domaine afin de tester la spécificité des processus qui sous-tendent le traitement de la musique et du langage et de mieux comprendre les phénomènes de plasticité induits par l’expertise. Pour étudier ces questions, j’ai conduit plusieurs expériences, basées sur l’utilisation conjointe des méthodes issues de la psychologie expérimentale (Temps de Réaction et pourcentage d’erreurs) et de l’électrophysiologie chez l’homme (Potentiels Evoqués). En comparant des musiciens et des non-musiciens, j’ai d’abord testé les effets de transfert d’apprentissage de la musique sur le traitement du mètre et de la sémantique dans le langage (Expérience 1), ainsi que sur la phonologie et les variations de hauteur tonale (Expérience 2). Les résultats montrent que l'expertise musicale améliore la perception des aspects métriques du langage parlé et réduit les interférences liées au traitement sémantique. Ils soulignent également que l'expertise musicale améliore la discrimination de variations tonales et phonologiques dans une langue à tons inconnue des participants: le Mandarin. Dans une troisième étude j’ai testé l’hypothèse inverse, celle d’un transfert d’apprentissage du langage vers des sons non-linguistiques. Pour ce faire, j’ai comparé le traitement pré-attentif et attentif de variations de durée, de fréquence et d’intensité de sons non-linguistiques chez des locuteurs d’une langue à quantité, le Finnois, et chez des Français. Les résultats montrent que les participants Finlandais sont plus sensibles aux variations de durée de sons non-linguistiques que les participants Français. En incluant un groupe de sujets musiciens Français à cette étude, j’ai également pu comparer l’influence de l’expertise linguistique et de l’expertise musicale. Les résultats révèlent une influence similaire de ces deux types d’expertise sur le traitement des variations de durée. Enfin, les résultats de deux études visant à comparer les processus conceptuels/sémiotiques impliqués dans l’analyse de sons de l’environnement et de sons musicaux à ceux impliqués dans l’analyse de sons du langage, révèlent des similarités dans les corrélats électrophysiologiques (N400) associés aux différents types de sons. Deux interprétations complémentaires, reposant sur la mise en jeu d’effets « bottom-up » et « top-down », sont proposées pour rendre compte des effets de transfert d’apprentissage. / The aim of this work is to study the influence of expertise (musical and linguistic) on the processing of linguistics and non-linguistics sounds in healthy adults. More precisely, the goal is to examine the transfer of training effects from one domain of expertise to another domain in order to test the specificity of the processes underlying music and language processing as well as the effects of plasticity induced by expertise. To address these questions, I conducted several experiments based on the use of methods from experimental psychology (Reaction Times and error rates) and from human electrophysiology (Evoked Potentials). By comparing musicians and non-musicians, I first tested transfer of training effects from music to meter and semantic processing in language (Experiment 1), and to phonology and pitch variations (Experiment 2). Results showed, first, that musical expertise improves metrical speech processing while reducing interferences with semantic processing. Second, they showed that musical expertise improves the discrimination of tonal and phonological variations in a tone language unknown to the participants, Mandarin. In a third study I tested the reverse hypothesis of transfer of training from language to the processing of nonlinguistics sounds. To this end, I compared the pre-attentive and attentive processing of duration, frequency and intensity changes in non-speech sounds by Finns, speakers of a quantity language, and by French. Results showed a positive transfer of training from the expertise of Finns to process phoneme duration in their native language to the processing of duration changes in non-speech sounds. I also compared the influence of linguistic and musical expertise by including a group of French musicians. Results revealed similar effects of linguistic and musical expertise on the processing of changes in duration. Finally, in two other studies, we compared the conceptual processes involved in the analysis of environmental sounds and musical sounds with those involved in the analysis of speech sounds, always considering the effects of musical expertise. Results revealed similarities in the electrophysiological correlates (N400) of semiotic processing for these different types of sounds. Two complementary interpretations, relying on bottom-up and top-down effects, are proposed to account for this set of results on transfer of training effects.

La performance sportive est influencée par de nombreux facteurs, lesquels s’influencent eux-mêmes réciproquement. La complexité de ces facteurs et de leurs relations ayant été négligée par les chercheurs, l’objet de la présente thèse était de rendre compte de cette complexité, à l’aide de méthodes empruntées à l’approche dynamique. Nous avons pu montrer que (a) les joueurs de football les plus experts construisent leur représentations du jeu en cours (les liens entre actions réalisées sur le terrain) avec des niveaux de complexité les plus élevés; (b) en aviron, une organisation motrice complexe, impliquant des interactions entre de nombreuses composantes, sous-tend la génération des mouvements de rame en cours; (c) le momentum psychologique en aviron se caractérise par des changements psychologiques et de performance qui s’inscrivent dans l’histoire de la performance; et (d) la performance excellente se développe à partir des interactions en cours entre les facteurs personnels et environnementaux couplés. Ces différents éclairages montrent l’intérêt d’une approche de la complexité pour comprendre les processus de performance. / The processes involved in human performance seem inherently complex and dynamic. For example, in order to “read the game”, a soccer player must integrate all the information from the ongoing movements and positions of team members, the opponents, the relative positions between them, where the ball is located, etc. Furthermore, an individual’s motor performance, which is particularly crucial in sports, depends on various simultaneous processes at different levels of the motor system: Cells, muscles, limbs, the brain, etc. In addition, individuals and teams do not perform in a void, but in achievement contexts, in which they strive for their goals, and their psychological states and performance may fluctuate as a function of many personal and environmental factors. For example, an athlete may enter a positive or negative spiral when perceiving that he or she is progressing or regressing in relation to the preferred goal or outcome (e.g., the victory). This perception of progress and regress, and the positive and negative psychological and behavioral (performance) changes accompanying this perception, are called positive and negative psychological momentum (PM; e.g., Gernigon, Briki, & Eykens, 2010). Positive and negative PM can emerge from one’s (or the opponent’s) mistakes, referee decisions, crowd behaviors, one’s psychological and physical state at a certain moment, and the interactions between these factors (Taylor & Demick, 1994). In addition, switching from performance on a relatively short time frame to a long-term process, individuals develop their abilities over multiple years, and hence over many practice or competition occasions. Ultimately, very few individuals develop world-class performance (e.g., winning Olympic medals), and their excellent abilities develop out of a combination of a variety of personal and environmental factors in interaction (e.g., motivation, coaching, family support, practice; Simonton, 1999). The current dissertation aims to capture complex dynamic performance-related processes, including the topics illustrated above. This means that we examine complexity at different levels (psychological, behavioral), time scales (from one training or competition session up to a career), as well as the interrelation between the processes across different levels and time scales.

Les facteurs de la performance commerciale en formation professionnelle, le cas du néo formateur consultant (N.F.C.). Constat empirique : Pendant plus de 10 ans, l’auteur a formé des demandeurs d’emplois (plus de 450). Dans le cadre des enseignements prodigués, une suspicion est née sur l’origine des difficultés des N.F.C. concernant les facteurs de la performance commerciale en formation professionnelle.Posture épistémologique : La finalité de la recherche est d'établir les facteurs de la performance commerciale en formation professionnelle, le cas du N.F.C. La démarche est de type classique, par une approche positiviste, en fonction du mode de recherche empirique et avec une validation du transfert dans l’univers de la formation professionnelle. Le mode de raisonnement qui s'est imposé est la démarche abductive selon un cadre de logique hypothético-déductif avec l'utilisation de la méthode Delphi. Nous concluons ensuite par des recommandations managériales. Schéma des travaux de recherche : Le point de départ est un groupe de 5 N.F.C. par choix aléatoire pour valider la suspicion. Ensuite l’Etat de l’art apporte les définitions, l'élaboration des concepts et la revue de littérature recherche les travaux existants dans le domaine, en France et dans les pays anglo-saxons. Les concepts d'expertise et de confiance sont ainsi mis en évidence. Les hypothèses sont définies par le groupe Delphi (20 experts et 4 tours d’expression des opinions) et validées par l'étude quantitative (301 réponses). Résultat : Cette méthode propose 2 facteurs de succès : la démonstration de l'expertise et le développement du climat de confiance, portés par 4 principaux paramètres influençant les 2 facteurs de succès, La compréhension du problème du client (95%), l'implication (91%), la réalisation d'actions similaires (86%) et la démonstration des méthodes utilisées (77%). Les recommandations managériales éclairées par le groupe d’experts : proposent aux N.F.C. de développer leur charisme et de faire autorité par la maîtrise de la rhétorique. Si le travail le dispute au talent, le N.F.C. verra les facteurs de sa performance commerciale transformer son expérience en expertise et son expertise en revenu. / The purpose of this research is to establish factors for commercial performance in the professional training sector, the case of the N.T.C. (Neo Trainer Consultant). Empirical observation: The author has trained job seekers (more than 450) for over 10 years. Through this experience providing lessons, a suspicion arose regarding the origin of the difficulties (N.T.C.) concerning the factors for commercial performance in professional training.Research work plan: The start point is a group of five randomly selected N.T.C. to confirm the suspicion. Then the state of the art bring the definitions, the development of concepts, and the literature review, research the works that already exist in the field in France and in English-speaking countries. The concepts of expertise and confidence are highlighted.The hypotheses are defined by the Delphi group (20 experts and 4 rounds of expressed opinions) and validated by the quantitative study (301 responses). Result: This method offers 2 factors of success: demonstration of the expertise and establishment of the confidence ascribed to the 4 principal parameters influencing 2 factors of success : comprehension of the client's problem (95%), involvement (91%), realisation of similar actions (86%) and demonstration of the methods employed (77%).Managerial recommendations enlightend by the group of experts who suggest to the N.T.C to develop their charisma and authoritativeness by mastering their grasp of rhetoric. If the work creates a conflict between this notion and talent, the N.T.C. will see factors for commercial performance transform his experience into expertise and his expertise into income.