[pt] Esta dissertação tem como objetivo propor modelos matemáticos e ferramentas computacionais de assessoria na tomada de decisão para o dimensionamento da frota ótima de veículos. O trabalho apresenta modelos que visam reduzir os custos de transporte para uma frota heterogênea de veículos composta por veículos próprios e terceirizados. Os modelos são baseados em problemas de Bin Packing, Roteirização de veículos e dimensionamento de frotas heterogêneas e foram moldados para atender as necessidades da empresa em estudo. Os resultados obtidos na aplicação de cada modelo foram comparados e as ferramentas computacionais utilizadas foram analisadas para identificar os pontos positivos e negativos. Este trabalho também propõe um modelo que compara a compra de novos veículos com a terceirização das entregas quando a frota própria não é suficiente para atender a demanda. / [en] This dissertation aims to propose mathematical models and computational tools to optimize the dimension of a heterogeneous vehicle fleet in his size and composition. This work shows models that intend to reduce transportation cost for a heterogeneous fleet compose by own and third vehicles. The models are based in problems such as BPP- Bin packing problem, VRP – Vehicle routing problem and linear programming. The problems have been molded to attend the necessities of the company in the study of case. The results achieved in the application of each model were compared and the computational tools had been analyzed to identify positive and negative points. This work also proposes a model that compares the purchase of new vehicles with the delivery by third company when the own fleet is not enough to attend the demand.

Vehicles being driven for work purposes represent a large proportion of road collision and deaths in the workplace. These observations mean that people driving for work can impose a large burden on organisations and on society. In addition, previous studies identified a fleet driver effect for which there was greater collision risk for those who drive for work compared to the general driving population, even after controlling for exposure. This accentuates the need for both organisational and government policy makers to take steps to reduce the impact of these collisions. No single intervention has been found to solve issues around work-related road safety therefore a range of initiatives have been directed towards the risks associated with drivers, vehicles, journeys and organisations. Many of the interventions, however, lack robust evidence to support their use. The aim of this thesis is to assess organisational interventions to improve work-related road safety by using econometric models on real-world data. The data represents driving claims made between 2005 and 2012 by employees of a large UK company, with a fleet of approximately 35,000 vehicles. The drivers were employed in a variety of roles such as working in technical positions at customer sites or making sales visits. The company has applied a range of strategies to road safety resulting in annual claim reductions of 7.7% compared to only a 4.5% reduction in collisions nationally. The company s data are used to undertake three studies which focused on driver training, manager training and claim segmentation. Statistical models were employed to investigate the effect of two different driver training courses on the frequency of claims while controlling for other factors. The results indicated that driver training courses significantly reduced both the total number of claims and the claim types targeted by the training. The impacts of the interventions were also adjusted for the effects of non-random driver selection and other safety improvements initiated by the company or other agencies. An important finding of this work was that randomly inflated pre-training events accounted for between a third and a quarter of the observed reduction in claims following training. The second study evaluated the impact of management training on claims using multilevel models which allowed for correlation between observations. The study could not confirm that this training was an effective safety intervention. This null result provides an incentive to re-evaluate the implementation of the scheme. The final study identified homogeneous claim segments using statistical models and the impact of training was evaluated on these segments. Such claims were estimated to be reduced by between 32% to 55% following existing driver training courses. This thesis has helped close important gaps and contributed to knowledge in terms of both intervention methodology and the understanding of the effectiveness of work-related road safety interventions. The results, which are already being applied in the case study organisation, demonstrated that training employees in either safe and fuel efficient driving, or low speed manoeuvring, reduced vehicle insurance claims. Further work is necessary to verify the safety value of manager training including gathering detailed information on interactions between managers and drivers.

In this thesis I focus on Emirates Airlines, in particular by identifying key factors that led to the acquisition of the current position in the global aviation market. Till the foundation of Emirates Airlines the aviation industry in this region practically did not exist, and therefore it was not too interesting market in general. Using the research of case study at the thesis, I first examined how and why the airline was founded and subsequently described the uniqueness of this particular case. Partial aims are to answer the research questions and confirm or refute the initial hypothesis. In conclusion, I summarized all the key factors and assess their uniqueness and potential limitations when applied to similar cases in the aviation sector.

The work focuses on the application of satellite navigation systems in the different transport fields. It describes the general principle of operation of navigation systems, as well as its history and development. The following section describes the current navigation systems, the principle of operation, architecture and services. A separate chapter is devoted to being the European Galileo system and its services. Practical work deals with the applications according to the navigation systems across different transport sectors. In addition to the transport sector are given applications in other areas of human activity. The main part is devoted to the application in the monitoring and management of the company's fleet. Part of the analysis is the calculation of the efficiency of this investment.

This Master´s Thesis focuses on the issue of renewal of fleet in Deblice-lesy, s.r.o. company. The aim of this thesis is selection of suitable semitrailer combination for transportation of long timbers and also selection of truck for transportation of ACTS containers for transportation of firewood, which will correspond to the selected criteria. Selection will be realized by using TOPSIS method. Theoretical part focuses on issues of business in road transport, trucks and combinations in road transport and limits of their dimensions and weights. It also describes some methods of multi-criteria decision making. Practical part focuses directly on selection of suitable semitrailer combination for transportation of long timbers and also selection of truck for transportation of ACTS containers according to the defined criteria. One of the aims is also mapping of the market and choices which exist when selecting combination for transportation of long timbers.

This diploma thesis considers with main issues of a fleet management containing cars, vans and trucks . Purpose of this diploma thesis is to detect possible mistakes in fleet management of selected companies and from a common point of view and to show hidden potential of costs reduction which is in this theme covert.

El presente trabajo de investigación se llevó a cabo en la idea de formular propuestas de mejora para la reducción del TCO por atención de la gestión de flotas de una empresa que brinda servicio a las principales empresas de telecomunicaciones. Actualmente, el costo de esta gestión representa el 42% del total de costos de la compañía, por tanto, representa una oportunidad importante para iniciar un análisis de su TCO e identificar potenciales de ahorro. Esta empresa tiene como reto convertirse en el proveedor de servicios de red de referencia para las empresas de comunicaciones y energía de manera rentable, por este motivo una adecuada gestión de sus costos es el camino para ser competitivos. El problema identificado radica en el no cumplimiento de los presupuestos asignados a la gestión de flotas, siendo este presupuesto repartido entre todas sus sedes. El impacto negativo de esta situación radica en sobrecostos para la organización y posibles pérdidas de clientes debido a no poder ofertar precios competitivos en las licitaciones que participa. Para resolver la problemática, el trabajo de investigación se compone de cinco capítulos: El primero se centra en la definición del problema y la justificación de por qué es necesario el análisis de la presente. En el segundo capítulo, se presenta los conceptos relacionados al TCO y gestión de flotas, así como de herramientas lean que serán la base para formular las propuestas tanto para reducción de TCO e incremento de atenciones; adicionalmente el estado del arte con investigaciones académicas relacionadas al tema. En el tercer capítulo, se describe la situación actual de la gestión de flota relacionado al TCO y nivel de atenciones, se analiza y delimita la sede y componentes del costo para mejora, además de identificar las causas que originan los problemas. Con la identificación de las causas, en el cuarto capítulo, se procede a desarrollar la propuesta de mejora apoyada en herramientas Lean, para finalmente terminar con los cálculos de beneficios esperados y principalmente el impacto en el TCO y presupuesto actual de la gestión. Por último, en el capítulo quinto se muestran las conclusiones y recomendaciones finales para la implementación. El trabajo realizado espera como resultado final la reducción en el TCO por atención y el cumplimiento de los presupuestos asignados de la gestión de flotas, optimizando la gestión de costos de la compañía y contribuir de manera positiva incrementando las posibilidades de abrir nuevos negocios ofreciendo precios competitivos en las licitaciones. / This research work was carried out with the idea of ​​formulating improvement proposals for the reduction of the TCO for fleet management by attention of a company that provides service to the main telecommunications companies. Currently, the cost of this management represents 42% of the company's total costs, therefore, it represents an important opportunity to start an analysis of its TCO and identify potential savings. The challenge of this company is to become the reference network service provider for communications and energy companies in a profitable manner, for this reason an adequate management of their costs is the way to be competitive. The problem identified is about the non-compliance with the budgets assigned to fleet management, this budget being distributed among all its offices. The negative impact of this situation generates over costs for the organization and possible loss of customers due to not being able to offer competitive prices in the tenders it participates. To solve the problem, the thesis is divided in five chapters: The first focuses on the definition of the problem and the justification of why the analysis of this thesis is necessary. In the second chapter, the concepts related to TCO and fleet management are presented, as well as lean tools that will be the basis for formulating proposals for both reductions of TCO and increase of attentions; additionally, the state of the art with academic research related to the topic. In the third chapter, the current situation of fleet management related to the TCO and level of attentions are described, the office and the cost components for improvement are analyzed and defined, in addition to identifying the causes that originate the problems. With the identification of the causes, in the fourth chapter, we proceed to develop the improvement proposal supported by Lean tools, to finally finish with the calculations of expected benefits and mainly the impact on the TCO and current management budget. Finally, the fifth chapter shows the final conclusions and recommendations for implementation. The work performed expects as a final result the reduction in the TCO by attention and compliance with the assigned budgets of fleet management, optimizing the company's cost management and contributing positively by increasing the possibilities of opening new businesses by offering competitive prices in tenders. / Trabajo de investigación

<div>Hypersonic flows consist of harsh environments where chemistry effects are relevant and low speed assumptions such as the ideal gas law and the continuum hypothesis</div><div>begin to break down. Because of these processes, computer models do a poor job of predicting behavior of vehicles in hypersonic flight. High fi?delity ground test</div><div>measurements are necessary to anchor and extrapolate CFD simulations so that flight vehicle designs can continue to improve. Due to the harsh conditions and complexities</div><div>of test facilities, implementing experimental measurements can prove challenging. Molecular tagging methods such as Femtosecond Laser Electronic Excitation Tagging</div><div>(FLEET) are attractive for use in hypersonic ground test facilities for many reasons. They are generally considered non-intrusive, since they require no physical probes or seed particles to be placed in the flow. This both keeps the facility safe from damage and minimizes the disturbance imparted on the flowfi?eld by the measurement. Since the tracer is comprised of molecules already present in the flow, the measurement is reliable and can track velocities over a wide dynamic range. The optical arrangement for FLEET is rather simple, requiring only a focused laser beam and a camera to capture the signal. The method can even be applied as a one-sided measurement requiring only one direction of optical access. The current state-of-the-art for the FLEET method is point-wise measurements made at 1 kHz with a</div><div>commercially available laser system. The basis for this thesis is to identify and address current limitations in the implementation of FLEET to relevant flow facilities in terms of the useful aerodynamic information that can be extracted. Fundamental advances to the spatial extent and temporal resolution of FLEET are investigated, and novel applied measurements in high speed flow facilities are presented. Considerations of the precision, spatial resolution and ability to implement fundamental advances to harsh and more complex environments are discussed. A custom-built burst-mode femtosecond laser system is used to enable FLEET measurements at 1 MHz, an improvement of three orders</div><div>of magnitude in measurement rate. New optical arrangements including microlens arrays and holographic beamsplitters are developed to allow multi-dimensional grids</div><div>to be tracked to instantaneously measure velocity gradients. Shock wave and shear measurements in a supersonic bladeless turbine and boundary layer measurements</div><div>on a Mach 6 cone-cylinder-flare are demonstrated. Additionally, an adapted method, Femtosecond Laser Activation and Sensing of Hydroxyl (FLASH) is developed and applied to measure velocity in reacting environments such as a Rotating Detonation Engine (RDE). These innovations provide a path forward for improving the spatiotemproal fi?delity of velocity measurements and extending the capability for investigation high-speed reacting and non-reacting flows in hypersonic ground test facilities.</div><div><br></div>

A comprehensive study is presented of the Capacitated Multi DepotGreen Vehicle Routing Problem (CMDGVRP) applied to a heterogeneous fleet of electronic waste collecting vehicles with two objectives: to reduce the total fuel consumption of the vehicles (environmental sustainability) and to limit the continuous drive-time of the drivers (social sustainability). Research has been limited from this aspect, and in this study, the focus is on the practical application of pickup and delivery of electronic waste. The study also presents results for the online dynamic routing variant of this problem, where traffic congestion appears mid-route. A detailed analysis and parameter optimization has been done for Simulated Annealing, Genetic algorithm(GA), along with more advanced variants like Non-dominated Sorting GA (NSGA II), NSGA III, UNSGA III, and Indicator-Based Selection Evolutionary Algorithm (IBEA). Additionally, the Gini index is used to create a multi-objective model, which is novel in the context of CMDGVRP to the best of our knowledge. The use of the Gini index in the field of CMDGVRP shows excellent potential in balancing environmental, economic, and social sustainability. An extension of the CMDGVRP is introduced where vehicles can visit dropoff locations mid-route and then continue with a new route. This implementation is novel to our knowledge and is named Drop-and-continue. It is shown to increase the performance on large datasets. Results are presented from realistic simulation studies on a public dataset, with varying route lengths and vehicle fleet sizes, along with a real-world dataset from a waste collection company in Sweden. The results show that the optimal choice of algorithm depends on the dataset size and if there is a maximum budget of evaluations or computation time. Realistic problems are solved in a matter of a few seconds, given that they are initiated well. Simulated Annealing and Genetic algorithm prove to be very competitive in the case of large problems and limited computation time budget.

This thesis presents an analysis and confrontation of the classical and current strategic naval thinking aimed to discover whether the classical theories of naval power are still relevant for the current strategic thinking of the United States of America and operational conduct of the U.S. Navy. This is done by creating a theoretical analytical framework based on the analysis of the works of two chosen classical naval thinkers Admiral A.T. Mahan and Sir Julian S. Corbett. This theoretical framework is then applied to the analysis of the current American strategic documents: National Security Strategy, National Military Strategy and Naval Strategy. By applying the theoretical framework to the analysis of these documents, the thesis will confirm or disproof the relevance of the classical naval thought to the current one. The thesis further continues to apply the theoretical framework to the part of the thesis, which analyses the Pacific Fleet of the United States and their area of responsibility in order to identify the strategic challenges that the Pacific Fleet encounters in its area of responsibility. Further analysis is focused on identifying and evaluating the reactions of the Pacific Fleet to the identified challenges.