The aim of this study is to examine how the Graphical User Interface of League of Legends’ ability icons for champions evolved from 2009-2023. This was done by conductinga formal analysis of three different champions from the game League of Legends that haveundergone Visual and Gameplay Updates. The value of this case study was the understandingof the evolution of GUI in games over a long period of time. This may help game artists tounderstand how a coherent graphic design language is formed for a specific game and how itevolves over time to reflect design changes in games.

This study examines the level design of the game Dying Light through the lens of player movement. It aims to answer the question: How does the player movement capabilities inform the level design in the game Dying Light? The study analyses the correlation between the player’s movement capabilities and level layout. The research is relevant to game designers wanting to make games centered around movement as a core mechanic, and researchers wanting to use design patterns to study level design through the lens of a core mechanic. The research was conducted through a formal analysis of the actions, components, and goals found in the level, which together form a multitude of level design patterns that support the player’s movement capabilities. These patterns were split into categories based on their goals, followed by these categories being noted down on a designated area of the map. The study indicates that the patterns made with these primitives are a useful tool to tie a specific mechanic like player movement to level- and game design decisions, which is shown in how the level design of Dying Light was built around its movement system to allow for almost unlimited freedom of movement.

Engineering secure software remains a significant challenge for today's software organizations as they struggle to understand the implications of security on their systems and develop systems that guarantee specified software security properties. The use of formal methods that are based on mathematical models has long been advocated in the development of secure systems, yet the promise of formal methods has not been realized. This is due to the additional discipline needed to formulate precisely the requirements and due complexities that often confront engineers. Further, the cost of development and the requisite learning curve of formal methods are quite high making them cost prohibitive to apply, especially for large software. The transition from requirements to design has been one of the most difficult steps in software development. Moreover, effective methods for deriving design from requirements that guarantee retention of the intended security properties remain largely unrealized on a repeatable and consistent basis. If security requirements are formalized and transformed into design using formal methods, the potential for security vulnerabilities would be diminished through better clarity, completeness, and consistency. Therefore, a requirements specification must be systematically transformable to a formal representation, and through effective formal methods the design can be derived such that the security properties are preserved and conveyed. This dissertation presents the FADES (Formal Analysis and Design for Engineering Security) approach that couples goal-oriented requirements specification with formal design specification to develop secure software in a constructive, provable and cost-effective way. To the best of our knowledge, FADES is the first security engineering approach that provides a systematic and automated bridge between semi-formal security requirements and formal design and implementation. FADES maintains the completeness and consistency of the security requirements specified with KAOS (Knowledge Acquisition for autOmated Specifications) when transformed to B formal specifications. Relaxing formality during requirements analysis enables security requirements to be better organized for producing more complete, consistent and clear requirements. The KAOS requirements model is then transformed to B, a popular formal representation used to derive and refine software systems. Security design specifications and implementation are produced using the B formal method which preserves the requisite security requirement properties. FADES treats security-specific elements in a systematic and constructive way while considering security early in the development lifecycle. Moreover, employing FADES provides better confidence for security evaluators in the evaluation of trusted software. A side effect of employing formal methods in development is the availability of sufficient traceability information at the various phases of development and maintenance allowing for more accurate impact analysis of security changes. FADES has been examined empirically both by security engineering experts and practitioners. Results obtained from the controlled experiments compare FADES to other formal methods, and show that FADES preserves security properties while maintaining better consistency, quality, and completeness. This is accomplished at a lower cost and with better results. These results have been evaluated by academic and industry experts working in the area of security and formal methods. / Ph. D.

Formally-based design and implementation techniques for complex safety-critical embedded systems are required not only to handle the complexity, but also to provide correctness guarantees. Traditional design approaches struggle to cope with complexity, and they generally require extensive testing to guarantee correctness. As the designs get larger and more complex, traditional approaches face many limitations. An alternate design approach is to adopt a "correct-by-construction" paradigm and synthesize the desired hardware and software from the high-level descriptions expressed using one of the many formal modeling languages. Since these languages are equipped with formal semantics, formally-based tools can be employed for various analysis. In this dissertation, we adopt one such formal modeling language - MRICDF (Multi-Rate Instantaneous Channel-connected Data Flow). MRICDF is a graphical, declarative, polychronous modeling language, with a formalism that allows the modeler to easily describe multi-clocked systems without the necessity of global clock. Unnecessary synchronizations among concurrent computation entities can be avoided using a polychronous language such as MRICDF. We have explored a Boolean theory-based techniques for synthesizing multi-threaded/concurrent code and extended the technique to improve the performance of synthesized multi-threaded code. We also explored synthesizing ASIPs (Application Specific Instruction Set Processors) from MRICDF models. Further, we have developed formal techniques to identify constructive causality in polychronous models. We have also developed SMT (Satisfiablity Modulo Theory)-based techniques to identify dimensional inconsistencies and to perform value-range analysis of polychronous models. / Ph. D.

Managing complexity is an increasing challenge in the development of embedded systems (ES). Some of the factors contributing to the increase in complexity are the growing complexity of hardware and software, and the increased pressure to deliver full-featured products with reduced time-to-market. An attractive approach to manage the software complexity, reduce time-to-market and decrease development costs lies in the adoption of component-based development that has been proven as a successful approach in other domains. Another raising challenge, due to complexity increase, in ES, is predictability, i.e., the ability to anticipate the behavior of a system at run-time. The particular predictability requirements of ES call for a development framework equipped with techniques and tools that can be applied to deal with requirements, such as timing, and resource utilization, already at early-stage of development. Modeling and formal analysis play increasingly important roles in achieving predictability, since they can help us to understand how systems function, validate the design and verify some important properties. In this thesis, we present a resource-aware framework for designing predictable component-based ES. The proposed framework consists of (i) the formally specified ProCom component model that takes into account the characteristics of control-intensive ES, and (ii) the resource-aware timed behavioral language - REMES for modeling and reasoning about components’ and systems’ functional and extra-functional behavior that includes relevant resource types for ES, associated analysis techniques for various resource-wise properties, and a set of associated tools. To demonstrate the potential application of our framework, we present a number of case studies, out of which one is an industrial research prototype, where ProCom and REMES are applied. / PROGRESS

This study examines phrase and larger formal structures in the first movement of Leo Brouwer’s Elegio de la Danza (1964), a work that draws on tonal and post-tonal traditions. By adapting key features of the tonal motive, as described by Douglass Green, and the tonal period, as proposed by Green and William Caplin, the model seeks to provide a tool for the discussion of phrases and larger forms in Brouwer’s work. An analysis of primary parameters, such as melody, harmony, and rhythm, provides the means to discuss how the composer articulates beginnings and endings of statements and responses, which are then grouped into antecedent and consequent phrases. These periods articulate large-scale sections, which outline a ternary formal design. Secondary parameters (dynamics, tempo markings, instrumental markings) further contribute to the identification of formal structures in Brouwer’s work.

Orientador: Edson Sekeff Zampronha / Banca: Martha Herr / Banca: John Boudler / Resumo: O presente trabalho de mestrado tem como seu principal objetivo demonstrar que a aplicação de diferentes métodos analíticos a uma mesma obra e sua posterior comparação é uma metodologia eficaz para o estudo da linguagem musical, em particular de uma obra específica e que, através deste procedimento, informações de interesse teórico e interpretativo, que vão além da aplicação isolada de cada método, podem ser alcançadas. Para tanto, foi feita a análise de um movimento de grande duração inserido em uma obra extensa, composta pelo austríaco Gustav Mahler (1860-1911): a Sinfonia nº3. Sobre esta obra foram realizadas três análises: formal segundo Schoenberg e Rosen; motívica, segundo Réti; e schenkeriana, segundo Salzer.Os métodos foram comparados entre si, de modo a identificarem-se as convergências e divergências entre eles; com base nas divergências e convergências, foramindicadas possibilidades de leitura da obra. Ao final, estes resultados foram confrontados com gravações realizadas por grandes orquestras, tendo à frente regentes reconhecidos como grandes intérpretes da obra de Mahler, verifinco como foram solucionados os problemas de divergência analítica e observando, ainda, se as convergências podem ser confirmadas em suas interpretações. / Abstract: The present Master's Degree dissertation seeks to demonstrate that the utilization of different analytical methods to a single opus, and their posterior comparation, in an efficient method for the study of musical language, particularly of an specific opus, and that, through this procedure, information on theoretical and interpretative interest that go beyond the isolated utilization of each method can be reached. Therefore, three analysis of the first movement of Gustav Mahler's 3rd Symphony were made. The three analysis were; formal, according to Schoenberg and Rosen; motivic according to Réti; and schenkerian, according to Salzer. The methods were compared to each other so it would be possible to identify similarities and differences amont them. Then, based on these similarities and differences, possibilities of reading of the work were indicated. In the end, these results were confronted with recording made by great orchestras, conducted by great maestros well-known as great interpreters of Mahler's opus, verifying how the problems of analytical diffrences were resolved and observing as well if the similarities coud be confirmed in their interpretations. / Mestre

A presente dissertação consiste numa tentativa de se desenvolver uma discussão ampliada a partir de uma análise de Cidade de Deus, de Paulo Lins. Tal análise buscava desentranhar os traços formais fundamentais da obra, para a partir delas intuir dinâmicas sociais, culturais e históricas, tornadas mais evidentes pelo próprio trabalho. Partindo do caráter de exceção e de novidade da obra no quadro do romance brasileiro dos anos 1990 e mesmo em geral, sem excluir a sua matriz francesa, coube-nos perguntar no que consistia tal empreitada artística, traduzido num inusitado modo de composição, tendo em vista não tanto a sua reverberação dentro da história literária, mas as suas consequências em outros planos, sejam eles culturais ou histórico-sociais. / The dissertation that follows tries to develop a broader discussion from the analysis of Paulo Lins\' Cidade de Deus. Such an analysis strives to unravel the fundamental formal characteristics of the novel, and then to make use of them to perceive and see through some cultural, historical and social dynamics that are to become clearer in due course. Starting from the status of exception and novelty of this literary work, against the background of the Brazilian novel and its French matrix, the question repeatedly raised was the one concerning the very nature of this artistic effort, its unusual composition mode, aiming not so much at its reverberations inside the literary history, but at its consequences in different cultural and sociohistorical dimensions.

Omniprésents, la relation homme-machine est encore une définition ardue à cerner. Les ordinateurs réalisent dans le temps des tâches récurrentes. Ils aident ainsi l'homme à manipuler d'énormes quantités de données, souvent même plus rapidement et plus précisément que lui. Malgré cela, la capacité des ordinateurs demeure limitée lorsqu'il s'agit d'extraire automatiquement des informations d'images ou de vidéos, qui représentent pourtant des volumes de données extrêmement importants. La vision par ordinateur est un domaine qui inclut des méthodes d'acquisition, de traitement, d'analyse et de compréhension des images afin de produire de l'information numérique ou symbolique. Un axe de recherche contribuant au développement de ce domaine consiste à reproduire les capacités de la vision humaine par voie électronique afin de percevoir et de comprendre une image. Il s'agit de développer des algorithmes qui reproduisent une des capacités les plus étonnantes du cerveau humain à savoir la déduction des propriétés du monde purement externe au moyen de la lumière qui nous revient des divers objets qui nous entourent. Nos travaux de thèse s'inscrivent dans cet axe de recherche. Nous proposons plusieurs contributions originales s'inscrivant dans le cadre de résolution des problèmes de la reconnaissance et de la localisation des symboles graphiques en contexte. L'originalité des approches proposées réside dans la proposition d'une alliance intéressante entre l'Analyse Formelle de Concepts et la vision par ordinateur. Pour ce faire, nous nous sommes confrontés à l'étude du domaine de l'AFC et plus précisément l'adaptation de la structure du treillis de concepts et son utilisation comme étant l'outil majeur de nos travaux. La principale particularité de notre travail réside dans son aspect générique vu que les méthodes proposées peuvent être alliées à divers outils autre que le treillis de concepts en gardant les mêmes stratégies adoptées et en suivant une procédure semblable. Notre incursion dans le domaine de l'Analyse Formelle de Concepts et plus précisément notre choix de la structure du treillis de Galois appelé aussi treillis de concepts est motivé par les nombreux avantages présentés par cet outil. Le principal avantage du treillis de concepts est l'aspect symbolique qu'il offre. Il présente un espace de recherche concis, précis et souple facilitant ainsi la prise de décision. Nos contributions sont inscrites dans le cadre de la reconnaissance et de localisation de symboles dans les documents graphiques. Nous proposons des chaînes de traitement s'inscrivant dans le domaine de la vision par ordinateur / Computer vision is a field that includes methods for the acquisition, processing, analysis and understanding of images to produce numerical or symbolic information. A research contributing to the development of this area is to replicate the capabilities of human vision to perceive and understand images. Our thesis is part of this research axis. We propose several original contributions belonging to the context of graphics recognition and spotting context. The originality of the proposed approaches is the proposal of an interesting alliance between the Formal Concept Analysis and the Computer Vision fields. We face the study of the FCA field and more precisely the adaptation of the structure of concept lattice and its use as the main tool of our work. The main feature of our work lies in its generic aspect because the proposed methods can be combined with various other tools keeping the same strategies and following a similar procedure. Our foray into the area of the Formal Concept Analysis and more precisely our choice of the structure of the Galois lattice, also called concept lattice is motivated by the many advantages offered by this tool. The main advantage of concept lattice is the symbolic aspect. It is a concise, accurate and flexible search space thus facilitating decision making. Our contributions are recorded as part of the recognition and localization of symbols in graphic documents. We propose to recognize and spot symbols in graphical documents (technical drawings for example) using the alliance between the bag of words representation and the Galois lattice formalism. We opt for various methods belonging to the computer vision field

A presente dissertação consiste em uma tentativa de apreender a figuração da elite a partir do ponto de vista que organiza o romance Azul e dura, de Beatriz Bracher. Procuramos determinar a especificidade do olhar da narradora-protagonista em sua relação com o contexto histórico e social contemporâneo com o intuito de definir de que maneira esse olhar capta aspectos significativos da experiência histórica atual. A hipótese que orienta a análise é a de que o romance escrito a partir do ponto de vista de um representante da mais alta elite, e calcado em seu percurso de sofrimento psíquico-social, produz o efeito de cooptação do leitor. Tentamos investigar os limites da formalização que, ao não alcançar o distanciamento, convida o leitor a se colar ao ponto de vista da narradora marcado pelo sentimento de impotência social e pela acomodação ao estado de coisas vigente. / The dissertation that follows aims at analyzing the figuration of the elite from the point of view that organizes the novel Azul e dura, by Beatriz Bracher. We seek to determine the specificity of the perspective of the narrator, who is the protagonist of the narrative, in its relation to the social and economical contemporary context, in order to demonstrate how the point of view of the narrative grasps relevant aspects of the current historical experience. Our hypothesis is that the novel written from the perspective of a representative of our highest elite, and centered in her trajectory of social and psychic suffering, produces the effect of co-optation of the reader. We tried to investigate the limits of the formalization that, without achieving distancing effect, invites the reader to partake the narrators viewpoint characterized by the feeling of social impotence and conformism to the current state of things.