Master of Science / Department of Geology / Sambhudas Chaudhuri / The exploration and development of unconventional shale plays provide an opportunity to study the hydrocarbon generation process. These unconventional plays allow one to investigate the interactions between the fluid, mineral, and organic material that occur in a hydrocarbon-generating source bed, before any changes in composition that may occur during secondary migration or post migration processes. Previous studies have determined the chemical constituents of formation waters collected from conventional reservoirs after secondary migration has occurred. This investigation targets formation waters collected from the Woodford shale that acts as both source and reservoir, therefore samples have yet to experience any changes in composition that occur during secondary migration. This investigation focuses on the major element and trace element chemistry of the formation water (Cl, Br, Na, K, Rb, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Rare Earth Elements), which has been compared to chemical constituents of the associated crude oil and kerogens. Analytical data for this investigation were determined by the following methods; Ion Chromatography, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The information is used to assess the presence of different sources of water that constitute the formation water, and also to investigate interaction between different minerals and formation waters within the source beds. The formation water data also yields new insights into compartmentalization of oil-gas rich zones within the source beds.

Orientador: Hung Kiang Chang / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-25T21:45:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DeGasperi_Andre_M.pdf: 15227160 bytes, checksum: cda675b39721b02912e8e36afd9ff03e (MD5) Previous issue date: 1999 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foram modelados numericamente a salinização da água de formação e a migração secundária e acumulação dos hidrocarbonetos que preenchem os reservatórios do Membro Carmópolis, da Formação Muribeca, na Bacia de Sergipe. O modelo geológico-geoquímico que serviu de base para a modelagem numérica da salinização foi reproduzido utilizando um simulador de difusão iônica construído para este fim. A simulação considerou a infiltração de água meteórica em porções localizadas nas bordas da bacia, a dissolução de sal da unidade sobreposta e a difusão iônica lateral, como os principais processos controladores da salinização da água de formação. A modelagem da migração secundária e acumulação de hidrocarbonetos na área foi realizada utilizando um simulador de escoamento comercial. A simulação exigiu duas fontes distintas de hidrocarbonetos, configurando duas rotas de migração. Este processo ocorreu inicialmente por migração vertical, através de zona de falha, seguido por deslocamento lateral focalizado, através das rochas carreadoras, até o óleo acumular nas estruturas ou escapar para superfície, nas bordas da bacia / Abstract: In the present study, formation water salinity and secondary migration and accumulation of hydrocarbon in reservoir rocks of Carmópolis Member, Muribeca Formation, were numerically modelled. The geologic-geochemical model of formation water salinity evolution was successfully modelled using an ionic diffusion simulator developed for the present work. The model considered meteoric water infiltration in the basin borders, dissolution of overlying salt beds and lateral ionic diffusion. Secondary migration and accumulation in the study area were modelled using a commercial flow simulator, which required two hydrocarbon sources and two distinct migration pathways. This process occurred initially by vertical migration of hydrocarbon through fault zone, followed by focused lateral migration in the carrier beds, reaching the traps or seeping to the surface / Mestrado / Mestre em Engenharia de Petróleo

[pt] O conhecimento da composição química das águas conatas ou de formação é de grande relevância para a produção de petróleo. Atualmente, considera-se a salinidade da água amostrada no aqüífero como representativa de todo o reservatório. Há, entretanto, comprovadas discordâncias e poucas informações sobre a composição química dessas águas. Isso pode levar à estimativa incorreta da reserva de um determinado reservatório, nas previsões de incrustação dos poços e, portanto, nas ações preventivas de elevado custo nos projetos de engenharia. Neste trabalho desenvolveu-se uma metodologia para extração e análise de água conata, a partir de amostras de petróleo. A metodologia se baseia na adição de quantidade conhecida de água sobre um determinado volume de óleo e recuperação dessa água, após separação, para posterior análise. Foram otimizados os parâmetros relevantes para a separação óleo- água, permitindo a recuperação quantitativa de águas associadas, mesmo em concentrações muito baixas (< 0,5%). Estabelecidas as condições, a água extraída foi submetida à análise multielementar por ICP OES e ICP-MS. Os elementos menores e traços determinados apresentaram a seguinte faixa de concentração (em mg L(-1)): Na: 1.880 - 63.794; K- 41,9 - 3.710; Li: 0,48 - 35; Mg: 15,2 - 991; Ca: 143 - 5.867; Sr: 1,12 - 676; Ba: < 0,005 - 243; B: < 0,09 - 149; Zn: < 0,042 - 76,2; Mn: < 0,006 - 4,02; Co: < 0,085 - 465. Os ânions foram determinados por cromatografia iônica, sendo cloreto (4632 - 102.757 mg L(-1)), brometo (2,7- 261 mg L(-1)) e sulfato (15,0 - 3.292 mg (L-1)) os mais abundantes. Os ânions provenientes de ácidos orgânicos, formiato (116 - 7.324 mg L(-1)), acetato (144 - 24.630 mg L(-1)) e propionato (34,3 - 4.891 mg L(-1)), foram investigados também pela técnica de cromatografia iônica em algumas amostras. Na grande maioria das águas extraídas, as concentrações desses cátions e ânions são ordens de grandeza mais altas do que as reportados para água do mar. O excelente balanço iônico calculado para a maioria das águas extraídas (maior ou igual 5%) reforçou a confiabilidade na qualidade analítica dos dados aqui apresentados. Foi otimizada também uma metodologia para pré-concentração de elementos do grupo das terras raras (ETR) através da coprecipitação com hidróxido férrico, a qual permitiu a determinação quantitativa de La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd e Dy nessas águas. O perfil normalizado de concentração desses elementos pelo padrão NASC (North American Shale Composite) mostrou anomalias muito diferentes de água do mar, indicando a potencialidade dos ETR para caracterização geoquímica de águas conatas e dos ambientes geológicos associados. Aperfeiçoou-se também uma metodologia para determinação de elementos menores e traços em petróleo por ICP OES e/ou ICP-MS com introdução de amostra em forma de microemulsão. Ela foi aplicada na análise de óleos e não permitiu apenas a sua caracterização elementar, mas também, um balanço de massa entre a amostra original de óleo e do seu extrato aquoso, o qual se mostrou satisfatório para a maioria das amostras analisadas. Uma vez introduzidas e validadas, as metodologias foram usadas para caracterização de amostras de óleo (e águas associadas), sendo a maior parte proveniente da Bacia de Campos (RJ). Com auxílio de gráficos de correlação, razões elementares e da análise de componentes principais (PCA) foi possível identificar grupos de amostras (águas e óleos) com características comuns (mesmo campo; maior ou menor intrusão de água do mar), mostrando a utilidade destas ferramentas neste e para futuros estudos. / [en] Knowledge on the chemical composition of connate or formation waters is of great relevance in oil production. Presently, the salinity of water sampled from the aquifer is considered generally as being representative of the whole reservoir. This simplification and the few and contradictory results available on the composition of connate water may result in incorrect estimation of the oil production potential of a reservoir, and in the evaluation and use of the cost- intensive actions to prevent scale formation. In this work, a methodology for the extraction and analysis of connate waters from petroleum samples was developed. The extraction method is based on the addition of known quantities of water to the oil sample and its recovery, after phase separation, for subsequent analysis. Relevant experimental parameters were optimized allowing the quantitative separation of water, even when present in very low concentrations (< 0.5%) Once established, the methodology was applied to extracted water samples, which were analyzed by ICP OES and ICP-MS. Minor and trace element content of these waters showed the following range of concentrations (in mg L-1): Na: 1,880 - 63,794; K: 41.9 - 3,710; Li: 0.48 - 35; Mg: 15.2 - 991; Ca: 143 - 5,867; Sr: 1.12 - 676; Ba: < 0.005 - 243; B: < 0.09 - 149; Zn: < 0.042 - 76.2; Mn: < 0.006 - 4.02; Co: < 0.085 - 465. Concentrations of anions (same unit as before) were determined by ion chromatography, being chloride (4,632 - 102,757), bromide (2.7 - 261) and sulfate (15.0 - 3,292) the most abundant ones. Anions of organic acids (also in mg L-1), such as formiate (116 - 7,324), acetate (144 - 24,630) and propionate (34.3 - 4,891) were also determined by ion chromatography in some samples. In most of the extracted water samples, the concentrations of cations and anions were orders of magnitude higher than reported for ocean water. The excellent ionic balance (equal greater or 5%) calculated for most of the extracted waters reinforced our confidence on the reliability of the here produced data. Additionally, a procedure for the preconcentration of rare earth elements (REE) by coprecipitation with iron (III) hydroxide was developed, and which permitted the quantitative determination of La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd and Dy in these waters. Their normalized concentration profile against the NASC (North American Shale Composite) standard showed patterns very different from ocean water, indicating the potential of REE for the characterization connate waters and associated geological environments. A method for the determination of minor and trace elements in oil samples by ICP OES and ICP-MS, after sample preparation by emulsification, was also introduced and applied to the analyses oil samples, allowing the calculation of elemental mass balances between the original oil sample and its aqueous extract, which were satisfactory for most of the samples analyzed. Once established and validated, the methods and procedures were applied to oil samples, mainly for the Campos Basin (RJ). By means of correlation plots, elemental ratios and the Principal Component Analysis (PCA), different groups of waters and oils with common characteristics (same oil field; minor or major intrusion of water) could be identified showing the utility of these tools for this and further studies.

Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear / A corrosão causada por H2S biogênico frequentemente resulta em danos extensos na indústria do petróleo. O presente trabalho avaliou parâmetros de crescimento microbiano e aplicou metodologias de determinação de sulfetos por técnicas espectrofotométrica na região da luz visível e radiorespirométrica para avaliação da atividade metabólica, correlacionando com a população de bactérias redutoras de sulfato, determinada através da técnica do Número Mais Provável (NMP). Amostras de água de formação e consórcio de BRS foram avaliadas através do arraste de sulfetos estáveis produzidos biogenicamente e quantificados por espectrofotometria. O cálculo das velocidades instantâneas e específicas de produção de sulfetos permitiu avaliar de que maneira alguns parâmetros de crescimento microbiano podem afetar o metabolismo das BRS. A detecção de concentrações traço de sulfetos biogênicos pode ser realizada através de ensaios radiorespirométricos. Para isto, diluições em série de água do mar sintética com três amostras distintas foram avaliadas. Os testes realizados indicam que o acréscimo do tempo de incubação de cultura microbiana anaeróbia mista contribuiu para o aumento das capacidades de redução de sulfato, assim como o aumento das fontes de carbono. Ambas as técnicas provaram ser um rápido teste para a detecção de sulfetos biogênicos, particularmente aqueles associados aos produtos de corrosão, sendo uma ferramenta muito útil para monitoração e controle de tanques de armazenamento de água e óleo, plataformas continentais de petróleo e diversos tipos de reservatórios. O presente trabalho prevê a continuidade dos experimentos, através de avaliação de um maior universo de amostras da indústria do petróleo e medições menos espaçadas da técnica espectrofotométrica, além da avaliação radiorespirométrica em modo contínuo, evitando os efeitos inibitórios do H2S / Corrosion caused by biogenic H2S often results in extensive damage, being one of the main problems of petroleum industry. The objective of the present work was to evaluate microbial growth parameters and apply methodologies for sulfide detection by spectrometric at visible light and radiorespirometric techniques for estimate the metabolic activity, correlating with population of Sulfate Reducing Bacteria, through the More Probable Number (MPN) technique. Samples of formation water and SBR consortium were evaluated through drag of stable sulfides biogenically produced and quantified by spectrometry. The calculations of instant and specific rates of sulfide production allow evaluating how some microbial growth parameters may affect the SRB metabolism. The detection of trace concentrations of biogenic sulfides, undetectable by spectrometry technique, may be realized by radiorespirometric assays. For this step, serial dilutions of synthetic seawater with three distinct samples were evaluated. The realized test indicates that increasing the time of incubation of a mixed anaerobic microbial culture contributed to an increase in the capabilities of sulfate reduction, as well as the amount of carbon source. Both techniques proved to be a rapid test for the detection of biogenic sulfides, particularly those associated to corrosion products, being an useful tool for monitoring and controlling oil/water storage tanks, petroleum continental platforms and several types of reservoirs. The present work provides the continuous of the experiments, using a bigger universe of samples of petroleum industry and less spaced measuring of spectrometric technique, further the radiorespirometric evaluation in continuous mode, avoiding the H2S inhibitory effects

Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear / A corrosão causada por H2S biogênico frequentemente resulta em danos extensos na indústria do petróleo. O presente trabalho avaliou parâmetros de crescimento microbiano e aplicou metodologias de determinação de sulfetos por técnicas espectrofotométrica na região da luz visível e radiorespirométrica para avaliação da atividade metabólica, correlacionando com a população de bactérias redutoras de sulfato, determinada através da técnica do Número Mais Provável (NMP). Amostras de água de formação e consórcio de BRS foram avaliadas através do arraste de sulfetos estáveis produzidos biogenicamente e quantificados por espectrofotometria. O cálculo das velocidades instantâneas e específicas de produção de sulfetos permitiu avaliar de que maneira alguns parâmetros de crescimento microbiano podem afetar o metabolismo das BRS. A detecção de concentrações traço de sulfetos biogênicos pode ser realizada através de ensaios radiorespirométricos. Para isto, diluições em série de água do mar sintética com três amostras distintas foram avaliadas. Os testes realizados indicam que o acréscimo do tempo de incubação de cultura microbiana anaeróbia mista contribuiu para o aumento das capacidades de redução de sulfato, assim como o aumento das fontes de carbono. Ambas as técnicas provaram ser um rápido teste para a detecção de sulfetos biogênicos, particularmente aqueles associados aos produtos de corrosão, sendo uma ferramenta muito útil para monitoração e controle de tanques de armazenamento de água e óleo, plataformas continentais de petróleo e diversos tipos de reservatórios. O presente trabalho prevê a continuidade dos experimentos, através de avaliação de um maior universo de amostras da indústria do petróleo e medições menos espaçadas da técnica espectrofotométrica, além da avaliação radiorespirométrica em modo contínuo, evitando os efeitos inibitórios do H2S / Corrosion caused by biogenic H2S often results in extensive damage, being one of the main problems of petroleum industry. The objective of the present work was to evaluate microbial growth parameters and apply methodologies for sulfide detection by spectrometric at visible light and radiorespirometric techniques for estimate the metabolic activity, correlating with population of Sulfate Reducing Bacteria, through the More Probable Number (MPN) technique. Samples of formation water and SBR consortium were evaluated through drag of stable sulfides biogenically produced and quantified by spectrometry. The calculations of instant and specific rates of sulfide production allow evaluating how some microbial growth parameters may affect the SRB metabolism. The detection of trace concentrations of biogenic sulfides, undetectable by spectrometry technique, may be realized by radiorespirometric assays. For this step, serial dilutions of synthetic seawater with three distinct samples were evaluated. The realized test indicates that increasing the time of incubation of a mixed anaerobic microbial culture contributed to an increase in the capabilities of sulfate reduction, as well as the amount of carbon source. Both techniques proved to be a rapid test for the detection of biogenic sulfides, particularly those associated to corrosion products, being an useful tool for monitoring and controlling oil/water storage tanks, petroleum continental platforms and several types of reservoirs. The present work provides the continuous of the experiments, using a bigger universe of samples of petroleum industry and less spaced measuring of spectrometric technique, further the radiorespirometric evaluation in continuous mode, avoiding the H2S inhibitory effects

Holz aus Kurzumtriebsplantagen (KUP) mit Pappeln (Populus spp.) kann eine bedeutende Rolle im Mix der Bioenergieressourcen in Deutschland spielen. Trotz eines günstigen Energieinput-Energieoutput-Verhältnisses ist das Erreichen wirtschaftlich zufriedenstellender Ergebnisse mit KUP jedoch auf den meisten potenziellen Anbauflächen durch hohe Ansprüche der Pappeln an die Wasserversorgung erschwert. Hohe Produktivitätsraten der Pappeln sind an einen hohen Wasserverbrauch gebunden und viele Trockenheitsanpassungen führen zu deutlichen Ertragsrückgängen. In der vorgestellten Arbeit wurde eine sechsjährige Vollgeschwister-F1-Kartierungspopulation der Europäischen Zitter Pappel (Aspe, Populus tremula L., Wuchsperiode 1998-2003) physiologisch und genetisch untersucht, um mögliche Wege zu einer züchterischen Verbesserung der Trockenheitstoleranz von Pappeln diskutieren zu können. Dabei wurde das Zuchtziel der Trockenheitstoleranz als Minimierung der Ertragsrückgänge unter trockenen Bedingungen definiert. Neben wuchsleistungsbezogenen Größen (Biomassegesamtleistung (BM, oberirdische Dendromasse), Biomassezuwachs (iBM), Radialzuwachs (ir), Baumhöhe (h)) wurden physiologisch holzanatomische Eigenschaften untersucht, die retrospektiv anhand der Jahrringe messbar sind und zur nicht direkt messbaren Eigenschaft der Trockenheitstoleranz in einer Beziehung stehen. Diese waren die Kohlenstoff- und Sauerstoffisotopsignatur (δ13C, δ18O), die Faser- und Gefäßgliedlänge (FL, GL), die Gefäßlumenquerschnittsfläche (AG), die Gefäßdichte (GD), der potenziell Saftstrom leitende Querschnittsflächenanteil (LQ), der hydraulisch gewichtete Gefäßlumendurchmesser (Dh) und die röntgendensitometrische Holzdichte (RD). Um trockenheitsbedingte physiologische Reaktionen vom Einfluss der Juvenilität der Kartierungspopulation unterscheiden zu können, wurden regionaltypische Juvenilitätstrends der RD, FL, GL, und des ir anhand eines zweiten, für das östliche Deutschland repräsentativen Aspen-Kollektivs aus natürlicher Sukzession ermittelt. Bedingt durch Trockenheitsanpassungen bzw. eine bevorzugte Wurzelentwicklung nach dem Verpflanzen zeigte die Kartierungspopulation in den ersten drei Jahrringen Abweichungen von den regionaltypischen Juvenilitätstrends. In den Trendverläufen der Kartierungspopulation heben sich die beiden Trockenvegetationsperioden 2000 und 2003 ab, wobei bis zum Sommer 2003 infolge des Starkniederschlages 2002 (Flut) ein außergewöhnlich gutes Grundwasserangebot herrschte. Alle untersuchten phänotypischen Eigenschaften zeigten 2000 starke trockenheitsbedingte Abweichungen. Im Jahrring 2003 wichen nur die GL und die RD von ihren Juvenilitätstrends ab. Außerdem konnte anhand der δ13C und δ18O Werte eine signifikante Abnahme der Wassernutzungseffizienz bzw. eine Zunahme der Transpiration im Jahr 2003 gezeigt werden. Die übrigen Größen folgten ihren Juvenilitätstrends und stiegen an. Die Jahrringdatensätze 2000 und 2003 der RD waren nicht signifikant mit der BM korreliert, dagegen zeigten die δ13C Datensätze 2002 und 2003 schwach positive Korrelationen mit der BM. Der trockenheitstoleranteste Genotyp verband seine überdurchschnittliche BM mit einer hohen Wassernutzungseffizienz (angezeigt durch überdurchschnittliche δ13C Werte), mit einer überdurchschnittlichen AG und mit einer nicht unterdurchschnittlichen RD in Höhe des Populationsmittels. Aufgrund des Fehlens negativer Korrelationen zwischen BM und δ13C bzw. BM und RD in der vorliegenden Arbeit können δ13C und RD als nützliche Weiser für die Unterscheidung der Trockenheitstoleranz verschiedener Aspen zu züchterischen Zwecken vorgeschlagen werden. Außer der BM unter trockenen Bedingungen kann keine der untersuchten Eigenschaften als alleiniger Trockenheitstoleranzweiser empfohlen werden. Zu einer Trockenheitstoleranzbewertung sollten Merkmalspaare verwendet werden, von denen ein Merkmal positiv mit dem Ertrag korreliert ist und das andere eine Trockenheitsanpassung verkörpert. Dadurch werden sowohl das primäre Zuchtziel eines höchstmöglichen Ertrages als auch eine bessere Trockenheitsangepasstheit berücksichtigt. Zwei verschiedene Trockenheitstoleranzindizierungen wurden angewendet, um die Kartierungsnachkommen entsprechend ihrer Trockenheitstoleranz einem Ranking zu unterziehen. Dabei wurden in beiden Fällen Bäume mit einem höheren Ertrag besser platziert. Der zweite Schwerpunkt der Arbeit lag auf der genetischen Kartierung von Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) für die untersuchten phänotypischen Jahrringeigenschaften mit Bezug zur Trockenheitstoleranz. Als Basis für das QTL Mapping wurden, der Pseudo-Testcross-Mapping-Strategie folgend, genetische Kopplungskarten für die Elternbäume der Kartierungspopulation konstruiert. Die maternale Karte (P. tremula, „Schandau 4“) deckte mit 157 Markern (144 AFLP, 13 SSR) in 30 Kopplungsgruppen 1.369 cM ab, die 21 paternalen Kopplungsgruppen mit 148 Markern (132 AFLP, 16 SSR) überspannten 1.079 cM des Genoms (P. tremula, „Lichtenhain 1“). Die im Vergleich zur haploiden Chromosomenzahl der Pappeln (19) hohen Zahlen an Kopplungsgruppen sowie die hohen Zahlen an Doublets und unkartierten Markern zeigten eine geringe Genomabdeckung an. So konnte nur eine begrenzte Zahl, höchstens zwei QTL für die untersuchten phänotypischen Jahrringeigenschaften mit Bezug zur Trockenheitstoleranz, kartiert werden. Ein QTL Bereich mit pleiotropem Effekt auf mehrere wachstumsbezogene Größen wurde auf der maternalen Kopplungsgruppe 1 (dem Populus Chromosom I zuzuordnen) detektiert. Die Signifikanz der Effekte dieses QTL auf den Radialzuwachs entwickelte sich steigend mit zunehmendem Baumalter. / Wood production in short rotation coppices (SRC) with poplar (Populus spp.) can contribute significantly to the future bio energy supply mix in Germany. Although the energy-input to energy-output ratio is rather good, SRC often do not meet cost effectiveness due to high water demand of poplar species. High biomass productivity depends on optimal water supply. Also, numerous adaptations to water deficits result in an undesirable decrease of yield. Combined physiological and genetic investigations were conducted within a six-year old F1-full-sib crossbred population of European aspen (Populus tremula L., growing period 1998-2003). Possible implications on selection, breeding or improvement of poplar cultivars showing a high tolerance to water deficits are discussed. For the work presented here, the breeding goal of higher water deficit tolerance was defined as the minimisation of yield losses under dry conditions. Beyond growth related traits (aggregate yield (BM), aboveground woody biomass), biomass increment (iBM) and radial increment (ir), physiological and wood anatomical traits were included; these are related to reactions to water deficit and are measurable on tree rings retrospectively. These traits were the Carbon- and Oxygen isotope ratios (δ13C, δ18O), the fibre length and vessel element length (FL, GL), the vessel lumen cross sectional area (AG), the vessel density (GD), the cumulative vessel lumen area to cross sectional area ratio (LQ), the hydraulically weighted mean vessel lumen diameter (Dh) and wood density assessed by X-ray densitometry (RD). To distinguish the drought induced physiologic reactions from juvenile developmental patterns of the mapping population, juvenile trends of RD, FL, GL, and ir, which are representative of habitats in south-eastern Germany, were investigated in a second aspen collective that was selected from natural succession. During the first three years, the mapping population showed deviations from the juvenile trends due to water deficit adaptations or preferential root development, respectively. Due to drought in the growing seasons of 2000 and 2003, the juvenile trends show outstanding values for both years, although ground water supply in 2003 was exceptionally good following the intense rain event of 2002 (Elbe flood 2002). The tree ring traits of both years stand out from the juvenile trends due to drought adaptations. In 2000, all phenotypic traits showed a significant deviation from their respective trends. In 2003, only GL and RD showed an adaptation to drought as observable by a deviation from their juvenile trends. A significant decrease in water use efficiency (WUE) and an increase in net transpiration, respectively, were shown for 2003 by means of δ13C or δ18O values. All other traits showed an increase following their juvenile trends. RD data for 2000 and 2003 were not significantly correlated with BM, but δ13C data (and therefore WUE) for 2002 and 2003 revealed a weakly positive correlation with BM. The genotype that was most tolerant to water deficits showed a combination of a superior growth with a superior WUE (by means of δ13C), a superior AG, and an RD close to but not less than the population average. Due to the lack of negative correlation between BM and δ13C or BM and RD in the present work, δ13C and RD can be valuable proxies for the determination of drought tolerance of aspen trees for tree improvement purposes. Aside from BM under dry conditions, no other traits that were investigated can be recommended as a stand-alone proxy for water deficit tolerance. For a water deficit tolerance evaluation, pairs of traits should be used, of which one trait is positively correlated with yield and the other represents a water deficit adaptation. Both the primary breeding goal of the highest possible yield as well as a better water deficit tolerance should always be considered in this context. Two different drought tolerance indices were used to rank the individuals of the mapping population according to their water deficit tolerance. In both cases, trees with higher BM were ranked better. The second focus of the present work is on genetic mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) for the investigated tree-ring traits that refer to water deficit reaction. As a basis for the QTL-mapping approach, genetic linkage maps were constructed for each parental tree of the F1-full-sib crossbred mapping-population following the two-way pseudo-testcross mapping strategy. The maternal map (P. tremula, “Schandau 4”) consisted of 157 markers (144 AFLP, 13 SSR) in 30 linkage groups and covered 1,369 cM. The 21 linkage groups of the paternal map (P. tremula, “Lichtenhain 1”) covered 1,079 cM of the genome (144 AFLP, 13 SSR). Compared with the haploid chromosome number (19) of the Populus genome, the high number of linkage groups, doublets and unlinked markers indicated low genome coverage. Only a low number of QTL was detected, maximal two per in¬vesti¬gated phenotypic trait with a relation to water deficit tolerance. One QTL having a pleiotropic effect on several growth related traits was detected on the maternal linkage group 1 (corresponding to the Populus Chromosome I). The significance of the QTL effects seemed to increase with tree age.

Holz aus Kurzumtriebsplantagen (KUP) mit Pappeln (Populus spp.) kann eine bedeutende Rolle im Mix der Bioenergieressourcen in Deutschland spielen. Trotz eines günstigen Energieinput-Energieoutput-Verhältnisses ist das Erreichen wirtschaftlich zufriedenstellender Ergebnisse mit KUP jedoch auf den meisten potenziellen Anbauflächen durch hohe Ansprüche der Pappeln an die Wasserversorgung erschwert. Hohe Produktivitätsraten der Pappeln sind an einen hohen Wasserverbrauch gebunden und viele Trockenheitsanpassungen führen zu deutlichen Ertragsrückgängen. In der vorgestellten Arbeit wurde eine sechsjährige Vollgeschwister-F1-Kartierungspopulation der Europäischen Zitter Pappel (Aspe, Populus tremula L., Wuchsperiode 1998-2003) physiologisch und genetisch untersucht, um mögliche Wege zu einer züchterischen Verbesserung der Trockenheitstoleranz von Pappeln diskutieren zu können. Dabei wurde das Zuchtziel der Trockenheitstoleranz als Minimierung der Ertragsrückgänge unter trockenen Bedingungen definiert. Neben wuchsleistungsbezogenen Größen (Biomassegesamtleistung (BM, oberirdische Dendromasse), Biomassezuwachs (iBM), Radialzuwachs (ir), Baumhöhe (h)) wurden physiologisch holzanatomische Eigenschaften untersucht, die retrospektiv anhand der Jahrringe messbar sind und zur nicht direkt messbaren Eigenschaft der Trockenheitstoleranz in einer Beziehung stehen. Diese waren die Kohlenstoff- und Sauerstoffisotopsignatur (δ13C, δ18O), die Faser- und Gefäßgliedlänge (FL, GL), die Gefäßlumenquerschnittsfläche (AG), die Gefäßdichte (GD), der potenziell Saftstrom leitende Querschnittsflächenanteil (LQ), der hydraulisch gewichtete Gefäßlumendurchmesser (Dh) und die röntgendensitometrische Holzdichte (RD). Um trockenheitsbedingte physiologische Reaktionen vom Einfluss der Juvenilität der Kartierungspopulation unterscheiden zu können, wurden regionaltypische Juvenilitätstrends der RD, FL, GL, und des ir anhand eines zweiten, für das östliche Deutschland repräsentativen Aspen-Kollektivs aus natürlicher Sukzession ermittelt. Bedingt durch Trockenheitsanpassungen bzw. eine bevorzugte Wurzelentwicklung nach dem Verpflanzen zeigte die Kartierungspopulation in den ersten drei Jahrringen Abweichungen von den regionaltypischen Juvenilitätstrends. In den Trendverläufen der Kartierungspopulation heben sich die beiden Trockenvegetationsperioden 2000 und 2003 ab, wobei bis zum Sommer 2003 infolge des Starkniederschlages 2002 (Flut) ein außergewöhnlich gutes Grundwasserangebot herrschte. Alle untersuchten phänotypischen Eigenschaften zeigten 2000 starke trockenheitsbedingte Abweichungen. Im Jahrring 2003 wichen nur die GL und die RD von ihren Juvenilitätstrends ab. Außerdem konnte anhand der δ13C und δ18O Werte eine signifikante Abnahme der Wassernutzungseffizienz bzw. eine Zunahme der Transpiration im Jahr 2003 gezeigt werden. Die übrigen Größen folgten ihren Juvenilitätstrends und stiegen an. Die Jahrringdatensätze 2000 und 2003 der RD waren nicht signifikant mit der BM korreliert, dagegen zeigten die δ13C Datensätze 2002 und 2003 schwach positive Korrelationen mit der BM. Der trockenheitstoleranteste Genotyp verband seine überdurchschnittliche BM mit einer hohen Wassernutzungseffizienz (angezeigt durch überdurchschnittliche δ13C Werte), mit einer überdurchschnittlichen AG und mit einer nicht unterdurchschnittlichen RD in Höhe des Populationsmittels. Aufgrund des Fehlens negativer Korrelationen zwischen BM und δ13C bzw. BM und RD in der vorliegenden Arbeit können δ13C und RD als nützliche Weiser für die Unterscheidung der Trockenheitstoleranz verschiedener Aspen zu züchterischen Zwecken vorgeschlagen werden. Außer der BM unter trockenen Bedingungen kann keine der untersuchten Eigenschaften als alleiniger Trockenheitstoleranzweiser empfohlen werden. Zu einer Trockenheitstoleranzbewertung sollten Merkmalspaare verwendet werden, von denen ein Merkmal positiv mit dem Ertrag korreliert ist und das andere eine Trockenheitsanpassung verkörpert. Dadurch werden sowohl das primäre Zuchtziel eines höchstmöglichen Ertrages als auch eine bessere Trockenheitsangepasstheit berücksichtigt. Zwei verschiedene Trockenheitstoleranzindizierungen wurden angewendet, um die Kartierungsnachkommen entsprechend ihrer Trockenheitstoleranz einem Ranking zu unterziehen. Dabei wurden in beiden Fällen Bäume mit einem höheren Ertrag besser platziert. Der zweite Schwerpunkt der Arbeit lag auf der genetischen Kartierung von Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) für die untersuchten phänotypischen Jahrringeigenschaften mit Bezug zur Trockenheitstoleranz. Als Basis für das QTL Mapping wurden, der Pseudo-Testcross-Mapping-Strategie folgend, genetische Kopplungskarten für die Elternbäume der Kartierungspopulation konstruiert. Die maternale Karte (P. tremula, „Schandau 4“) deckte mit 157 Markern (144 AFLP, 13 SSR) in 30 Kopplungsgruppen 1.369 cM ab, die 21 paternalen Kopplungsgruppen mit 148 Markern (132 AFLP, 16 SSR) überspannten 1.079 cM des Genoms (P. tremula, „Lichtenhain 1“). Die im Vergleich zur haploiden Chromosomenzahl der Pappeln (19) hohen Zahlen an Kopplungsgruppen sowie die hohen Zahlen an Doublets und unkartierten Markern zeigten eine geringe Genomabdeckung an. So konnte nur eine begrenzte Zahl, höchstens zwei QTL für die untersuchten phänotypischen Jahrringeigenschaften mit Bezug zur Trockenheitstoleranz, kartiert werden. Ein QTL Bereich mit pleiotropem Effekt auf mehrere wachstumsbezogene Größen wurde auf der maternalen Kopplungsgruppe 1 (dem Populus Chromosom I zuzuordnen) detektiert. Die Signifikanz der Effekte dieses QTL auf den Radialzuwachs entwickelte sich steigend mit zunehmendem Baumalter. / Wood production in short rotation coppices (SRC) with poplar (Populus spp.) can contribute significantly to the future bio energy supply mix in Germany. Although the energy-input to energy-output ratio is rather good, SRC often do not meet cost effectiveness due to high water demand of poplar species. High biomass productivity depends on optimal water supply. Also, numerous adaptations to water deficits result in an undesirable decrease of yield. Combined physiological and genetic investigations were conducted within a six-year old F1-full-sib crossbred population of European aspen (Populus tremula L., growing period 1998-2003). Possible implications on selection, breeding or improvement of poplar cultivars showing a high tolerance to water deficits are discussed. For the work presented here, the breeding goal of higher water deficit tolerance was defined as the minimisation of yield losses under dry conditions. Beyond growth related traits (aggregate yield (BM), aboveground woody biomass), biomass increment (iBM) and radial increment (ir), physiological and wood anatomical traits were included; these are related to reactions to water deficit and are measurable on tree rings retrospectively. These traits were the Carbon- and Oxygen isotope ratios (δ13C, δ18O), the fibre length and vessel element length (FL, GL), the vessel lumen cross sectional area (AG), the vessel density (GD), the cumulative vessel lumen area to cross sectional area ratio (LQ), the hydraulically weighted mean vessel lumen diameter (Dh) and wood density assessed by X-ray densitometry (RD). To distinguish the drought induced physiologic reactions from juvenile developmental patterns of the mapping population, juvenile trends of RD, FL, GL, and ir, which are representative of habitats in south-eastern Germany, were investigated in a second aspen collective that was selected from natural succession. During the first three years, the mapping population showed deviations from the juvenile trends due to water deficit adaptations or preferential root development, respectively. Due to drought in the growing seasons of 2000 and 2003, the juvenile trends show outstanding values for both years, although ground water supply in 2003 was exceptionally good following the intense rain event of 2002 (Elbe flood 2002). The tree ring traits of both years stand out from the juvenile trends due to drought adaptations. In 2000, all phenotypic traits showed a significant deviation from their respective trends. In 2003, only GL and RD showed an adaptation to drought as observable by a deviation from their juvenile trends. A significant decrease in water use efficiency (WUE) and an increase in net transpiration, respectively, were shown for 2003 by means of δ13C or δ18O values. All other traits showed an increase following their juvenile trends. RD data for 2000 and 2003 were not significantly correlated with BM, but δ13C data (and therefore WUE) for 2002 and 2003 revealed a weakly positive correlation with BM. The genotype that was most tolerant to water deficits showed a combination of a superior growth with a superior WUE (by means of δ13C), a superior AG, and an RD close to but not less than the population average. Due to the lack of negative correlation between BM and δ13C or BM and RD in the present work, δ13C and RD can be valuable proxies for the determination of drought tolerance of aspen trees for tree improvement purposes. Aside from BM under dry conditions, no other traits that were investigated can be recommended as a stand-alone proxy for water deficit tolerance. For a water deficit tolerance evaluation, pairs of traits should be used, of which one trait is positively correlated with yield and the other represents a water deficit adaptation. Both the primary breeding goal of the highest possible yield as well as a better water deficit tolerance should always be considered in this context. Two different drought tolerance indices were used to rank the individuals of the mapping population according to their water deficit tolerance. In both cases, trees with higher BM were ranked better. The second focus of the present work is on genetic mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) for the investigated tree-ring traits that refer to water deficit reaction. As a basis for the QTL-mapping approach, genetic linkage maps were constructed for each parental tree of the F1-full-sib crossbred mapping-population following the two-way pseudo-testcross mapping strategy. The maternal map (P. tremula, “Schandau 4”) consisted of 157 markers (144 AFLP, 13 SSR) in 30 linkage groups and covered 1,369 cM. The 21 linkage groups of the paternal map (P. tremula, “Lichtenhain 1”) covered 1,079 cM of the genome (144 AFLP, 13 SSR). Compared with the haploid chromosome number (19) of the Populus genome, the high number of linkage groups, doublets and unlinked markers indicated low genome coverage. Only a low number of QTL was detected, maximal two per in¬vesti¬gated phenotypic trait with a relation to water deficit tolerance. One QTL having a pleiotropic effect on several growth related traits was detected on the maternal linkage group 1 (corresponding to the Populus Chromosome I). The significance of the QTL effects seemed to increase with tree age.