This study investigated the effect of clothing, posture, and sex of subject on inferences concerning sexual orientation and gender role. Subjects were a convenience sample of 327 students. The study wa sa 2 (masculine/feminine clothing) X 2 (masculine/feminine posture) X2 (sex of subject) between subject experimental design. Perceptions of sexual orientation were measured by a single item anchored at one end by homosexual and the other end by not homosexual.

Student evaluations are often used by administrators to make important career decisions for professors such as offers of tenure, increase in salary or other monetary reward (see Frick, Chadha, Watson, & Zlatkovska, 2009). Research has consistently shown that helpfulness in its various operational definitions is one of the most important traits to students when evaluating a professor (For example Silva et al., 2008). Previous findings have demonstrated that inequalities exist among subjective student evaluation ratings of men and women, (see Bennet, 1982). The present study extended this research by manipulating the instruction styles (strict vs. permissive), as well as the gender of the instructor, in a hypothetical syllabus. Participants were randomly assigned to read 1 of 4 syllabi which varied only by instruction style and gender of the instructor. Subsequently, participants answered follow up questions on the content of the syllabus which emphasized the gender of the instructor. Evaluations were collected in the form of both Likert scale ratings and responses to open ended questions. The written evaluations were analyzed for emotional content using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count Software (LIWC, Pennebaker, Francis, & Booth, 2007). A 2 (male vs. female) X 2 (strict vs. permissive) between subjects ANOVA was applied to the data collected. The results support the hypothesis that gender inequalities do exist, particularly when the professor was established as having a strict style of student interaction.

Education constantly promotes equality and diversity, however, if the literature we read our students is not doing so, is education doing its job? This question extends as far as females versus males and in fact, this thesis further pursued this issue by taking a look into common fairy tales that have been popularized in modern society that contain stereotypical gender roles and qualities of females that we try to steer away from yet have not. After doing research into fairy tales and then analyzing Little Snow White, Little Briar Rose, and Cinderella by The Brothers Grimm, I was able to find common stereotypes and compare them to modern fairy tale characterizations of females and thus plead the case for stronger females in the fairy tale genre of texts. My research revealed that fairy tales were an influence in the lives of children and that females were regarded as only needing to be beautiful, naive, and lack assertiveness. This showed that females felt the need to be this way in order to find the happily ever after and in society both men and women have been impacted through this literature. The thesis provides a re-envisioned fairy tale of my own showing the combined research in a short story of how females can be strong and be feminine as well. A lesson plan has also been constructed to help point out characteristics in the story, “The Paper Bag Princess” which is one of the modern tales analyzed as well in this thesis. So, I leave you with the notion that it is most definitely not just a man’s world. This world is shared with the opposite gender and its time in education that we do as we preach by providing those experiences to children through literature.

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In early Medieval English poetry and late Medieval romance, there are multiple roles violent women perform. They can be protagonist, antagonist, and supporting character. They prove to be active characters with strength, skill, intelligence, and power. In early Medieval English poetry, Grendel's mother from Beowulf and Judith from Judith share certain noble traits. Grendel's mother is an antagonist of the titular hero, but she is described as a noblewoman, honorable, loyal to her family, and a fierce fighter. Judith is often considered a hagiographic heroine, but Judith paints her in a more secular manner as intelligent, politically powerful, and proud. Lynet from Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte Darthur may not be as violent as the other women in this study, but she is equally powerful and intelligent. These women show different ways in which violent women characters had agency and active roles in the texts they inhabit. / Master of Arts / In early Medieval English (500 - 1066 AD) poetry and late Medieval (1300 - 1500 AD) romance stories, there are multiple roles violent women fill. They can be protagonist, antagonist, and supporting character. They prove to be active, independent characters with strength, skill, intelligence, and power. In early Medieval English poetry, Grendel's mother from Beowulf (975 - 1025 AD) and Judith from Judith (975 - 1025 AD) share certain noble traits. Grendel's mother is an antagonist of the titular hero, but she is described as a noblewoman: honorable, loyal to her family, and a fierce fighter. Judith is often considered a spiritual or religious heroine, but Judith paints her in a more secular manner as intelligent, politically powerful, and proud. Lynet from Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte Darthur (1485 AD) may not be as violent as the other women in this study, but she is equally powerful and intelligent. These women show different ways in which violent women characters had independent and active roles in the texts they inhabit.

This  essay  analyses  J.M Barries  classic   novel  Peter Pan (1911). It was a story  first   produced as a play but later turned into a novel. The purpose of this essay is to analyse how six different characters are portrayed  in  relation  to  the  different  gender  roles  in  the  book. With  help  from these  portrayals  I have  been able  to  analyse   the  social  production  of gender  in  Peter Pan. I also discuss how  Peter Pan can be used  for  educational  purposes,  this  is  done  with  a background  to the  fundamental  values  from  the curriculum  and  the Swedish   Course’ssyllabus. The essay  is  based on Lena  Kårelands  (2015) and  Maria  Nikolajevas (2013) description  of different  gender  roles  in  children’s  literature.  The  result  in  this  analysis   is  that the gender roles in Peter Pan are not that different from what  could  be expected at the time  it  was written,  but  it  can be used  for  educational  purposes  as a point  of departure  when discussing different gender  roles.  It can also  be used  in  subject  integration  in  for  example English   as reading  aloud  to the pupils.

This thesis takes as its subject Polish families who migrated to Edinburgh after Poland’s accession to the EU in 2004. It analyses the families’ post-migration trajectories and experiences, and investigates how these are influenced by factors relating to Polish history and culture, by features particular to the post-accession migration wave and by families’ individual characteristics. Theoretical approaches are drawn from a range of academic disciplines including, reference group theory, literature relating to gender-division of paid work and child-care, and ‘mobilities’ theory, and these approaches are all employed in exploring the factors that influence family members’ integration, employment and lifestyles and their plans for the future. This qualitative study focuses on the experiences of thirty families living in and around Edinburgh in the two years from 2009 to 2011, and combines a variety of methods in data-collection and in analysis. Families were interviewed twice with a year lapse between interviews, couples were interviewed jointly and conversational interviews were supplemented with questionnaires. These design features enable analysis of change over time, provide insight into family-dynamics and generate a range of forms of data. In analysis the combination of thematic coding of interview transcripts with Qualitative Comparative Analysis, allows in-depth exploration of experiences at the individual and family level to be positioned within the context of trends and patterns observed across the whole group. The study finds that the families fall into distinct types according to particular key characteristics and migration strategies, and that the different family types are linked to different experiences of life in Scotland and plans for the future. Younger migrants who arrived independently, decided to stay and later started families are found to be embarking on new careers and making use of the greater flexibility of the employment market in the UK to enact their preferred division of work and childcare. In line with previous research findings, for families whose oldest child is preschool age, school start date in Poland is identified as critical in limiting the period in which parents feel the decision about whether to return can be made. Parents who migrated with school-age children because of financial hardship in Poland are highlighted in this study as a previously under-researched post-accession migrant group; among these families most parents within the study group are found to have been considering permanent settlement at the time of migration and to be maintaining this intention; their decision to stay is particularly influenced by concerns about the difficulties that they anticipate their children would encounter in re-entering the school system in Poland and about their own reduced ability to re-enter the labour market there after de-skilling in employment in the UK. Parents who migrated to take up professional work in the UK are identified as possessing the highest levels of ‘motility’, that is, capacity to make use of mobility generally; among the study group these parents are found to have the most varied options and future plans and to be those who indicate the greatest likelihood of leaving the UK in the short term.

The gender portrayals study aims to understanding how the roles of men and women are portrayed in magazine advertisements. This has been an issue investigated over the past decades as companies try to achieve a higher level of sales of their products and services and the gender issue influences in how this companies plan one advertising program or another. However, there is a debate among authors: some of them believe that advertising reflects what is already on society and others express that advertisers use the most convenient reality to sell their products. Thus, it makes us wonder what is the actual truth behind this debate. This thesis tries to answer the question of how men and women are portrayed in advertising campaigns. There are several studies on gender portrayals across countries but none that compares France, Spain and Sweden. This thesis tries to fill this gap.   The study is conducted following Hofstede framework that classifies countries whether masculine or feminine, and is completed by analyzing the data gathered from four magazines of these three countries. We classified this data following Courtney and Lockeretz classification scheme and analyzed the data obtained with theories of some other authors.   The results of this thesis show that males were dominant among working roles while females were in non-working roles. The findings might not add a huge contribution to this field of study but may be used as guiding tool for further research.

The essence of American women’s struggle to play sports at a competitive level is that for decades the power structure of American professional and scholastic athletics simply didn’t think they should be allowed to play. The various institutions governing athletics of all levels sought first to prevent women from participating in sports at all and later to keep women athletes segregated and barred from playing on men’s teams or competing against them. They have justified this discrimination by citing various outmoded ideas of women’s mental and physical abilities, their perceived frailty, and the erroneous belief that keeping women athletes segregated from men provides a more suitable and more enjoyable athletic experience for both sexes. This report and the accompanying video, Outlaws Rising, examine the legacy of gender inequality in sports and its impact on the Austin Outlaws, a women’s tackle football team. / text

This essay discusses how female and male characters are represented in the novel Peter & Wendy by J.M Barrie from 1911 and the Disney version Peter Pan from 1953. Jane Sunderland’s models on social gender are used as a substructure to help clarify how the characters are portrayed as individuals, in relation to other characters and through their own actions and speech acts. The essay shows that there is a major difference in how male characters are portrayed compared to the female characters and that every character of the story lives up to what seems to be socially constructed gender roles.