Um dos grandes problemas das Metrópoles tem sido o descarte de resíduos sólidos. Em diversas situações aterros são selecionados como solução de melhor viabilidade para disposição final desses materiais que, na maioria das vezes, são agentes poluentes. Condições inadequadas de operação e conservação desses locais vêm acarretando inúmeros danos ao meio ambiente, em especial, nas áreas de seu entorno que, muitas vezes, possuem aglomerados residenciais. Neste trabalho foram avaliadas condições ambientais mais significativas de uma área e de seu entorno onde se encontram instalados quatro Aterros, três Sanitários e um Industrial, localizados no Município de Tremembé/SP. Provavelmente como conseqüência do mau gerenciamento e descaso das atividades destes Aterros, eles têm sido alvo de inúmeras denúncias, uma vez que trazem grandes prejuízos à população vizinha. Foram estudados os principais agentes poluidores com especial atenção ao comportamento dos íons metálicos alumínio, ferro, manganês e chumbo, em amostras de diferentes compartimentos - solo, solo/sedimento, sedimento de fundo e águas superficiais e subterrâneas. As águas subterrâneas associadas aos Aterros Sanitários encontram-se comprometidas devido a altas concentrações dos íons estudados, cujo comportamento são, em alguns deles, regidos fundamentalmente pelos valores de pH e potencial óxido-redução. Este fato é motivo de grande preocupação, uma vez que na região a grande maioria da população faz uso de águas para consumo humano extraídas de poços do tipo cacimba, além de regas a hortas, dessedentação de animais e abastecimento de ranários por rios e lago. Os dados analíticos das águas superficiais do Rio Serragem e seu afluente que limitam a área de estudo, também apresentaram valores superiores aos permitidos pelos órgãos oficiais para os íons ferro, alumínio e manganês, sempre ligados aos Aterros. Comprovou-se que as características mineralógicas, granulométricas e capacidade de troca catiônica dos solos associados aos Aterros, não são adequadas para a retenção de íons metálicos. Por outro lado os dados de pH do solo (pH) se mostram favoráveis aos fenômenos de adsorção iônica. A geração de chorume é um dos principais passivos ambientais resultados das atividades dos aterros. No âmbito de sugerir idéias que minimizem os impactos produzidos pelo chorume, este trabalho propôs uma destinação mais apropriada para este efluente. Foram realizados experimentos com chorumes dos três Aterros Sanitários estudados e também com chorume coletados no Município de Santo André e Mauá. O trabalho permitiu afirmar que com a eliminação, por aquecimento, da fração líquida do chorume, resulta em um resíduo que tem seu transporte significativamente facilitado devido à redução em mais de 95% de volume, além de apresentar-se rico em potássio, magnésio, cálcio, fósforo, manganês e ferro e cloretos que podem ser reaproveitado na agricultura, em especial no plantio resistente à teores mais elevados de sódio. / A major problem of big cities have been the disposal of solid wastes. In several situations, landfills are selected as solution of better feasibility for final placement of such material that, in most cases, are pollutants. Inadequate conditions of operation and conservation of those locations are giving rise to numerous damage to the environment, in particular, in the surroundings areas that often have residential clusters. In this work have been assessed the most significant environmental conditions in a particular area and its surroundings where were installed four landfills, three sanitaries and one industrial, located in the city of Tremembé / SP. Probably as a result of bad management and careless of these landfills, they have got many complaints, once is bringing on great damage to neighboring population. Were studied the main pollutants with special attention to the behaviour of metal ions, aluminium, iron, manganese and lead on samples of different compartments - soil, sediment / soil, sediment of surface water and groundwater. Groundwater associated with landfill are involved due to high concentrations of the studied ions, which behaviour are, in some of them, essentially governed by the values of pH and oxide-reduction potential. This fact is a reason of great concern, since in the region the vast majority of the population makes use of water, extract from production well, for human consumption, beyond frog farm. The analytics data of the surface water of Serragem River and its stream limits the study field, also submitted values higher than those allowed by official bodies for ions iron, aluminium and manganese, always related to the landfills. It was proved that the mineral characteristics, size analysis and ability to cationic exchange from associated soils with landfills, are not suitable for the retention of metal ions. In the other hand, the data from pH soil ( pH) are favorable to the phenomena of Ionic adsorption strength. The generation of leachate is one of the main environmental liabilities results of the activities of landfills. With the idea to minimize the impact produced by leachate, this work propose a more appropriate destination for this effluent Were carried out experiments with leachate of three studied landfills and also with collected leachate in Santo André and Mauá cities. This work allowed to affirm that with the disposal, by heating the liquid part of the leachate, results in a residue that has its transport significantly facilitated due to the reduction in more than 95% of its volume, and also it performs rich in potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, manganese and chlorides that can be reused in agriculture, in particular, plantation resistant to higher levels of sodium.

Por aproximadamente 40 anos, o Rio Ribeira de Iguape recebeu resíduos da mineração: rejeitos das plantas de concentração mineral (enriquecidos em Cu, Cr, Pb, Ag e Zn) e escórias de uma unidade de metalurgia (enriquecidas em Cu, Zn, Cr, Fe, Pb e As), produzidos e descartados pela empresa Plumbum S/A, localizada em Adrianópolis (Paraná). Para verificar a contribuição destes resíduos na contaminação deste rio, como também identificar a possibilidade de depuração natural ou não no mesmo, definiu-se a necessidade de avaliar três compartimentos: resíduos, sedimentos e organismo biomonitor. Nas amostras de resíduos foram realizadas caracterizações físicas e químicas, nos sedimentos foram realizadas análises químicas, granulométricas e algumas amostras investigadas por MEV/EDS e no biomonitor (molusco Asiático da espécie Corbicula fluminea) foram realizadas análises químicas dos tecidos e das carapaças. Estas análises indicaram a existência de elevados teores de Pb nos resíduos da mineração, os quais ultrapassaram os valores deste metal estabelecidos na norma NBR 10.005 da ABNT. Nesta comparação, os rejeitos do concentrado da Mina do Rocha ultrapassaram em 32 vezes, os da Plumbum em 41 vezes e as escórias em 34 vezes, os limites estabelecidos por tal norma, sendo assim classificados como pertencentes à Classe I ? perigosos. Destes resíduos o mais problemático atualmente é o rejeito da Plumbum, por apresentar granulometria fina, pH mais baixo, apresentar maior teor de Pb no teste de lixiviação, além de estar depositado muito próximo de uma das margens do Rio Ribeira de Iguape. A interação destes resíduos com o sistema aquático foi verificada a partir da detecção de Pb, Zn, Cu nos sedimentos. Os sedimentos depositados em bancos de areia e os estuarinos exibiram maiores teores para Pb (média de 135,00 mg/kg para os depósitos em bancos de areia e 124,00 mg/kg para os estuarinos) e Zn (média de 112,62 mg/kg para os depositados em bancos de areia e de 133,00 mg/kg para os estuarinos). Em todos os tipos de sedimentos foi constatado que o local de coleta que exibiu teores mais elevados para os metais de estudo foi em Iporanga, secundariamente na Ilha do Caranguejo na região do Mar Pequeno, a sul de Iguape. Nos sedimentos em suspensão, as análises em MEV/EDS exibiram a presença de grãos de escória, indicando que estes ainda hoje, estão interagindo com este ambiente e sendo transportados. Esta comprovação, só foi possível, de fato, a partir das análises de tecidos e de carapaças da espécie Corbicula fluminea, os quais demonstraram estar havendo interação dos metais pesados provenientes dos resíduos com a biota deste sistema aquático. Nos tecidos deste biomonitor foram detectados em média 23,99 ?g/g de Cu, 144,21 ?g/g de Zn, 0,71 ?g/g de Cd, 2,41 ?g/g de Pb e 7,11 ?g/g de Cr. Destes metais, o mais preocupante é o Pb, ele apresenta concentrações mais elevadas que os relatados em outros estudos para este mesmo bivalve e também, ultrapassa o valor de referência da ANVISA (2,00 ?g/g) para a concentração deste metal pesado em peixes e produtos de pesca para consumo. Além dos tecidos, as carapaças deste biomonitor, também estão concentrado estes metais pesados. De modo geral, concluiu-se que o Rio Ribeira não está sofrendo processos naturais de depuração e que ainda hoje representa um problema ambiental, pois os metais estão migrando ao longo do curso da drenagem e neste processo sendo biodisponibilizados, o que pode vir a gerar transferência e acumulação na cadeia trófica. / For approximately 40 years, Ribeira de Iguape River received mining wastes (enriched in Cu, Cr, Pb, Ag and Zn) and metallurgical slags (enriched in Cu, Zn, Cr, Fe, Pb and As), produced and discharged by Plumbum S/A, a company located in Adrianópolis (Paraná). In order to verify the contribution of these residues in the river contamination and natural purification the compartments of mining residues, sediments and bioindicator organisms were evaluated. Physical and chemical characterizations were realized in the residues samples; while chemical analyses, grain size evaluation and MEV/EDS were carried out in sediments. Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) was taken as a bioindicator, through chemical analyses of its tissues and shells. The results showed high Pb levels, being classified as Class 1 ? dangerous - by ABNT, norm NBR 10,005, once the limited levels were exceeded by Rocha wastes (32x), Plumbum wastes (41x) and slags (34x). The Plumbum waste is currently the most problematic, as it is made of fine grain, lower pH, higher Pb level detected in the extraction test and is deposited very close to the draining site. The interactions of these residues with the aquatic system was verified through Pb, Zn, Cu detection in the sediments. Pb and Zn levels were, respectively, 135.00 mg/kg and 112.62 mg/kg in the sand banks deposits, and 124.00 mg/kg and 133.00 mg/kg in the estuaries deposits, with prominent metal levels in Iporanga and, secondary, in Crab Island, region of the Small Sea, south of Iguape. MEV/EDS analyses carried out in suspended sediments showed the presence of slags grains, suggesting that still nowadays they are transported and interact with the environment, once they have been detected in tissues and shells samples of Corbicula fluminea. In the tissues of this bioindicator, there were detected average levels of 23.99 ?g/g of Cu, 144.21 ?g/g of Zn, 0.71 ?g/g of Cd, 7.11 ?g/g of Cr and 2.41 ?g/g of Pb; making evident that this last value is strongly high and over the ANVISA reference (2.00 ?g/g) for fish and other consumption products. The results suggest that natural processes of Ribeira de Iguape River are not sufficient for its purification, keeping metals\' transport and bioavailability, which can accumulate in the trophic chain, representing a serious environmental problem.

Les systèmes ultramafiques sont souvent synonymes de fortes teneurs en chrome (Cr) dans des roches, qui est naturellement lixivié vers les eaux de surface et souterraines. En raison de cet enrichissement naturel, les zones ultramafiques font souvent l’objet d’extractions massives. Le processus minier inclut l'exploitation et les activités d'enrichissement, dans lesquelles la grande quantité de résidus produits riches en métaux, tels que les gangues et les terrils, sont stockés à l’air libre. Ces processus peuvent considérablement augmenter les teneurs en Cr trivalent (Cr (III)) et hexavalent (Cr (VI)) disséminé dans l'environnement. Ce dernier (Cr (VI)), est connu pour être fortement soluble dans l'eau, biodisponible et toxique. Ce travail de thèse a porté sur i) la zone d’exploitation minière du nickel de Barro Alto (BA, Etat du Goiás, Brésil); ii) la zone d'exploitation minière historique de chromite de Cromínia (CA, Etat du Goiás, Brésil) et iii) une exploitation minière actuelle dans la vallée de Sukinda (Odisha, l'Inde). Le principal objectif de ces travaux est l'identification de l'impact d'activités minières (extraction du nickel et du chrome) sur la mobilité de Cr et sa disponibilité dans des zones ultramafiques, à l'aide des techniques isotopiques. Les compartiments chimiquement et isotopiquement échangeables de Cr(VI) (ECr (VI)) les plus hauts ont été mesurés dans des échantillons de minerai à BA, où l'enrichissement en isotopes légers de Cr (-0.76 à -0.16 ‰) a été attribué à la perte de Cr isotopiquement lourd et échangeable Cr(VI) pendant l’altération. Des valeurs étonnamment lourdes de δ53Cr ont été aussi trouvées dans des minerais saprolitiques à BA et dans des sols affectés par l’extraction à CA, jusqu’à +3.9 ‰ alors qu’ils étaient fortement enrichis en Cr(III). Les causes principales ont été attribuées à l'existence de chromite hydrothermale à CA et/ou à l’altération naturelle suivie par la réduction de Cr(VI), induisant la reprécipitation de Cr mobile et isotopiquement lourd. Le chrome était présent dans les lixiviats des échantillons de minerais saprolitiques et lateritiques de BA, sous la forme de Cr(VI) isotopiquement lourd (jusqu’à +4.84 ‰), en cohérence avec le Cr échangeable (ECr(VI)) (jusqu’à +4.37 ‰). Ces valeurs étaient dans la même gamme de compositions isotopiques que celles mesurées dans les eaux douces de surface (ruisseaux et réservoirs) situés dans la zone ultramafique. Ces résultats impliquent que Cr est principalement disséminé sous sa forme toxique Cr(VI), dont la disponibilité augmente depuis i) le profil de sol ii) les minerais et iii) les résidus miniers. Lors de tests de bioaltération réalisés sur les terrils avec Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans (pH~2) ou Pseudomonas putida (pH~9), Cr a été initialement extrait sous sa forme Cr(VI) puis réduit en Cr (III). Dans les expériences avec A. thiooxidans, la réduction du chrome est dû à l’important pouvoir réducteur d'une série de composés soufrés, tandis que P. putida utilise probablement pour la réduction des chromates une variété d'accepteurs d’électrons. Ces mécanismes, de même que l’augmentation de la concentration en matière organique et la carbonatation minérale, pourraient expliquer la plus faible concentration en Cr(VI) échangeable dans les terrils âgés par rapport aux terrils récents. Par la technique d’échange isotopique, la contribution des SPM au transport du chrome échangeable, ainsi que l’impact des colloïdes contenant des phases porteuses de Cr sur la mesure de ce compartiment échangeable associé aux SPM (EWCr) a été mise en évidence. Les plus grosses particules (> 0.2 µm) jouent un rôle prépondérant dans la zone impactée par l’activité minière, tandis que le chrome est principalement associé aux colloïdes (1 kDa-500 kDa) dans la zone vierge. La présence de colloïdes organiques et inorganiques contenant du chrome non-échangeable induit une surestimation de la valeur de EWCr, qui peut être corrigée par le biais d’un scénario du pire / Ultramafic systems are often synonym of high chromium (Cr) content in rocks, which is naturally leached to surface and groundwater. Due to this natural enrichment, ultramafic areas are massively mined. The mining process includes exploitation and beneficiation activities, in which large amount of metal-rich residues, such as overburden, waste rock and tailings, stored in open air, are produced. These processes may considerably increase the amount of both trivalent (Cr(III)) and hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) released to the environment. The later (Cr(VI)), known to be highly soluble in water, bioavailable and toxic. Within these mining residues, many chemical and biological processes may take place, which will control Cr speciation, mobility and availability. The present work was conducted on i) the nickel exploitation and metallurgic area of Barro Alto (BA, Goiás state, Brazil); ii) the antique chromite exploitation area of Cromínia (CA, Goiás State, Brazil) and iii) the current chromite mine in the Sukinda valley (Odisha, India). The main focus of this research is the identification of the impact of mining activities (nickel and chromium mining) on Cr mobility and availability in ultramafic environments, through the use of isotopic techniques. The chemically and isotopically exchangeable pools of Cr(VI) (ECr(VI)) were higher in BA ore samples, where the enrichment in light chromium isotopes (-0.76 to -0.16‰) was attributed to the loose of isotopically heavy and exchangeable Cr(VI) during weathering. Astonishingly, heavy δ53Cr values were also found in saprolitic ores in BA and in mining-affected soils in CA up to +3.9‰, strongly enriched in Cr(III). The main causes have been attributed to the existence of hydrothermal chromite in CA and/or to natural weathering followed by Cr(VI) reduction that induces reprecipitation of mobile and isotopically heavy Cr. In such a mining context, the accelerated weathering would play an important role in this process. Chromium in the leachate, of BA lateritic and saprolitic ores samples, was present as Cr(VI) isotopically enriched in heavy isotopes (up to +4.84‰), consistently with the exchangeable Cr (ECr(VI)) (up to +4.37‰). These values were in the same range as isotopic compositions measured in the fresh waters (streams and ponds) in the ultramafic area. These results imply that Cr is mainly released as the toxic Cr(VI) specie, which availability increases from i) the soil profile to ii) the ores and iii) the mining residues. This also suggests that δ53Cr could be used as a tracer of Cr leaching in environmental studies in the dissolved phase.In bioleaching tests on tailings with Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans (pH ~ 2) or Pseudomonas putida (pH ~ 9), Cr was initially extracted as Cr(VI) and later reduced to Cr(III). In the experiments with A. thiooxidans the Cr reduction is due to the production of a series of sulfur compounds with high reducing power, while for P. putida probably uses a variety of electron acceptor for chromate reduction, enhanced by the presence of extracellular polymeric substances. Those mechanisms together with the increase of natural organic matter (NOM) and mineral carbonation, could explain the lower exchangeable pool of Cr(VI) in stockpiled chromite tailings compared to fresh tailings. Through the use of isotopic exchange, the contribution of SPM to the transport of exchangeable chromium and the impact of colloids containing Cr-bearing phases on the determination of the exchangeable pool of Cr associated to SPM (EWCr) was highlighted. Larger particles (>0.2 μm) were dominant in the impacted area, while chromium was mainly associated with colloids (1 kDa–500 kDa) in the pristine area. The presence of organic and inorganic colloids containing non-exchangeable chromium induces an overestimation of the EWCr values, which can be over-come thanks to a worst-case scenario correction

by Li Sze Kwan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1990. / Bibliography: leaves 234-259. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.i / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / CONTENTS : / Chapter CHAPTER 1: --- GENERAL INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Our Environment Is Polluted --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Heavy Metal Contamination --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- The Effect of Cadmium and Some Related Metals on Environment --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- The Uses of Microorganisms in Cleaning Up Environment --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5 --- Mechanisms of Cadmium Uptake in Cadmium Accumulating Strains --- p.10 / Chapter 1.6 --- Techniques for Cell Immobilization --- p.13 / Chapter 1.7 --- Prospect --- p.20 / Chapter CHAPTER 2: --- ISOLATION OF CADMUIM ACCUMULATNIG MICROORGANISMS --- p.22 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Recipes Used for Growing Various Organisms --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Methods Used for Collecting Organisms to be Tested --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Observation of Samples by Microscope --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Enrichment of Cadmium Resistant Microorganisms --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Selection and Isolation of Cadmium Resistant Microorganisms --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Purification of Microbial Colonies --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Preliminary Classification of Selected Microorganisms --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Screening of Cadmium Accumulating Strains --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.9 --- Cadmium Analysis --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3 --- Result --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Selection of Cadmium Resistant --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Cadmium Resistance of Isolates --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Screening of Cadmium Accumulating Microorganisms --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.39 / Chapter CHAPTER 3: --- GENERAL CHARACTERIZATION OF STRAIN 1000A --- p.43 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.43 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Various Factors Affecting the Accumulation of Cadmium of Strain 1000A --- p.43 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Identification --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- "Preparation of Solutions, Antibiotics and Reagents" --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Culture Media Used --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Growth Kenetics Determination --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Determination of the Effect of Cadmium Concentration on Cd-uptake in Free Cells --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Determination of the Effect of Phosphate Concentration on Cd-uptake in Free Cell --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Determination of the Cd-uptake in Free Cells in Continuous Cultures --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Determination of Antibiotic Resistance of Strain 1000A --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.8 --- Dstermination of Relationship between Chloramphenicol Resistance and Cd-uptake --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.9 --- Cadmium Analysis --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.10 --- Determination of Inorganic Precipitation of Cadmium --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.11 --- Assimilation Tests --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.12 --- Identification of Strain 1000A --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3 --- Result --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Growth Kinetics of Strain 1000A in Cadmium Supplemented Peptone Medium --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Cd-uptake of Strain 1000A at Various Cadiuin Concentration --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Effect of Phosphate concentration on Cd-uptake of Strain 1000A --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Cd-uptake of Strain 1000A in Continuous Cultures --- p.70 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Inorganic Precipitation of Cadmium Phosphate --- p.75 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Determination of Antibiotic-Resistance of Strain 1000A --- p.78 / Chapter 3.3.7 --- Effect of Chloramphenicol on Cd-uptake and Cadmium Resistance of Strain 1000A --- p.82 / Chapter 3.3.8 --- Determination of the Effect of Tetracyclin --- p.85 / Chapter 3.3.9 --- Assimilation Tests --- p.94 / Chapter 3.3.10 --- Identification of Strain 1000A --- p.94 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.97 / Chapter CHAPTER 4: --- DETERMINATION OF CADMIUM UPTAKE MECHANISM IN P. PICKETTI 1000A --- p.102 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.102 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Preparation of Solutions and Reagents --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Preparation of Reagents for SDS-PAGE --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Recipes for Growing Cells --- p.107 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Protein Determination --- p.108 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Examination of Cadmium Accommodation in P. picketti 1000A by Transmission Electron Microscope --- p.108 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- SDS-polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoretic Determination of Protein Profiles --- p.109 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Phosphate Assay --- p.111 / Chapter 4.2.8 --- Orthophosphate Estimation --- p.112 / Chapter 4.2.9 --- Sulphide Analysis --- p.112 / Chapter 4.2.10 --- Cadmium Analysis --- p.113 / Chapter 4.2.11 --- Cd-binding Determination through Column Separation --- p.113 / Chapter 4.2.12 --- Cd-binding Determinate ion through SDS Electrophoresis --- p.114 / Chapter 4.2.13 --- Determination of Cadmium Distribution of Cells --- p.115 / Chapter 4.3 --- Result --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- SDS-PAGE Determination of Protein Profiles of P. picketti 1000A --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Determination of Cd-binding Protein of P. picketti 1000A --- p.121 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- "Determination of the Relationship of Cellular Cadmium, Sulphide and Phosphate" --- p.131 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Examination of Cadmium Accumulation of P. picketti 1000A by Transmission Electron Microscope --- p.142 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Cadmium Distribution of Cadmium-Accommodated Cells --- p.148 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.152 / Chapter CHAPTER 5: --- CORRELATION AMONG METALS IN HEAVY METAL UPTAKE --- p.158 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.158 / Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.158 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Preparation of Solutions --- p.159 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- "Determination of Effect of Zn+2 ," --- p.160 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Determination of Effect of Cu+2 . --- p.161 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- "Correlation among Cd+2, Cu+2 and Zn+2" --- p.161 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Growth Kenetics Determination --- p.162 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- Cell Sample Preparation --- p.162 / Chapter 5.2.7 --- Orthophosphate Estimation --- p.162 / Chapter 5.2.8 --- Metal Analysis --- p.163 / Chapter 5.3 --- Result --- p.163 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Effect of Zn+2 --- p.163 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Effect of Cu+2 --- p.173 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- "Correlation among Cd+2, Cu+2 and Zn+2" --- p.178 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion --- p.195 / Chapter CHAPTER 6: --- HEAVY METAL UPTAKE OF IMMOBILIZED CELL --- p.197 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.197 / Chapter 6.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.199 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Preparation of Solutions and Medium --- p.199 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Harvesting of Cells --- p.199 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Immobilization of Cells --- p.199 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Determination of the Effect of Temperature --- p.200 / Chapter 6.2.5 --- Determination of Optimum Cell Concentration in Polyacrylamide Gel --- p.201 / Chapter 6.2.6 --- Determination of pH Effect on Cd-uptake --- p.201 / Chapter 6.2.7 --- Pretreatment with 70% Methanol --- p.202 / Chapter 6.2.8 --- Combined Pretreatment with Methanol and NaOH --- p.202 / Chapter 6.2.9 --- Effect of Phosphate on Cd-uptake of Immobilized Cell --- p.202 / Chapter 6.2.10 --- Comparison of Cadmium- and Copper-uptakes in Cells Immobilized in K-carrageenan and in Polyacrylamide --- p.203 / Chapter 6.3 --- Result --- p.204 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Effect of Temperature on Cd-uptake --- p.204 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Determination of Optimum Cell Concentration in Polyacrylamide Gel --- p.204 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- Effect of pH on Cd-uptake of Immobilized Cells --- p.207 / Chapter 6.3.4 --- Effect of Methanol on Cd-uptake --- p.210 / Chapter 6.3.5 --- Combined Effect of pH and Methanol on Cd-uptake --- p.213 / Chapter 6.3.6 --- Effect of Phosphate on Cd-uptake of Immobilized Cells --- p.213 / Chapter 6.3.7 --- Comparison between Cadmium- and Copper-uptake of Cells Immobilized in K-carrageenan and in Polyacrylamide --- p.220 / Chapter 6.4 --- Discussion --- p.228 / Chapter CHAPTER 7: --- CONCLUSION --- p.232 / REFERENCES --- p.234

by Lydia Chang. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1989. / Bibliography: leaves 154-165.

Um dos grandes problemas das Metrópoles tem sido o descarte de resíduos sólidos. Em diversas situações aterros são selecionados como solução de melhor viabilidade para disposição final desses materiais que, na maioria das vezes, são agentes poluentes. Condições inadequadas de operação e conservação desses locais vêm acarretando inúmeros danos ao meio ambiente, em especial, nas áreas de seu entorno que, muitas vezes, possuem aglomerados residenciais. Neste trabalho foram avaliadas condições ambientais mais significativas de uma área e de seu entorno onde se encontram instalados quatro Aterros, três Sanitários e um Industrial, localizados no Município de Tremembé/SP. Provavelmente como conseqüência do mau gerenciamento e descaso das atividades destes Aterros, eles têm sido alvo de inúmeras denúncias, uma vez que trazem grandes prejuízos à população vizinha. Foram estudados os principais agentes poluidores com especial atenção ao comportamento dos íons metálicos alumínio, ferro, manganês e chumbo, em amostras de diferentes compartimentos - solo, solo/sedimento, sedimento de fundo e águas superficiais e subterrâneas. As águas subterrâneas associadas aos Aterros Sanitários encontram-se comprometidas devido a altas concentrações dos íons estudados, cujo comportamento são, em alguns deles, regidos fundamentalmente pelos valores de pH e potencial óxido-redução. Este fato é motivo de grande preocupação, uma vez que na região a grande maioria da população faz uso de águas para consumo humano extraídas de poços do tipo cacimba, além de regas a hortas, dessedentação de animais e abastecimento de ranários por rios e lago. Os dados analíticos das águas superficiais do Rio Serragem e seu afluente que limitam a área de estudo, também apresentaram valores superiores aos permitidos pelos órgãos oficiais para os íons ferro, alumínio e manganês, sempre ligados aos Aterros. Comprovou-se que as características mineralógicas, granulométricas e capacidade de troca catiônica dos solos associados aos Aterros, não são adequadas para a retenção de íons metálicos. Por outro lado os dados de pH do solo (pH) se mostram favoráveis aos fenômenos de adsorção iônica. A geração de chorume é um dos principais passivos ambientais resultados das atividades dos aterros. No âmbito de sugerir idéias que minimizem os impactos produzidos pelo chorume, este trabalho propôs uma destinação mais apropriada para este efluente. Foram realizados experimentos com chorumes dos três Aterros Sanitários estudados e também com chorume coletados no Município de Santo André e Mauá. O trabalho permitiu afirmar que com a eliminação, por aquecimento, da fração líquida do chorume, resulta em um resíduo que tem seu transporte significativamente facilitado devido à redução em mais de 95% de volume, além de apresentar-se rico em potássio, magnésio, cálcio, fósforo, manganês e ferro e cloretos que podem ser reaproveitado na agricultura, em especial no plantio resistente à teores mais elevados de sódio. / A major problem of big cities have been the disposal of solid wastes. In several situations, landfills are selected as solution of better feasibility for final placement of such material that, in most cases, are pollutants. Inadequate conditions of operation and conservation of those locations are giving rise to numerous damage to the environment, in particular, in the surroundings areas that often have residential clusters. In this work have been assessed the most significant environmental conditions in a particular area and its surroundings where were installed four landfills, three sanitaries and one industrial, located in the city of Tremembé / SP. Probably as a result of bad management and careless of these landfills, they have got many complaints, once is bringing on great damage to neighboring population. Were studied the main pollutants with special attention to the behaviour of metal ions, aluminium, iron, manganese and lead on samples of different compartments - soil, sediment / soil, sediment of surface water and groundwater. Groundwater associated with landfill are involved due to high concentrations of the studied ions, which behaviour are, in some of them, essentially governed by the values of pH and oxide-reduction potential. This fact is a reason of great concern, since in the region the vast majority of the population makes use of water, extract from production well, for human consumption, beyond frog farm. The analytics data of the surface water of Serragem River and its stream limits the study field, also submitted values higher than those allowed by official bodies for ions iron, aluminium and manganese, always related to the landfills. It was proved that the mineral characteristics, size analysis and ability to cationic exchange from associated soils with landfills, are not suitable for the retention of metal ions. In the other hand, the data from pH soil ( pH) are favorable to the phenomena of Ionic adsorption strength. The generation of leachate is one of the main environmental liabilities results of the activities of landfills. With the idea to minimize the impact produced by leachate, this work propose a more appropriate destination for this effluent Were carried out experiments with leachate of three studied landfills and also with collected leachate in Santo André and Mauá cities. This work allowed to affirm that with the disposal, by heating the liquid part of the leachate, results in a residue that has its transport significantly facilitated due to the reduction in more than 95% of its volume, and also it performs rich in potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, manganese and chlorides that can be reused in agriculture, in particular, plantation resistant to higher levels of sodium.

Na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, em uma área impactada por resíduos de galvanoplastia estudaram-se fenômenos de fixação e mobilidade dos íons Ni, Cu e Cr associados ao solo e águas subterrâneas e superficiais. No solo, próximo à área de descarte do resíduo, detectou-se preocupante enriquecimento em íons metálicos na forma precipitada/adsorvida, disponíveis ao meio ambiente em função das condições ambientais. Baixos valores de CTC e matéria orgânica do solo constituído essencialmente por caulinita, bem como a declividade do terreno, favoreceram a mobilização iônica com fixação no terreno próximo ao Rio Aricanduva. Experimentalmente, através de lixiviações em extrator do tipo sohxlet e em colunas de percolação sob diferentes condições, demonstrou-se que o Ni é intensamente mobilizado, que o cromo praticamente mantem-se fixo e o cobre teve comportamento intermediário. Em trabalhos de campo verificou-se que o comportamento dos íons foi o mesmo, isto é, o cromo, na forma de óxi-hidróxido, se manteve precipitado junto às partículas do solo; o cobre, pouco ou quase nada se alterou, encontrado praticamente fixo (Cu(OH)2, CuO.nH2O) e o níquel apresentou comportamento dividido entre a solução intersticial e como íon adsorvido. Os resíduos galvânicos, embora sejam diferenciados quanto a composição química, em geral, mesmo em condições ambientais e características diversas dos solos, liberam elevadas concentrações de íons de metais pesados para o meio ambiente excedendo os limites estabelecidos pela CETESB. / In a contaminated site by electroplating wastes located in the Metropolitan region of São Paulo, São Paulo State, were studied phenomena of Ni, Cu and Cr ions fixation and mobility, associated with soils and superficial and groundwater water. The soil situated nearby an irregular area of waste disposal, presented high concentrations of heavy metals as adsorbed/precipitated ions, in available state depending on climate conditions. Low values of cationic exchange capacity (CEC), low organic matter content in soils and kaolinite dominant mineralogy, in addition to land slope favored ionic mobilization followed by its fixation in soils near Aricanduva River. Extractions with sohxlet extractor and with percolation columns in different conditions, show that the nickel is intensely mobilized and chromium remained precipitated; copper behavior was mediator. In works in study area the ions behavior was same, Cr as oxi-hydroxide, remained precipitated in soil; Cu is fixed (Cu(OH)2, CuO.nH2O) and Ni was distributed between soil and water. Solid waste produced by electroplating industry activities present high concentrations of heavy metals, regardless the different conditions and characteristics of soils, when inadequately dumped or disposed, heavy metals ions are released to environment, normally exceeding CETESB (environmental protection agency of São Paulo State) limits.

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