O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar o óleo produzido por cianobactérias como matéria-prima lipídica para sintetisar biodiesel pela rota etílica empregando catalisadores heterogêneos. Cinco linhagens de cianobactérias não produtoras de toxinas: Microcystis aeruginosa NPCD-1, Synechococcus sp. PCC7942, Chlorogloea sp. CENA170, Leptolyngbya sp. CENA104 e Trichormus sp. CENA77 foram inicialmente cultivadas e avaliadas, tomando por base parâmetros como: produtividade de biomassa celular, teor de lipídeo e composição em ácidos graxos. Os valores mais elevados de produtividade celular e de lipídeo foram obtidos para as linhagens M. aeruginosa NPCD-1, Trichormus sp. CENA77 e Synechococcus sp. PCC7942. As matérias-primas lipídicas oriundas das linhagens selecionadas foram ainda caracterizadas quanto as propriedades reológicas (viscosidade), térmicas (termogravimetria) e químicas (espectroscopia na região de infravermelho). Na etapa seguinte, as condições de cultivo das linhagens foram estudadas e otimizadas por meio de um planejamento fatorial avaliando as variáveis intensidade luminosa (50 a 150 ?mol m-2s-1) e concentração de Na2CO3 (0,5 a 1,5 g/L), considerando como variáveis resposta a produtividade celular e o teor de lipídeo. A análise estatística indicou que a intensidade de luz influenciou positivamente os valores de produtividade celular para todas as linhagens estudadas, enquanto a concentração de Na2CO3 influenciou negativamente apenas no cultivo da linhagem M. aeruginosa NPCD-1. Com relação à variável teor de lipídeo, para a linhagem M. aeruginosa NPCD-1 nenhuma variável apresentou significância dentro da faixa estudada. No entanto, para as outras linhagens, o emprego das variáveis estudadas nos níveis mais altos implicou valores mais elevados para o teor de lipídeo. Definidas as condições ótimas de cultivo, o trabalho foi direcionado para execução da reação de interesse do projeto, empregando dois catalisadores heterogêneos de comprovada potencialidade: óxido de nióbio impregnado com sódio (químico) e Novozym 435® (bioquímico). Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que ambos os catalisadores atuaram de forma eficiente, convertendo os ácidos graxos em seus respectivos ésteres de etila. Entretanto, a qualidade da biomassa (índice de acidez e presença de pigmentos) interferiu a atuação dos catalisadores de maneira diferenciada. Enquanto o catalisador químico foi sensível à presença de níveis elevados de acidez, como constatado no óleo de Trichormus sp. CENA77, o catalisador bioquímico pode ter adsorvido os pigmentos presentes em maior quantidade nessa matéria-prima, reduzindo sua atividade catalítica. Desta forma, com exceção do biodiesel dessa matéria-prima lipídica, parâmetros, tais como número de cetano, ponto de entupimento de filtro a frio, índice de saponificação e índice de iodo, foram estimados por modelos teóricos, visando à predição da qualidade do biodiesel obtido dos diferentes óleos de acordo com as especificações estabelecidas pelas normas oficiais. Do ponto de vista geral, os resultados obtidos neste trabalho foram promissores e demonstraram a potencialidade do uso de cianobactérias como fonte de matéria-prima lipídica na síntese de biodiesel. As amostras de biodiesel das biomassas lipídicas de Microcystis aeruginosa NPCD-1 e Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 obtidas pela catálise heterogênea química atenderam as especificações estabelecidas na ANP como biocombustível. / The main goal of this study was to evaluate the lipid extracted from cyanobacteria as feedstock source for the synthesis of biodiesel using heterogeneous catalysis and ethanol as acyl acceptor. Five cyanobacterial non-microcystin producer strains: Microcystis aeruginosa NPCD-1; Synechococcus sp. PCC7942; Chlorogloea CENA170; Leptolyngbya CENA104 and Trichormus sp. CENA77 were cultivated and evaluated taking into account the biomass productivity, lipid content and fatty acid composition. Results indicated that M. aeruginosa NPCD-1, Trichormus sp. CENA77 and Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 gave the best set of parameters and were selected for further characterization using analytical techniques, including: viscosimetry, thermogravimetry and infrared spectroscopy. Following this, the cultivation conditions were studied and optimized using a factorial design, taking into consideration as independent variables light irradiance (50 to 150 ?mol m-2s-1) and concentration of Na2CO3 (0.5 to 1.5 g/L) as a carbon source. Cell productivity and lipid content were taking as response variables. For all strains, the most important factor was the light irradiance, since it presented a significant effect for all responses. Depend on the cyanobacteria strain, the concentration of Na2CO3 was found to have either positive or negative influence on the response variables. While for the M. aeruginosa NPCD-1 the presence of the Na2CO3 in the culture medium negative affected both cell productivity and lipid level, for the other strains high levels of Na2CO3 increase the lipid levels. After establishing the optimum cultivation conditions the experimental work was directed towards to perform the reaction of interest, using cyanobacterial feedstocks and two heterogeneous catalysts: chemical (niobium oxide impregnated with sodium) and biochemical (Novozym 435®). The dataset obtained demonstrated that the formation of ethyl esters from the feedstocks was feasible for the tested catalysts. Both catalysts were efficient in converting all fatty acids present in the feedstocks into the corresponding ethyl esters; however the chemical catalyst gave higher conversion than the biochemical one. The lower quality of the Trichormus sp. CENA77 feedstock strong affected the performance of the catalysts in a different way. While the chemical catalyst was sensitive to high acidity level verified in this microbial oil, the biocatalyst performance was influenced by the presence of pigments which was adsorbed on the biocatalyst matrix reducing its catalytic activity. Except for this oil, parameters such as cetane number, cold filter plugging point, saponification number and iodine value were estimated by theoretical models to predict the quality of biodiesel according to the specifications established by official standards. The results obtained in this study were promising and demonstrated the potential of using cyanobacteria as a feedstock source in the biodiesel synthesis. The lipid biomass from M. aeruginosa NPCD-1 and Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 originated biodiesel samples with appropriate characteristics to be used as fuel that are in accordance with specifications recommended by ANP.

A exploração de fontes alternativas para a produção de energia e produtos químicos ganha cada vez mais relevância devido à crescente demanda mundial por energia, combustíveis e produtos sintéticos. Nesse contexto, a biomassa lignocelulósica passa a ser importante matéria prima e o uso de catalisadores heterogêneos uma via atrativa para a transformação química da biomassa. A associação do Ni com Nb2O5 é promissora para obtenção de um sistema catalítico multifuncional com propriedades ácidas e de hidrogenação. O Brasil é o maior produtor mundial de nióbio e possui enormes quantidades de biomassa lignocelulósica. Assim, o uso de catalisadores à base de nióbio para valorização da biomassa é uma maneira de se agregar ciência e tecnologia a estas matérias primas abundantes em nosso país. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de catalisadores heterogêneos de Ni/Nb2O5 para a exploração da biomassa lignocelulósica como matéria prima para produção de combustíveis e produtos químicos. Nb2O5 foi preparado por duas rotas de síntese, hidrólise básica (HB) que produziu um material amorfo com partículas sem morfologia definida e a síntese hidrotérmica (HT), que produziu um material cristalino com morfologia de nano-bastões. O método HT gerou uma nióbia estável em condições hidrotérmicas e com propriedades texturais e ácidas bastantes superiores do que HB. Foi depositado Ni (5, 10, 15 e 25% m/m) em Nb2O5 e através de experimentos de redução monitorados in situ por técnicas de luz síncrotron ficaram estabelecidas as condições de ativação como sendo temperatura de 320oC e tempo de isoterma de no mínimo 1 h sob fluxo de H2. Isso para obtenção de cristalitos pequenos de Ni0 (2 a 25 nm) e para preservar as propriedades estruturais do suporte. Os catalisadores foram avaliados em reações de hidrodesoxigenação de éter difenílico e o sistema Ni/Nb2O5(HT) apresentou atividade para hidrogenólise da ligações éter, hidrogenação do anel aromático e hidrodesoxigenação, apresentando conversão completa do substrato e seletividade maior que 99% para cicloexano, além de poder ser reciclado por cinco ciclos de reação. 15%Ni/Nb2O5(HT) foi ativo e apresentou boa estabilidade na hidrodesoxigenação de um substrato real de lignina e produziu uma mistura de cicloalcanos e álcoois cíclicos em fase líquida com potencial para ser utilizada como biocombustíveis devido a sua baixa razão O/C. Experimentos exploratórios de conversão de celulose indicaram que o sistema catalítico Ni/Nb2O5(HT) também apresenta potencial para obtenção de polióis e glicóis a partir da fração de carboidratos da biomassa. / The exploitation of alternative resources for the production of energy and chemical products is gaining more and more relevance due to the growing world demand for energy, fuels and synthetic products. In this context, lignocellulosic biomass become an important raw material and the use of heterogeneous catalysts a very attractive way for biomass chemical transformation. The association of Ni with Nb2O5 is promising for obtaining a multifunctional catalytic system with acidic and hydrogenation properties. Brazil is the world\'s largest producer of niobium and has enormous amounts of lignocellulosic biomass. So, the use of niobium-based catalysts for biomass valorisation is a way for adding science and technology to these abundant raw materials in our country. Thus, the aim of this work is the development of heterogeneous Ni/Nb2O5 catalysts for the exploitation of lignocellulosic biomass as raw material for the production of fuels and chemicals. Nb2O5 was prepared by two routes of synthesis, basic hydrolysis (HB) that produced an amorphous material with particles with non-defined morphology and hydrothermal (HT) synthesis that produced a crystalline material with morphology of nano-rods. The HT method produced a stable niobia in hydrothermal conditions and with textures and acidic properties quite higher than HB. Ni (5, 10, 15 and 25 wt.%) was deposited on Nb2O5 and by in situ experiments of reduction monitored by synchrotron light techniques the activation conditions were established as being temperature of 320oC for at least 1 h under H2 flow. This condition enables the production of small crystallites of Ni0 (2 at 25 nm) and for preserving the structural properties of the support. The catalysts were evaluated in hydrodeoxygenation reactions of diphenyl ether and the Ni/Nb2O5(HT) system showed activity for hydrogenolysis of the ether linkages, hydrogenation of aromatic rings and hydrodeoxygenation, converting the substrate completely with selectivity higher than 99% for cyclohexane and being recyclable for five reaction cycles. 15% Ni/Nb2O5(HT) was active for hydrodeoxygenation of a real lignin substrate and exhibited good stability, producing a mixture of cyclic cycloalkanes and alcohols in a liquid phase with potential to be used as biofuels due to their low O/C ratio. Exploratory experiments of cellulose conversion indicated that the Ni/Nb2O5(HT) catalyst also has the potential for obtaining polyols and glycols from the carbohydrate fraction of the biomass.

Com o grande uso de agrotóxicos, aumentaram também os problemas relacionados à contaminação. Tentando remediar esses problemas, estudos baseados em processos oxidativos avançados, como a reação de Fenton, tem conseguido notoriedade, pois o radical hidroxila (•OH) ataca os poluentes orgânicos de maneira não seletiva. Porém, tal reação em meio homogêneo não é tão atrativa, pois requer grandes quantidades de íons de ferro em solução em meio ácido. Entretanto, pesquisas demostram que é possível desenvolve-la em meio heterogêneo com uma variedade de catalisadores em condições mais brandas e, ainda sim, gerar radicais livres e promover a oxidação de contaminantes orgânicos em várias faixas de pH. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos o enriquecimento do rejeito magnético, subproduto da extração de fosfato, em magnetita e a avaliação da viabilidade do mesmo nas reações do tipo Fenton heterogênea, tendo como modelo o herbicida hexazinona. Primeiramente o material passou por separação granulométrica, onde foram geradas 7 amostras, de acordo com a abertura de cada peneira. Em seguida elas foram submetidas a redução do tamanho de suas partículas em moinhos de bolas e passaram por uma pré-caracterização por espectroscopia de florescência de raio-x, difração de raio-x, termogavimetria, calorimetria diferencial exploratório e análise do tamanho de suas partículas. De posse desses dados, todas as amostras foram submetidas ao ensaio de lixiviação ácida, para o enriquecimento do material em magnetita. Após esta etapa, uma amostra foi escolhida (MESH 28) e submetida novamente a lixiviação ácida e às etapas de caracterização anterior e também, a análise do tamanho de sua área superficial, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, e comportamento magnético qualitativo. Assim, a amostra escolhida foi empregada para catálise heterogênea, de acordo com um planejamento estatístico do tipo composto central, levando em consideração a concentração de H2O2 e a variabilidade do pH da solução. Os resultados obtidos mostram que nas condições testadas, a que se apresenta com maior potencial para aplicações reais é a que se utiliza de concentração de peróxido igual a 0,0625 mol/L e pH 7,5, podendo ser ainda \"otimizada\" através de estudos em condições próximas a esta. Portanto, o resíduo magnético enriquecido em magnetita tem potencialidade para ser utilizado como catalisador em reações do tipo Fenton para degradação de herbicidas em água. / With the heavy use of pesticides, also increased the contamination-related problems. Trying to reduce these problems, studies based on advanced oxidation processes, such as the Fenton reaction, has achieved notoriety because the hydroxyl radical (•OH) attacks organic pollutants in a non-selective manner. However, such reaction in homogeneous medium is not so attractive because it requires large amounts of iron ions in solution in acidic medium. However, studies demonstrate that it is possible to develop it in a heterogeneous medium with a variety of catalysts in milder conditions and, yet, generate free radicals and promoting the oxidation of organic contaminants in various pH ranges. In this sense, the present study aimed to enrich the magnetic waste, by-product of phosphate extraction in magnetite and evaluate it viability of the reactions of the heterogeneous Fenton type, with reference to the hexazinone herbicide. Firstly, the material passed to granulometric separation, where were generated seven samples according to the opening of each sieve. Then they were subjected to size reduction of their particles in ball mills and passed through a pre-characterization by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, calorimetry exploratory differential and analysis of its particle size. With this data, all samples were subjected to acid leaching test, to enrich the material with magnetite. After this step, a sample was selected (MESH 28) and resubmitted to acid leaching and to the previous steps of characterization of steps and also the analysis of the size of its surface area, electronic scanning microscopy and magnetic behavior qualitative. Thus, the chosen sample was used for heterogeneous catalysis, in accordance with the central composite statistic planning type, taking into consideration the concentration of H2O2 and the pH variability of the solution. The results show that under the conditions tested, that presents the greatest potential for real world applications is that utilizes peroxide concentration equal to 0.0625 mol/L and pH 7,5, can yet be \"optimized\" via studies in conditions close to this. Therefore, the magnetic residue enriched in magnetite has the potential to be used as a catalyst type in Fenton reactions for the degradation of herbicides in water.

L’oxydation catalytique du propylène en acroléine en phase gazeuse est un procédé complexe et fortement exothermique, faisant intervenir de nombreuses réactions consécutives et compétitives. Une des clés pour maximiser le rendement en acroléine est le contrôle rigoureux de la température du mélange réactionnel ; il s’agit de lever les limitations aux transferts thermiques, afin d’évacuer l’importante chaleur de réaction. Un échangeur-réacteur milli-structuré a ainsi été retenu pour intensifier le procédé. En effet, de par la taille millimétrique de ses canaux ainsi que le choix d’un dépôt du catalyseur industriel sur les parois internes de ceux-ci, les transferts de chaleur et de matière sont améliorés. Afin de réaliser ce dimensionnement, une étude préliminaire de la cinétique des réactions a été réalisée et un modèle cinétique a été déterminé. Ce dernier a été utilisé afin de dégager les conditions optimales de fonctionnement d’un canal réactif (température, nombre de canaux composition), et afin d’extrapoler ces conditions sur un agencement structuré des canaux réactifs. La forme des chambres de distribution et de collecte du réacteur-échangeur ainsi que sa structure ont été déterminées et optimisées afin d’atteindre un rendement élevé par un contrôle optimal de la température, de minimiser la maldistribution des fluides et d’assurer la sécurité du procédé. Ce réacteur-échangeur intensifié, à la géométrie complexe, a finalement été fabriqué par impression 3D, au sein du projet français FAIR (Fabrication Additive pour l’Intensification des Réacteurs) / The catalytic oxidation of propylene to acrolein is a complex and highly exothermic process carried out in the gas phase, involving consecutive and competitive reactions. To maximize the efficiency of this process, the temperature needs to be rigorously controlled and the thermal transfers must be maximized, in order to evacuate the heat released by the reactions. A millistructured reactor-exchanger has thus been chosen to intensify this process. Indeed, millimetric channels washcoated with an industrial catalyst provide intensified heat and mass transfer. To carry out this design, a preliminary study of the kinetics of these reactions was carried out and a kinetic model was determined. This model was then used to identify the optimal operating conditions of a single reactive channel (temperature, number of channels, composition), and to extrapolate these conditions for the design of an intensified reactor exchanger. The shape of the distribution and collect chambers of these reactive channels were then optimized to minimize maldistribution, maximize the acrolein yield with an optimal control of the temperature, and to ensure the safety of the process. This intensified reactor-exchanger with complex geometry was finally manufactured by 3D printing, within the French project FAIR (Additive Manufacturing for the Intensification of Reactors)

O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar o óleo produzido por cianobactérias como matéria-prima lipídica para sintetisar biodiesel pela rota etílica empregando catalisadores heterogêneos. Cinco linhagens de cianobactérias não produtoras de toxinas: Microcystis aeruginosa NPCD-1, Synechococcus sp. PCC7942, Chlorogloea sp. CENA170, Leptolyngbya sp. CENA104 e Trichormus sp. CENA77 foram inicialmente cultivadas e avaliadas, tomando por base parâmetros como: produtividade de biomassa celular, teor de lipídeo e composição em ácidos graxos. Os valores mais elevados de produtividade celular e de lipídeo foram obtidos para as linhagens M. aeruginosa NPCD-1, Trichormus sp. CENA77 e Synechococcus sp. PCC7942. As matérias-primas lipídicas oriundas das linhagens selecionadas foram ainda caracterizadas quanto as propriedades reológicas (viscosidade), térmicas (termogravimetria) e químicas (espectroscopia na região de infravermelho). Na etapa seguinte, as condições de cultivo das linhagens foram estudadas e otimizadas por meio de um planejamento fatorial avaliando as variáveis intensidade luminosa (50 a 150 ?mol m-2s-1) e concentração de Na2CO3 (0,5 a 1,5 g/L), considerando como variáveis resposta a produtividade celular e o teor de lipídeo. A análise estatística indicou que a intensidade de luz influenciou positivamente os valores de produtividade celular para todas as linhagens estudadas, enquanto a concentração de Na2CO3 influenciou negativamente apenas no cultivo da linhagem M. aeruginosa NPCD-1. Com relação à variável teor de lipídeo, para a linhagem M. aeruginosa NPCD-1 nenhuma variável apresentou significância dentro da faixa estudada. No entanto, para as outras linhagens, o emprego das variáveis estudadas nos níveis mais altos implicou valores mais elevados para o teor de lipídeo. Definidas as condições ótimas de cultivo, o trabalho foi direcionado para execução da reação de interesse do projeto, empregando dois catalisadores heterogêneos de comprovada potencialidade: óxido de nióbio impregnado com sódio (químico) e Novozym 435® (bioquímico). Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que ambos os catalisadores atuaram de forma eficiente, convertendo os ácidos graxos em seus respectivos ésteres de etila. Entretanto, a qualidade da biomassa (índice de acidez e presença de pigmentos) interferiu a atuação dos catalisadores de maneira diferenciada. Enquanto o catalisador químico foi sensível à presença de níveis elevados de acidez, como constatado no óleo de Trichormus sp. CENA77, o catalisador bioquímico pode ter adsorvido os pigmentos presentes em maior quantidade nessa matéria-prima, reduzindo sua atividade catalítica. Desta forma, com exceção do biodiesel dessa matéria-prima lipídica, parâmetros, tais como número de cetano, ponto de entupimento de filtro a frio, índice de saponificação e índice de iodo, foram estimados por modelos teóricos, visando à predição da qualidade do biodiesel obtido dos diferentes óleos de acordo com as especificações estabelecidas pelas normas oficiais. Do ponto de vista geral, os resultados obtidos neste trabalho foram promissores e demonstraram a potencialidade do uso de cianobactérias como fonte de matéria-prima lipídica na síntese de biodiesel. As amostras de biodiesel das biomassas lipídicas de Microcystis aeruginosa NPCD-1 e Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 obtidas pela catálise heterogênea química atenderam as especificações estabelecidas na ANP como biocombustível. / The main goal of this study was to evaluate the lipid extracted from cyanobacteria as feedstock source for the synthesis of biodiesel using heterogeneous catalysis and ethanol as acyl acceptor. Five cyanobacterial non-microcystin producer strains: Microcystis aeruginosa NPCD-1; Synechococcus sp. PCC7942; Chlorogloea CENA170; Leptolyngbya CENA104 and Trichormus sp. CENA77 were cultivated and evaluated taking into account the biomass productivity, lipid content and fatty acid composition. Results indicated that M. aeruginosa NPCD-1, Trichormus sp. CENA77 and Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 gave the best set of parameters and were selected for further characterization using analytical techniques, including: viscosimetry, thermogravimetry and infrared spectroscopy. Following this, the cultivation conditions were studied and optimized using a factorial design, taking into consideration as independent variables light irradiance (50 to 150 ?mol m-2s-1) and concentration of Na2CO3 (0.5 to 1.5 g/L) as a carbon source. Cell productivity and lipid content were taking as response variables. For all strains, the most important factor was the light irradiance, since it presented a significant effect for all responses. Depend on the cyanobacteria strain, the concentration of Na2CO3 was found to have either positive or negative influence on the response variables. While for the M. aeruginosa NPCD-1 the presence of the Na2CO3 in the culture medium negative affected both cell productivity and lipid level, for the other strains high levels of Na2CO3 increase the lipid levels. After establishing the optimum cultivation conditions the experimental work was directed towards to perform the reaction of interest, using cyanobacterial feedstocks and two heterogeneous catalysts: chemical (niobium oxide impregnated with sodium) and biochemical (Novozym 435®). The dataset obtained demonstrated that the formation of ethyl esters from the feedstocks was feasible for the tested catalysts. Both catalysts were efficient in converting all fatty acids present in the feedstocks into the corresponding ethyl esters; however the chemical catalyst gave higher conversion than the biochemical one. The lower quality of the Trichormus sp. CENA77 feedstock strong affected the performance of the catalysts in a different way. While the chemical catalyst was sensitive to high acidity level verified in this microbial oil, the biocatalyst performance was influenced by the presence of pigments which was adsorbed on the biocatalyst matrix reducing its catalytic activity. Except for this oil, parameters such as cetane number, cold filter plugging point, saponification number and iodine value were estimated by theoretical models to predict the quality of biodiesel according to the specifications established by official standards. The results obtained in this study were promising and demonstrated the potential of using cyanobacteria as a feedstock source in the biodiesel synthesis. The lipid biomass from M. aeruginosa NPCD-1 and Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 originated biodiesel samples with appropriate characteristics to be used as fuel that are in accordance with specifications recommended by ANP.

Neste trabalho foi sintetizada e caracterizada uma série de porfirinas e FeP correspondentes contendo substituintes NO2 nas posições orto- ou grupos COOH nas posições para- dos anéis meso-fenis, e a atividade catalítica destes compostos na oxidação de hidrocarbonetos foi investigada, tanto em sistemas homogêneos quanto em sistemas suportados. As porfirinas H2(TNMCPP), H2(DNDCPP) e H2(MNTCPP) foram sintetizadas pela reação de pirrol com a mistura de 2-nitrobenzaldeído e 4-carboxibenzaldeído, em meio de ácido propiônico e nitrobenzeno, sendo em seguida isoladas e purificadas através de cromatografia preparativa em sílica gel tendo como eluente a mistura DCM : ACT : HAc (8 : 2 : 0,1). A inserção de ferro nas porfirinas bases livre foi feita pela reação com FeBr2.2H2O em meio de DMF. A caracterização das porfirinas bases livre e das correspondentes FeP envolveu diferentes técnicas como: TLC, eletroforese em gel de agarose, análise elementar, UV/Vis, IV, RMN 1H, FAB MS, susceptibilidade magnética e EPR. Utilizou-se as porfirinas H2(TNPP) e H2(TCPP) e FeP correspondentes como padrões de comparação, tornando a série completa. A purificação e caracterização destas porfirinas mostraram-se bastante complexas devido à presença de grupos ionizáveis resultando em grandes diferenças de solubilidade na série e efeitos de agregação. Estes efeitos foram mais pronunciados para as porfirinas contendo maior número de grupos COOH. O estudo da atividade catalítica da série de FeP foi desenvolvido inicialmente em meio homogêneo, utilizando diferentes substratos como: (Z)-cicloocteno, cicloexeno, cicloexano e adamantano. As FeP sintetizadas mostraram-se catalisadores eficientes e seletivos para a hidroxilação de alcanos e epoxidação de alcenos. A estabilidade da Fe(TNMCPP)Cl foi investigada em reações com múltiplas adições de oxidante. Observou-se uma alta estabilidade para este catalisador em solução, com bons rendimentos em epóxido para até sete ciclos consecutivos, e um alto número de turnover (1142). A Fe(TNMCPP)Cl foi ancorada na APS através de ligação covalente (peptídica) entre o grupo COOH da FeP e o grupo NH2 da sílica funcionalizada. Esta FeP foi selecionada por possuir apenas um grupo capaz de reagir com a sílica e, ao mesmo tempo, a proteção estérica de três grupos NO2 substituintes nas posições orto-, constituindo um sistema interessante do ponto de vista catalítico. Este sistema mostrou-se bastante eficiente na oxidação do (Z)-cicloocteno. O número máximo de turnover catalítico para esta FeP suportada foi de 595 após três adições sucessivas de oxidante. A Fe(TNMCPP)Cl foi ancorada na APS também por atração eletrostática, porém este sistema mostrou-se menos eficiente como catalisador na oxidação do (Z)-cicloocteno. / In this work, a series of porphyrins and corresponding FeP containing NO2-substituents in the ortho- or COOH-groups in the para- meso-phenyl rings were synthesized and the catalytic activities of such compounds were investigated in both homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. H2(TNMCPP), H2(DNDCPP) and H2(MNTCPP) porphyrins were synthesized through the mixed co-condensation of pyrrole and different benzaldehydes (2-nitrobenzaldehyde and 4-carboxybenzaldehyde) in propionic acid and nitrobenzene media. The porphyrins were then isolated and purified through silica gel chromatography, having a solvent mixture DCM : ACT : HAc (8 : 2 : 0,1). The characterization of the free-base porphyrins and the corresponding FeP was carried out through TLC, electrophoresis on agarose gel, elemental analysis, UV/Vis, infra red, RMN 1H, FAB MS, magnetic susceptibility and EPR. H2(TNPP) and H2(TCPP) and corresponding FeP were used for comparison, thus completing the porphyrin series. The purification and characterization of these porphyrins proved to be very complex due the presence of ionic groups. This resulted in different solubilities throughout the series, as well as aggregation effects. Such effects were more pronounced with porphyrins containing a greater number of COOH groups. The study of the catalytic activities of the FeP was initially carried out in homogeneous system, by using various substrates: (Z)-cyclooctene, cyclohexene, cyclohexane and adamantane. The synthesized FeP were efficient and selective catalysts for alkane hydroxilation and alkene epoxidation. The stability of Fe(TNMCPP)Cl was investigated by multiple oxidant addition. A high stability was observed for this catalyst in homogeneous system, since it led to good epoxide yields up to the seventh cycle and an excellent turnover number of 1142. Fe(TNMCPP)Cl was supported on APS through covalent binding of the peptidic type between COOH groups in the FeP and NH2 group on the funcionalized silica. This FeP was chosen for the study since it has only one group that is capable of reacting with the silica, at the same time that it presents sterical hindrance confered by the three NO2 groups in the ortho-position. This is a very interesting system from the catalytical point of view. Such system proved to be very efficient in the oxidation of (Z)-cyclooctene. The maximum catalytic turnover attained with this supported FeP was of 595, after three sucessive additions of oxidant. Fe(TNMCPP)Cl was also supported on APS though electrostatic binding, but this system was a less efficient catalyst for (Z)-cyclooctene oxidation.

The effect of acoustic and hydrodynamic cavitation on the precipitation of inorganic catalytic materials was investigated. The overall objective was to understand the fundamental factors involved in synthesizing nanometer-size catalytic materials in the 1-10 nm range in a cavitating field. Materials with grain sizes in this range have been associated with enhanced catalytic activity compared to larger grain size materials. A new chemical approach was used to produce titania supported gold by coprecipitation with higher gold yields compared to other synthesis methods. Using this approach, it was determined that acoustic cavitation was unable to influence the gold mean crystallite size compared to non-sonicated catalysts. However, gold concentration on the catalysts was found to be very important for CO oxidation activity. By decreasing the gold concentration from a weight loading of 0.50% down to approximately 0.05%, the rate of reaction per mole of gold was found to increase by a factor of 19. Hydrodynamic cavitation at low pressures (6.9-48 bar) was determined to have no effect on gold crystallite size at a fixed gold content for the same precipitation technique used in the acoustic cavitation studies. By changing the chemistry of the precipitation system, however, it was found that a synergy existed between the dilution of the gold precursor solution, the orifice diameter, and the reducing agent addition rate. Individually, these factors were found to have little effect and only their interaction allowed gold grain size control in the range of 8-80 nm. Further modification of the system chemistry and the use of hydrodynamic cavitation at pressures in excess of 690 bar allowed the systematic control of gold crystallite size in the range of 2-9 nm for catalysts containing (2.27 ± 0.17)% gold. In addition, it was shown that the enhanced mixing due to cavitation led to larger gold yields compared to classical syntheses. The control of gold grain size was gained at the loss of CO activity, which was attributed to the formation of non-removable sodium titanate species. The increased mixing associated with cavitation contributed to the activity loss by partially burying the gold and incorporating more of the sodium titanate species into the catalysts. This work produced the first evidence of hydrodynamic cavitation influencing the gold crystallite size on titania supported gold catalysts and is the only study reporting the control of grain size by simple mechanical adjustment of the experimental parameters. Despite the low activity observed due to sodium titanate, the methodology of adjusting the chemistry of a precipitating system could be used to eliminate such species. The approach of modifying the chemical precipitation kinetics relative to the dynamics of cavitation offers a general scheme for future research on cavitational processing effects.

Diminuer les émissions de CO2, principal gaz à effet de serre, constitue un des enjeux majeurs de notre ère actuelle. De nombreuses mesures existent déjà mais sont encore insuffisantes. C’est dans ce cadre que le projet ANR DIGAS a vu le jour. Durant ces travaux, des matériaux catalytiques composés de CuO/ZnO/ZrO2 ont été développés par coprécipitation classique et ont été testés sous une pression de 50 bar pour la synthèse de méthanol à partir de l’hydrogénation de CO2. Ces catalyseurs ont ensuite été optimisés à l’aide d’un système développé au laboratoire : la synthèse microfluidique en continu. Elle a permis de rendre les catalyseurs plus homogènes et ainsi plus efficaces. Le catalyseur le plus performant a, par la suite, été couplé à un catalyseur acide, une zéolithe ZSM5, pour permettre la synthèse directe de diméthyléther (DME) à partir de l’hydrogénation de CO2. Dans le cas de la synthèse de méthanol ainsi que pour la synthèse de DME, les catalyseurs développés sont compétitifs et plus performants que les catalyseurs actuellement sur le marché. / Reducing CO2 emissions, the main greenhouse gas, is one of the major challenges of our current era. Many measures already exist but are still insufficient. It is in this context that the ANR project called DIGAS was funded. During this work, catalytic materials composed of CuO/ZnO/ZrO2 were developed by classical coprecipitation and tested under a pressure of 50 bar for the methanol synthesis from CO2 hydrogenation. Then, these catalysts were optimized using a system developed in the laboratory: microfluidic continuous synthesis. It has made the catalysts more homogeneous and thus more efficient. The most efficient catalyst was subsequently coupled to a ZSM5 zeolite to allow direct dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis from the CO2 hydrogenation. In the case of methanol as well as for DME synthesis, the developed catalysts are competitive and more efficient than the catalysts currently on the market.

Les sites actifs de l’époxydation des alcènes dans les catalyseurs au titane supporté sur silice sont des ions Ti(IV) isolés. La stratégie d’isolation de site adoptée ici consiste à greffer l’isopropoxyde de titane par réaction avec les groupements silanol de surface dont la densité est diminuée par « capping » chimique remplaçant le traitement thermique usuel, très énergivore. La technique du pochoir moléculaire à motifs périodiques (PMP) a été appliquée pour forcer l’isolation de site. Dans les silices poreuses mesostructurées par un tensio-actif, c’est ce dernier, partiellement extrait, qui génère l’effet PMP lors du capping. Son élimination à l’étape suivante libère des îlots de groupements silanol sur lesquels sont greffés les ions Ti(IV). Une étude spectroscopique quantitative menée en parallèle par FT-IR et par RMN du solide du 29Si démontre que le pochoir organique inverse formé de groupement organosilyls greffés est conservé à toutes les étapes de synthèse. La spectroscopie UV en corrélation avec l’activité catalytique en époxydation du cyclohexene montent que ces surfaces originales favorisent un nombre beaucoup plus grand de sites mononucléaires isolés que les surfaces de silice non modifiées. La démonstration est faite avec une fonction de capping dipodale, 1-2-ethanebis(dimethylsilyl) (EBDMS), beaucoup plus stable que le monopodal classique, trimethylsilyl (TMS). Par ailleurs, le pochoir organique inverse issu du TMS ou de EBDMS voit sa stabilité augmentée par traitement thermique tout en préservant son effet dispersant pour le titane. Pour ce faire, un suivi quantitatif de la décomposition des organosilanes greffés a été réalisé par RMN du solide du 29Si. Finalement, une description affinée et quantitative du mode de greffage du titane a été réalisée par simulation des spectres UV sur une série de catalyseurs supposant 5 types d’espèces comprenant les sites isolés et les clusters, les derniers se différenciant par leur gamme de taille. / The active sites for epoxydation of alkenes in silica supported titanium catalysts are isolated Ti(IV) ions. The strategy for site isolation consists here to graft titanium isopropoxyde by reaction with surface silanol groups, the density of which is decreased by chemical capping instead of the energy consuming thermal treatment. The molecular stencil patterning technique (MSP) is applied to enforce site isolation. In mesostructured porous silicas, the partly extracted templating surfactant plays the role of a MSP mask during capping. Then, the elimination of the remaining surfactant liberates silanol islands for the grafting of Ti(IV) ions. Quantitative FT-IR and 29Si MAS-NMR studies reveal that the inverse organic stencil made of grafted organosilyls groups is maintained at each synthesis steps. Diffuse reflectance UV spectroscopy in correlation with the catalytic activity in epoxidation of cyclohexene show that these original surfaces favor the formation of a much larger number of isolated mononuclear sites than the unmodified silica surfaces. The demonstration is obtained using a dipodal organosilyl function, 1-2-ethanebis (dimethylsilyl) (EBDMS) that is much more stable than the classic and monopodal, trimethylsilyl (TMS). Besides, it is shown that the inverse organic stencil (from EBDMS or TMS) is stabilized further by thermal treatment while its dispersive effect on titanium can be preserved. The proof relies on a quantitative 29Si solid State NMR study. Finally, a refined description of the grafting mode of titanium was realized by simulation of the UV spectra of a large series of catalysts assuming only 5 different types of species including isolated species and clusters differentiated by the range of sizes.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-05-19T17:29:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JonnyFerreira.pdf: 3245371 bytes, checksum: 31437c781c5f38b977832295aa4ecd66 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-19T17:29:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JonnyFerreira.pdf: 3245371 bytes, checksum: 31437c781c5f38b977832295aa4ecd66 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-16 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão (FAPEMA) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPQ) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Therefore, this research proposes the glycerol transformation in a product with a larger value aggregated the glycerol carbonate. For this, catalysts were synthesized under the influence of modified alumina with calcium and magnesium, produced by methods of polymeric precursors and impregnating in a wet system. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy and dispersive energy spectrometry (SEM-EDS) and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (FRX). The glycerol reaction with the dimethyl carbonate was processed in 95º C, with 3.5 dimethyl carbonate/glycerol and 20% of the mass of the catalyst relative to glycerol. The sprectroscopic analysis in the infared region of the reactional product suggested the formation of the carbonyl group (C = O), vibrational mode in the region 1770cm-1 , what is characteristic of a glycerol carbonate Chromatograms confirmed the formation of glycerol carbonate. The conversion values of carbonation of the glycerol with the Al-Ca01 and Al-Ca02 catalysts were 96.5 and 68.6%, respectively, whereas for Al-Mg01 and Al-Mg02, 50.9 and 39.6%, respectively, noting that the conversion potential of glycerol to glycerol carbonate followed the sequence Al-Ca01 <AlCa02 <Al-Mg01 <Al-Mg02. It was observed the formation of glycidol as a minor product. It was fullfilled a 24 factorial planning to evaluate the efects of the variables, composition of the catalyst, molar ration between glycerol and dimethyl carbonate, time and temperature on the reaction of the formation of the glycerol carbonate and determine if the ideal conditions of the process for better results of conversion and selectivity. / Este trabalho propõe a transformação do glicerol em um produto de maior valor agregado, o carbonato de glicerol. Para tanto, foram sintetizados catalisadores a base de alumina modificada com cálcio e magnésio, produzidos pelos métodos de precussor polimérico e impregnação via úmida. A caracterização dos catalisadores ocorreu por meio das análises de difração de raios X (DRX), Infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), Microscopia eletrônica de varredura e espectrometria de energia dispersiva (MEV-EDS) e Espectroscopia de fluorescência de raios X (FRX). A reação do glicerol com o carbonato de dimetila se processou a 95 °C com uma razão carbonato de dimetila / glicerol de 3,5 e 20% em massa do catalisador relativo ao glicerol. A análise espectroscópica na região do infravermelho do produto reacional indicou a formação do grupo carbonila (C=O), modo vibracional na região de 1770 cm-1 , aspecto característico do carbonato de glicerol. Os cromatogramas confirmaram a formação do carbonato de glicerol. Os valores de conversão de carbonatação do glicerol com a utilização dos catalisadores Al-Ca01 e Al-Ca02 foram 96,5 e 68,6%, respectivamente enquanto que para os sistemas Al-Mg01 e Al-Mg02, 50,9 e 39,6%, respectivamente, notando que o potencial de conversão de glicerol à carbonato de glicerol seguiu a sequência Al-Ca01 < Al-Ca02 < Al-Mg01 < AlMg02. A formação do glicidol foi observado no emprego do catalisador de AlCa01 como um produto minoritário. Foi realizado um planejamento fatorial 24 para avaliar os efeitos das variáveis, composição do catalisador, razão molar entre glicerol e carbonato dimetila, tempo e temperatura na reação de formação do carbonato de glicerol e determinar se as condições ideais do processo para melhores resultados de conversão e seletividade.