Orientador: Maria Valnice Boldrin Zanoni / Banca: Regina Celia Galvão Frem / Banca: Lúcio Cesar de Almeida / Resumo: O presente trabalho ilustra duas vertentes para modificação de eletrodo com complexo as pirinato de cobre (II), [(Cu) 2 (Asp) 4 ]. A primeira baseou - se no desenvolvimento de um sensor eletroquímico para detecção de íons nitrito em soluções aquosas. I nicialmente foi estudado o comportamento eletroquímico por voltametria cíclica, sobre eletrodo de carbono vítreo em tampão B - R (0,1 mol L - 1 ) . Nesta condição do estudo, verific ou - se que o complexo apresenta comportamento irreversível e controlado por difusão . Em seguida, imobilizou - se o [( Cu ) 2 (Asp) 4 ] por ciclagens sucessivas sobre a superfície do eletrodo de carbono vítreo, observandoa capacida de eletrodo modificado de tectar os íons nitrito em solução aquosa cerca de 57% melhor que o eletrodo de carbono vítreo sem modificação . O eletrodo de carbono vítreo modificado aplicado para analisar uma amostra comercial de sal de cura ( que contem 5 % (m/m ) de NO 2 - ), diluída em tampão B - R na concentração de 1,0 g L - 1 . O método utilizado foi o adição de padrão, resultando em uma concentração de 0,059 g L - 1 de íons nitrito, obtendo erro de 18%. Indicando boa performanc e do ECV modificado com [(Cu) 2 (Asp) 4 ] para sensor eletroquímico de NO 2 - . A segunda vertente fundamenta - se na modificação de eletrodos de nanotubos de Ti/TiO 2 com [ ( Cu ) 2 (Asp) 4 ] para aplicação de fotoc átodo na redução de NO 2 - . A investigação da redução de íons nitrito por fotoeletrocatálise revelou a melhor condição em 15 mmol L - 1 de NaCl, como eletrólito de suporte, sob potencial de - 0,6 V em pH original da solução sobre o eletrodo modificado com [ ( Cu ) 2 (Asp) 4 ] . A redução de 5,0 mg L - 1 de nitrito nestas condições resultou na redução total em apenas 6 minutos formando 47% de íons amônio e 53% de nitrogênio dissolvidos como outras espécies, sem a presença de íons nitrato.... / Abstract: ABSTRACT This paper illustrates two aspects to electrode modified with aspirinat o complex of copper (II), [(Cu) 2 (Asp) 4 ]. The first was based on the development of an electrochemical sensor for the detection of nitrite ions in aqueous solutions. Initially we studied the electrochemical behavior by cyclic voltammetry on glassy c arbon electrode in B - R buffer (0, 1mol L - 1 ). In this condition the study, it was found that irreversible complex features and behavior controlled by di ffusion. Then the [(Cu) 2 (Asp) 4 ] By cycling successive on the surface of the glassy carbon electrode was immobilized by observing the electrode capacity modified detecting the nitrite ions in aqueous solution about 57% better than the electrode glassy carbon without modification. The modified glassy carbon electrode applied to analyze a commercial sample of curing salt (containing 5% (m/m) of NO 2 - ), diluted in BR buffer at a co ncentration of 1.0 g L - 1 . The method used was the added pattern, resulting in a concentration of 0.059 g L - 1 of nitrite ions, obtaining 18% error. Indicating good p erformance of glassy c arbon electrode modified [(Cu) 2 (Asp) 4 ] for electrochemical sensor NO 2 - . The second part is based on the modification of nanotubes electrodes of Ti/ TiO 2 with [(Cu) 2 (Asp) 4 ] for application of photocathode in reducing NO 2 - . The investigation of reducing nitrite ions per photoelectrocatalysis showed the best condition in 15 mmol L - 1 NaCl as supporting electrolyte under potential - 0.6 V at the original pH of the solution on the electrode modified with [(Cu) 2 (Asp) 4 ]. The reduction 5.0 mg L + of nitrite under these conditions resulted in a complete reduction in only 6 minutes to form ammonium ions 47% and 53% of nitrogen and other dissolved species without the presence of nitrate ions. Modification of tubular nanostructures Ti /TiO 2 with [(Cu) 2 (Asp) 4 ] performed better in... / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:21:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 parte1.pdf: 1916067 bytes, checksum: e4045cc0ffe2f947f30aea1666f195a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Air pollution is of great concern to all of us, and among the main causes are the gases emitted from fossil fuels burning. Therefore, the search for clean technologies is of prime importance nowadays. Thus, in the present work the reaction mechanism for the hydrodesulfurization is investigated. Such reaction is widely used in oil refinery, where new materials, with lowest cost and greater range of application, are searched for. This reaction causes the reduction of hydrocarbons containing sulfur-based functional groups, such as thiols, sulfides and thiophenes, releases hydrogen sulfide, and is catalyzed by molybdenum sulfides or oxides. Since the absorption of SOx compounds is harmful to health and environment, the levels of these types of compounds should be considerably reduced, according to the Kyoto Protocol and the current legislation. In the present study, the hydrodesulfurization reaction involving thiophene is investigated through the use of Quantum Chemical Methods. A mechanism is proposed, using the MoO3, NiMoO4 and CrMoO4 compounds as catalysts. Besides, the effects of Mo6+, Ni2+ and Cr2+ ions are analyzed and also, a mechanism is proposed, considering Thermodynamic and Kinetic Chemistry aspects, once they are not completely established in literature. Geometry optimization and harmonic frequency calculations are performed using the PM6 method, implemented in MOPAC2007. The catalysts structures are built from experimental data provided by the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database. Reaction enthalpies, entropies, Gibbs free energies, as well as activation and reaction energies are computed. Some results of this work comprehend values referring to absortion energies for the catalysts MoO3, MoO3:Ni e MoO3:Cr, corresponding to -117.23, -115.26 and -407.14 kJ mol-1, respectively, originating the following stability order: Cr > Mo > Ni. / A atmosfera sofre graves efeitos oriundos da poluição gerada, principalmente, pelos gases procedentes dos combustíveis fósseis. Por conseguinte, a busca por tecnologias limpas é de suma importância na contemporaneidade. Pertinente a esse fato, o trabalho em questão investiga o mecanismo para a reação de hidrodessulfurização, que é empregada nas refinarias de petróleo, onde são averiguados novos materiais, com custos menos onerosos e de maior aplicabilidade. A partir dessa reação, reduzem-se hidrocarbonetos que contêm grupos funcionais contendo enxofre, como tióis, tiofenos e sulfetos, liberando gás sulfídrico, sendo promovida por sulfetos ou óxidos de molibdênio. A absorção dos compostos SOX causa efeitos prejudiciais à saúde e ao meio ambiente, de modo que os níveis desses compostos devem ser reduzidos consideravelmente, conforme o Protocolo de Kyoto e a legislação vigente. Neste estudo teórico, a reação de hidrodessulfurização envolve o tiofeno, empregando os catalisadores MoO3, MoO3:Ni e MoO3:Cr, a fim de avaliar o efeito dos íons Mo6+, Ni2+ e Cr2+, além de propor o mecanismo para a mesma, considerando os aspectos da Termodinâmica e da Cinética Química, visto que o mesmo não é estabelecido completamente pela literatura. Para otimização de geometria e cálculos das frequências harmônicas, utilizou-se o método PM6, incorporado ao MOPAC2007. Os catalisadores foram construídos a partir de dados experimentais oriundos do Inorganic Crystal Structure Database, tornando a estrutura de cada catalisador inédita para este tipo de investigação. Resultados como entalpia, entropia, energia livre de Gibbs, energia de ativação e de reação foram averiguados. Alguns resultados deste trabalho, englobam os valores referentes às energias de adsorção para os catalisadores MoO3, MoO3:Ni e MoO3:Cr, que corresponderam a -117,23, -115,26 e -407,14 kJ mol-1, respectivamente, originando a seguinte ordem de estabilidade: Cr > Mo > Ni.

Catalisadores de óxido de vanádio suportados sobre titânia foram preparados pelo processo sol-gel. A secagem do material foi efetuada em condições supercríticas (aerogel) e pelo método convencional (xerogel). As características texturais foram determinadas por adsorção de N2 à 77K para obtenção de isotermas de adsorção, área superficial BET, distribuição, forma e tamanho de poros. A morfologia do material foi verificada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A estrutura e a identificação dos grupos superficiais foram determinadas por difratometria de raios-X e espectroscopia de infravermelho. Obteve-se sólidos com áreas superficiais ate três vezes superiores que os valores médios encontrados na literatura. Porosidade de ate 300 cm3g-1 para os aerogéis. Três tipos de espécies vanádio foram identificados nos catalisadores: grupos superficiais vanadis monoméricos, grupos vanadatos poliméricos e cristalitos de V2O5. O suporte e formado por TiO2 nas formas anatásio e rutilo com predominância da primeira forma nos aerogeis. A análise de microscopia mostrou urna granulometria ligeiramente esférica com partículas em torno de 6OMEGAm e boa dispersão do óxido de vanádio sobre a titânia. / In this work, catalysts of V2O5/ TiO2 were obtained by sol-gel method, and dried under two different conditions: supercritical (aerogel) and conventional one (xerogel). The textural characterization was carried out by adsorption of N2 at 77K, determining the adsorption isotherm, BET surface area and size, shape and distribution of porous structure. The morphology of synthesized material was studied by SEM, the structure and surface groups were characterized by XDR and FTIR, respectively. The surface area was about three time of reported in the literature. The porosity achieves values of 300 cm3g-1for aerogels. Three surface species were identified for vanadium: monomeric vanadyl, polymeric vanadates groups and V2O5 in crystallites forms. Two different forms of crystallization, rutile and anatase, were found for TiO2 support, being the first of them predominant for aerogels. The analysis of SEM micrographies exhibited a spheric granulation of particles of about 6OMEGAm and showed a good dispersion of vanadium oxide on titanium.

Orientador: Kil Jin Park / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T03:09:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bevilaqua_Gabriela_M.pdf: 2266405 bytes, checksum: 32b324014175a32c748994b5091ea509 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O impacto ambiental devido ao uso de combustíveis fósseis e as questões políticas envolvendo seu uso tem impulsionado a busca por combustíveis derivados da biomassa. Desta forma, o biodiesel tem aparecido nesse contexto de modo a substituir, parcialmente ou totalmente, a utilização de combustíveis derivados de petróleo. O biodiesel é definido como uma mistura de ésteres obtidos principalmente a partir da reação de triacilglicerídios e álcool. A reação mais comumente utilizada para sua síntese é a transesterificação. Algumas condições reacionais afetam o rendimento, tais como: proporção entre triacilglicerídios e álcool (razão molar), concentração de catalisador (por massa de óleo), temperatura, tempo e tipo de catalisador. Embora os catalisadores homogêneos sejam usados com maior freqüência na indústria, eles apresentam o inconveniente de produzir sabão e desativar durante o processo. Além disso, não podem ser recuperados. Neste cenário, passou-se a investigar o uso dos catalisadores heterogêneos na produção de biodiesel. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a síntese de biodiesel etílico utilizando catalisador zeolítico faujasita impregnado com hidróxido de potássio e óxido de cálcio como catalisadores heterogêneos, assim como investigar as variáveis reacionais que influenciam o rendimento da reação como tempo, temperatura e razão molar etanol/óleo vegetal. A melhor conversão em ésteres etílicos utilizando a zeólita faujasita foi de 14,11%, a 70 °C, razão molar de 14:1 e tempo de 3,5 horas. Já a melhor conversão utilizando óxido de cálcio como catalisador foi de 11,66% a 60 °C, razão molar de 12:1 e tempo de 3 horas. As amostras foram analisadas por ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio (RMN-H1). Os maiores rendimentos ocorreram na transesterificação etílica utilizando a faujasita como catalisador. Tanto o óxido de cálcio como a zeólita faujasita mostraram baixo desempenho catalítico para a transesterificação etílica nas condições reacionais estudadas quando comparado com o desempenho de catalisadores homogêneos / Abstract: The environmental impact due to the use of fossil fuels and the political issues surrounding its use has driven the search for fuels derived from biomass. Thus, biodiesel has appeared in this context in order to replace partially or totally, the use of petroleum fuels. Biodiesel is defined as a mixture of esters derived mainly from the reaction of triglyceride and alcohol. The reaction most commonly used for their synthesis is the transesterification. Some reaction conditions affect yield, such as ratio of triacylglycerols and alcohol (molar ratio), catalyst concentration (per mass of oil), temperature, time and type of catalyst. Although homogeneous catalysts are most frequently used in industry, they have the disadvantage of producing soap and off during the process. Also, can not be recovered. In this scenario, we started to investigate the use of heterogeneous catalysts in biodiesel production. This work aimed to study the synthesis of biodiesel using ethyl faujasite zeolitic catalyst impregnated with potassium hydroxide and calcium oxide as heterogeneous catalysts, as well as to investigate the reaction variables that influence the yield of the reaction such as time, temperature and molar ratio ethanol / vegetable oil. The best conversion into ethyl esters using a faujasite zeolite was 14.11% at 70 ° C, molar ratio of 14:1 and a time of 3.5 hours. Already the best conversion using calcium oxide as catalyst was 11.66% at 60 ° C, molar ratio of 12:1 and a time of 3 hours. The samples were analyzed by hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR-H1). The highest yields occurred in the ethyl or using faujasite catalyst. The calcium oxide as the faujasite zeolite showed low catalytic performance for the ethyl or the reaction conditions studied when compared with the performance of homogeneous catalysts / Mestrado / Tecnologia Pós-Colheita / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

Air pollutants can cause poor air quality; however, the use of heterogeneous catalytic oxidation has been shown to be an efficient and cost-effective removal method. Some examples of commercial application of such catalysts include catalytic convertors in automobiles and industrial process exhausts. Research with regards to improving these technologies has included using less-expensive catalyst materials, increasing catalytic performance, and achieving higher efficiency. The concept of metal-support interaction (MSI) is one method of altering catalytic performance through changing the properties of the metal catalyst due to the interaction with the support material. Similarly, the phenomenon of electrochemical promotion of catalysis (EPOC) has also been shown to enhance the catalytic activity, however, through the application of a small electrical stimulus to a catalyst-working electrode deposited on a solid electrolyte (e.g. yttria-stablized zirconia). The properties of the metal catalyst are altered due to the movement of ions (in this case, O2-) from the electrolyte. Since its discovery, several factors were identified that are preventing EPOC from being commercialized, including the use of thick film catalysts. Implementing nano-catalysts makes this method competitive with typical heterogeneous catalysts; however, it has not been studied by many research groups. Furthermore, many heterogeneous catalytic studies have been performed separately for each of these phenomena; however, a connection between EPOC and MSI has yet to be fully understood. The overall objective of this project is to study the concept of EPOC over highly-dispersed nano-catalysts and determine how MSI relates to the change in catalytic activity. Supported nano-catalysts were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for catalytic performance using model reactions. A reactor was designed to carry out the electrochemical studies, where the EPOC concept was successfully implemented and a relationship with MSI established. Furthermore, additional studies were conducted to determine the role of the O2- in the catalyst support and its relationship to MSI.

This thesis covers the simulation and modelling of the transesterification of triglyceride oils to make biodiesel, using heterogeneous catalysts. Initially, data fitting was performed to fit overall kinetic rate equations to experimental data, ignoring diffusional behaviour. Additionally, experiments were undertaken to investigate the influence of feed ratio on the reaction kinetics. A single site mechanism with surface reaction as the rate limiting step was found to most closely match the experimental conversion profiles for the operating conditions studied. To incorporate diffusional behaviour into the modelling a multicomponent diffusion methodology was adapted for use within this system. To verify transport properties of the system and the suitability of this theoretical diffusion calculation, measurement of density and viscosity for a range of mixtures was undertaken, along with molecular dynamics simulation to produce diffusion coefficients. Finally, a novel algorithm was developed to simulate coupled diffusion and reaction within the pores of the catalyst and the subsequent bulk concentration changes this produced.

Development of an effective High Temperature Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (HTFTS) catalyst is of interest in process intensification that combines methane reforming with long chain hydrocarbon production. Literature indicates iron catalysts supported on mesoporous silica performed relatively well in high temperature applications. In this work, we investigated the effect of manganese promoter on iron catalysts for FTS at 430 °C as it was known from previous studies that manganese promotion could enhance the CO conversion with higher hydrocarbon yields. Also, the effect of temperature on FTS activity was evaluated by testing the base and promoted Fe/SBA-15 catalysts for temperature ranging from 370 to 430 °C. Incipient wetness impregnation method was used to prepare the catalysts. The catalysts used in this work were un-promoted iron (15 wt%) and Mn promoted (1.4, 2.8, 4.2, 5.6, 11.2 wt%) iron (15 wt%) catalysts supported on SBA-15. The catalysts were characterized using XRD, TPR, N2 Physisorption, and SEM. These catalysts were first activated in synthesis gas (H2: CO = 2:1) at 430 °C and then tested for their catalytic performance at the same temperature and atmospheric pressure. Prior work with SBA-15 supported iron catalysts showed that manganese promotion could improve the CO conversion when compared to copper and potassium. The main goal of this work was to study the effect of varying the manganese content on SBA-15 supported iron catalysts to determine the optimum loading of Mn along with the effect of temperature. It was found that CO conversion increases from 27% to74% with increasing the amount of manganese. The yield of CO2 increased substantially with higher Mn loadings. When different Mn promoted iron catalysts were compared, the catalysts with 2.8 wt% Mn loading showed the best performance in terms of the CO conversion and yield of C2+ hydrocarbons. Catalyst with 2.8 wt% of manganese loading yielded a CO conversion of 54%, with a methane yield of 17%, 32% (carbon) yield of C2- C4 and 9%(carbon) yields of C5+ hydrocarbon products, respectively. The effect of operating temperature on the catalytic performance of both the base catalyst 15Fe/SBA-15 and the promoted 2.8Mn/15Fe/SBA-15 catalyst was also examined. The unpromoted iron catalyst showed an improved catalytic activity at 400 °C with the total CO conversion of 38% and a higher yields of C5+ hydrocarbons. A significant decrease was also observed in the yields of CH4 and CO2. The methane and carbon dioxide yield increased from 11% and 8% to 25% and 40%, respectively, as the temperature increased from 400 to 450 °C. The catalyst with 2.8 wt% of manganese promotion gave better CO conversion and hydrocarbon product yields at 430 °C. Lower temperature showed negative effect on hydrocarbon product yield for manganese promoted catalysts.

Thesis advisor: Chia-Kuang Tsung / Heterogeneous catalysis is a critical field for chemical industry processes, energy applications, and transportation, to name a few. In all avenues, control over the activity and selectivity towards specific products are of extreme importance. Generally, two separate methods can be utilized for controlling the active surface areas; a below and above the surface approach. In this dissertation, both approaches will be addressed, first starting with controlling the active sites from a below approach and moving towards control through sieving and gating effects above the surface. For the first part half, the control of the product selectivity is controlled by finely tuning the atomic structures of nanoparticle catalysts, mainly Au-Pd, Pd-Ni-Pt, and Pd Ni3Pt octahedral and cubic nanoparticle catalysts. Through these shaped core-shell, occasionally referred to as core@shell, particles the shape is maintained in order to expose and study certain crystal facets in order to obtain a more open or closed series of active sites. With the core shell particles, the interior core particle (Au and Pd) is used for the overall shape but also to expansively/compressively strain the outer shell layer. By straining the surface, the surface electronic structure is altered, by raising or lowering the d-band structure, allowing for reactants to adsorb more or less strongly as well as adsorb on different surface sites. For the below the surface projects, the synthesized nanoparticle catalyst are used for electrochemical oxidation reactions, such as ethanol and methanol oxidation, in order to study the effect of the core and shell layers on initial activity, metal migration during cycling, as well as particle stability and activity using different crystal structures. In particular, the use of core shell, alloyed, and intermetallic (ordered alloys) particles are studied in more detail. In the second half of this dissertation, control of the selectivity will be explored from the top down approach; in particular the use of metal organic framework (MOF) will be utilized. MOF, with its inherent size selective properties due to caging effects from the chosen linkers and nodes, is used to coat the surface of catalysts for gas, liquid, and electrochemical catalysis. By using nanoparticle catalyst, the use of MOF, more explicitly the robust zirconium based UiO-66, as a crystalline capping agent is first explored. By incorporating both the nanoparticle and UiO-66 amino functionalized precursors in the synthesis, the nanoparticles are formed first and followed by coating in UiO-66-NH2, where the amino group acts as an anchor, completely coating the particles. The full coating is tested through size selective alkene hydrogenations with the NP surface further tested by liquid phase selective aldehyde hydrogenations; the UiO-66-NH2 pores help to guide the reactant molecule in a particular orientation for the carbonyl to interact rather than the unsaturated C=C bond. This approach is taken for more complex hybrid structures for electrochemical proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) conditions. Through the gating effects, the UiO-66 blocks the Pt surface active sites from poisonous sulfonate groups off of the ionomer membrane while simultaneously preventing aggregation and leaching of Pt atoms during electrochemical working conditions. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Chemistry.

Orientador: Mauricio Boscolo / Banca: Diogo Paschoalini Volanti / Banca: João Claudio Thoméo / Banca: José Clayston Melo Pereira / Banca: Adriana Paula Ferreira / Resumo: Os biocombustíveis são vistos como fontes sustentáveis para substituir os combustíveis fósseis, e o etanol é reconhecido como a principal alternativa. Uma maneira de aumentar a competitividade desse composto é o princípio de biorrefinaria, associando a produção de mais de um produto por processo. Os desafios estão associados ao desenvolvimento e desempenho de novos catalisadores capazes de produzir compostos de maior valor agregado. Os óxidos utilizados são derivados de HDLs e foram modificados com Cu, V, W, Ti, Sn e Zr. Os materiais foram caracterizados por diversas técnicas analíticas e, após a caracterização, foram empregados em reações em batelada a fim de converterem etanol em produtos de maior peso e valor. Em um segundo momento avalia'se a despolimerização da biomassa presente nas reações, e a metodologia de superfície de resposta para a maximização da reforma do etanol e dos produtos condensáveis. Por fim, um desses materiais sintetizados, foi testado em condições severas de tempo e temperatura a fim de avaliar os produtos formados e a robustez desse catalisador durante vários ciclos reacionais. Os produtos foram analisados por CG-FID e CG-MS e os resultados discutidos com base na literatura. A incorporação dos metais foi possível nas condições testadas e a modificação é capaz de apresentar um perfil diferente de conversão e reforma para cada metal modificador. Amaior conversão em produtos é do W-OMM (54,7%). Os produtos majoritários encontrados em todas as reações... / Abstract: Biofuels are seen as sustainable sources to replace fossil fuels and ethanol is recognized as the main alternative. To increase the competitiveness of this compound is the biorefinery principle, associating the production of more product per process. The challenges are development and performance of new catalysts for production of higher value compounds. The oxides used are derived from HDLs and were modified with Cu, V, W, Ti, Sn and Zr. The materials were characterized by various techniques, and after characterization, they were employed in batch reactions to convert ethanol. Secondly, the depolymerization of the biomass present in the reactions and the response surface methodology for maximizing the reforming of ethanol and condensable products are evaluated. Finally, one of these synthesized materials was tested under severe time and temperature conditions to evaluate the products formed and the robustness of this catalyst during reaction cycles. The products were analyzed by CG-FID and CG-MS and the results discussed based on the literature. The incorporation of the metals is possible under the tested conditions and the modification is able to present a different conversion and reforming profile for each modifier metal. The largest conversion in products and the best oxide for conversion is W-OMM(54.7%), with Sn-OMM (10.4%) being the worst. The major products found in all reactions were butanol and ethyl acetate. Modification with metals reveals that the Guerbet pathway ... / Doutor

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