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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Optimization Of Conditions In Sulfuric Acid Leaching Of Turkish Chromite Concentrates

Ustaoglu, Emre 01 July 2006 (has links) (PDF)
In this thesis work, a high grade chromite concentrate obtained from PinarbaSi, Kayseri region of Turkey was reacted with sulfuric acid solution to determine the optimum conditions of leaching of chromite ores. Conventional methods for producing chromium are still valid in industry. The main process in production includes soda melting and taking it into solution in the form of chemical compounds such as sodium dichromate. Three and six valence states of chromium have importance in production. Trivalent chromium, chrome ore or chromite have no harmful effects. However, compounds of hexavalent chromium show toxic, irritating and corrosive action to people and environment. In the mentioned conventional method, main products consist of hexavalent chromium compounds. In this study, only trivalent chromium remained in the leach solution and did not change to hexavalent state. Obtained product after leaching was chromium(III) sulfate. The maximum extraction of chromium in the absence of perchloric acid was 94.1 % under the conditions of 175 &deg / C, 6 hours and 84.6 wt % sulfuric acid. The maximum extraction of chromium in the presence of perchloric acid was 98.7 % under the conditions of 175 &deg / C, 2 hours, 84.6 wt % sulfuric acid and &frac12 / perchloric acid / chromite ratio. The latter one was also the highest recovery value obtained during the experiments. Moreover, in none of the analyzed samples, appreciable amounts of hexavalent chromium was found during analyses.
12

Proposta de uma tecnologia ambientalmente sustentável para o tratamento de efluentes de indústrias galvânicas contendo Cr(VI)

Machado, Tiele Caprioli January 2015 (has links)
O cromo hexavalente – Cr(VI) – presente nos efluentes das indústrias galvânicas, entre outras, é tóxico para maioria dos micro-organismos e potencialmente danoso para a saúde humana. No presente trabalho se estuda a redução de Cr(VI) pelos processos fotoquímicos com álcoois e fotocatálise heterogênea, primeiramente em um reator batelada, com objetivo de obter o melhor processo para aplicação industrial. Na sequência, foram realizados experimentos com efluente industrial, contendo Cr(VI), proveniente de uma indústria galvânica. Após, foram projetados e construídos dois reatores contínuos, o reator em forma de espiral e o reator tubular (radiação artificial e luz solar), com intuito de viabilizar a aplicação industrial do melhor processo de redução de Cr(VI). As reações de redução fotocatalítica de Cr(VI), sob radiação UV, alcançaram reduções totais de Cr(VI) de 66,5% e 56,7% para os catalisadores TiO2 e ZnO, respectivamente, indicando que o catalisador TiO2 foi mais eficiente que o catalisador ZnO. As reações de redução fotoquímica de Cr(VI) com etanol apresentaram altos valores de redução total de Cr(VI), sendo que as reações sob radiação UV (96,1%) foram mais eficientes que as reações sob radiação visível (48,1%). Na redução fotocatalítica de Cr(VI) com TiO2, na presença de etanol, sob radiação UV, foi observada uma redução de Cr(VI) de 92,9% maior do que a redução obtida nas reações fotocatalíticas com TiO2 sob radiação UV (66,5%), evidenciando o efeito sinérgico entre a oxidação do etanol e a redução do Cr(VI). Quando usados com efluente industrial, estes processos mostraram-se eficientes e obtiveram altos valores de redução total de Cr(VI), possibilitando o uso destes tratamentos para remoção de Cr(VI) presente em efluentes de indústrias galvânicas. Entretanto, dentre estes processos estudados, o mais indicado para aplicação industrial foi a fotoquímica com etanol sob radiação UV, pois dispensa o uso de processos de separação do catalisador e apresenta menores custos com reagentes, sendo o etanol de baixo custo, não tóxico e de fácil aquisição. O reator contínuo espiral, projetado e construído, mostrou-se mais eficiente do que o reator batelada, apresentando uma eficiência fotônica de 2,5% comparada a 1,4% para o reator batelada. Ainda, este reator mostrou-se eficiente quando usado com efluente industrial, apresentando uma redução total de Cr(VI) de 51,8%, em 6 horas de reação, sendo sua configuração considerada suscetível para um scale-up. Assim, um reator tubular (radiação artificial e luz solar) foi projetado e construído em escala semi-piloto. Este reator apresentou uma remediação de Cr(VI), presente no efluente industrial, de 86,7% em 6 horas de reação sob luz solar e mostrou uma eficiência fotônica maior do que o reator contínuo espiral. Ainda, o reator tubular apresentou eficiência fotônica similar quando usado com lâmpadas (5,6%) ou luz solar (5,5%), porém as reações sob luz solar mostraram uma maior redução total de Cr(VI) quando comparadas com as reações sob radiação artificial. Assim, o reator tubular, projetado e construído, mostrou-se eficiente quando aplicado para o tratamento de efluente industrial contendo Cr(VI), pelo processo de redução fotoquímica. Além disso, o uso do reator tubular solar minimiza a quantidade de energia elétrica necessária para a reação, reduzindo não somente os custos do processo, como também se tornando uma tecnologia ambientalmente sustentável. / Hexavalent chromium – Cr(VI) – present in wastewater discharge of galvanic industries is toxic to most microorganisms and potentially harmful to human health. In this work were studied Cr(VI) reduction by heterogeneous photocatalysis and photochemistry with alcohols processes, firstly in a batch reactor, in order to obtain the best process for industrial application. Subsequently, experiments were conducted using real wastewater from an electroplating plant. In order to feasible the industrial application of best Cr(VI) reduction process were designed and built two continuous reactors, the spiral shaped reactor and the tubular reactor (artificial radiation and sunlight). The photocatalytic reduction reaction of Cr(VI) under UV radiation achieved total Cr(VI) reduction of 66.5% and 56.7% for TiO2 and ZnO catalysts, respectively, indicating that the TiO2 catalyst was more efficient than ZnO catalyst. The photochemical reduction reaction of Cr(VI) with ethanol presented high values of total Cr(VI) reduction, and the reactions under UV radiation (96.10%) were more efficient than the reactions under visible radiation (48.1%). In the photocatalytic reduction reaction of Cr(VI) with TiO2 in the presence of ethanol under UV radiation was observed a Cr(VI) reduction of 92.9% greater than the reduction obtained in the photocatalytic reactions with TiO2 under UV radiation (66.5%), demonstrating the synergistic effect between ethanol oxidation and Cr(VI) reduction. When used with real wastewater these processes proved to be efficient and showed high values of total Cr(VI) reduction, enabling the use of these treatments for removal of Cr(VI) present in wastewater discharge of galvanic industries. However, among these processes studied, the most suitable for industrial application appears to be photochemistry with ethanol under UV radiation, because it does not require catalyst separation processes and presents lower reagent costs, since ethanol is inexpensive, non-toxic and easy to purchase. The spiral shaped reactor, which was designed and built, showed more efficient than the batch reactor, presenting a photonic efficiency of 2.5% compared to 1.4% for the batch reactor. Additionally, this reactor was effective when applied to real wastewater, presenting a total Cr(VI) reduction of 51.8% in 6 hours of reaction, and its configuration is suitable for scale up. Thus, a tubular reactor (artificial radiation and sunlight) was designed and built in semi-pilot scale. This reactor presented a Cr(VI) remediation of 86.7% in 6 hours of reaction under sunlight and showed a photonic efficiency higher than spiral shaped reactor. Additionally, the tubular reactor presented similar photonic efficiency when used with either lamps (5.6%) or sunlight (5.5%), however the reactions under sunlight showed a greater total Cr(VI) reduction when compared to the reactions under artificial radiation. Therefore, the tubular reactor, which was designed and built, proved to be efficient when applied to treatment of real wastewater containing Cr(VI) by photochemical reduction process. Furthermore, the use of a solar tubular reactor minimizes the amount of electricity required for the reaction, which not only reduces process costs, but also makes the technology more environmentally sustainable.
13

Proposta de uma tecnologia ambientalmente sustentável para o tratamento de efluentes de indústrias galvânicas contendo Cr(VI)

Machado, Tiele Caprioli January 2015 (has links)
O cromo hexavalente – Cr(VI) – presente nos efluentes das indústrias galvânicas, entre outras, é tóxico para maioria dos micro-organismos e potencialmente danoso para a saúde humana. No presente trabalho se estuda a redução de Cr(VI) pelos processos fotoquímicos com álcoois e fotocatálise heterogênea, primeiramente em um reator batelada, com objetivo de obter o melhor processo para aplicação industrial. Na sequência, foram realizados experimentos com efluente industrial, contendo Cr(VI), proveniente de uma indústria galvânica. Após, foram projetados e construídos dois reatores contínuos, o reator em forma de espiral e o reator tubular (radiação artificial e luz solar), com intuito de viabilizar a aplicação industrial do melhor processo de redução de Cr(VI). As reações de redução fotocatalítica de Cr(VI), sob radiação UV, alcançaram reduções totais de Cr(VI) de 66,5% e 56,7% para os catalisadores TiO2 e ZnO, respectivamente, indicando que o catalisador TiO2 foi mais eficiente que o catalisador ZnO. As reações de redução fotoquímica de Cr(VI) com etanol apresentaram altos valores de redução total de Cr(VI), sendo que as reações sob radiação UV (96,1%) foram mais eficientes que as reações sob radiação visível (48,1%). Na redução fotocatalítica de Cr(VI) com TiO2, na presença de etanol, sob radiação UV, foi observada uma redução de Cr(VI) de 92,9% maior do que a redução obtida nas reações fotocatalíticas com TiO2 sob radiação UV (66,5%), evidenciando o efeito sinérgico entre a oxidação do etanol e a redução do Cr(VI). Quando usados com efluente industrial, estes processos mostraram-se eficientes e obtiveram altos valores de redução total de Cr(VI), possibilitando o uso destes tratamentos para remoção de Cr(VI) presente em efluentes de indústrias galvânicas. Entretanto, dentre estes processos estudados, o mais indicado para aplicação industrial foi a fotoquímica com etanol sob radiação UV, pois dispensa o uso de processos de separação do catalisador e apresenta menores custos com reagentes, sendo o etanol de baixo custo, não tóxico e de fácil aquisição. O reator contínuo espiral, projetado e construído, mostrou-se mais eficiente do que o reator batelada, apresentando uma eficiência fotônica de 2,5% comparada a 1,4% para o reator batelada. Ainda, este reator mostrou-se eficiente quando usado com efluente industrial, apresentando uma redução total de Cr(VI) de 51,8%, em 6 horas de reação, sendo sua configuração considerada suscetível para um scale-up. Assim, um reator tubular (radiação artificial e luz solar) foi projetado e construído em escala semi-piloto. Este reator apresentou uma remediação de Cr(VI), presente no efluente industrial, de 86,7% em 6 horas de reação sob luz solar e mostrou uma eficiência fotônica maior do que o reator contínuo espiral. Ainda, o reator tubular apresentou eficiência fotônica similar quando usado com lâmpadas (5,6%) ou luz solar (5,5%), porém as reações sob luz solar mostraram uma maior redução total de Cr(VI) quando comparadas com as reações sob radiação artificial. Assim, o reator tubular, projetado e construído, mostrou-se eficiente quando aplicado para o tratamento de efluente industrial contendo Cr(VI), pelo processo de redução fotoquímica. Além disso, o uso do reator tubular solar minimiza a quantidade de energia elétrica necessária para a reação, reduzindo não somente os custos do processo, como também se tornando uma tecnologia ambientalmente sustentável. / Hexavalent chromium – Cr(VI) – present in wastewater discharge of galvanic industries is toxic to most microorganisms and potentially harmful to human health. In this work were studied Cr(VI) reduction by heterogeneous photocatalysis and photochemistry with alcohols processes, firstly in a batch reactor, in order to obtain the best process for industrial application. Subsequently, experiments were conducted using real wastewater from an electroplating plant. In order to feasible the industrial application of best Cr(VI) reduction process were designed and built two continuous reactors, the spiral shaped reactor and the tubular reactor (artificial radiation and sunlight). The photocatalytic reduction reaction of Cr(VI) under UV radiation achieved total Cr(VI) reduction of 66.5% and 56.7% for TiO2 and ZnO catalysts, respectively, indicating that the TiO2 catalyst was more efficient than ZnO catalyst. The photochemical reduction reaction of Cr(VI) with ethanol presented high values of total Cr(VI) reduction, and the reactions under UV radiation (96.10%) were more efficient than the reactions under visible radiation (48.1%). In the photocatalytic reduction reaction of Cr(VI) with TiO2 in the presence of ethanol under UV radiation was observed a Cr(VI) reduction of 92.9% greater than the reduction obtained in the photocatalytic reactions with TiO2 under UV radiation (66.5%), demonstrating the synergistic effect between ethanol oxidation and Cr(VI) reduction. When used with real wastewater these processes proved to be efficient and showed high values of total Cr(VI) reduction, enabling the use of these treatments for removal of Cr(VI) present in wastewater discharge of galvanic industries. However, among these processes studied, the most suitable for industrial application appears to be photochemistry with ethanol under UV radiation, because it does not require catalyst separation processes and presents lower reagent costs, since ethanol is inexpensive, non-toxic and easy to purchase. The spiral shaped reactor, which was designed and built, showed more efficient than the batch reactor, presenting a photonic efficiency of 2.5% compared to 1.4% for the batch reactor. Additionally, this reactor was effective when applied to real wastewater, presenting a total Cr(VI) reduction of 51.8% in 6 hours of reaction, and its configuration is suitable for scale up. Thus, a tubular reactor (artificial radiation and sunlight) was designed and built in semi-pilot scale. This reactor presented a Cr(VI) remediation of 86.7% in 6 hours of reaction under sunlight and showed a photonic efficiency higher than spiral shaped reactor. Additionally, the tubular reactor presented similar photonic efficiency when used with either lamps (5.6%) or sunlight (5.5%), however the reactions under sunlight showed a greater total Cr(VI) reduction when compared to the reactions under artificial radiation. Therefore, the tubular reactor, which was designed and built, proved to be efficient when applied to treatment of real wastewater containing Cr(VI) by photochemical reduction process. Furthermore, the use of a solar tubular reactor minimizes the amount of electricity required for the reaction, which not only reduces process costs, but also makes the technology more environmentally sustainable.
14

Avaliação do processo de transporte e remediação com nano ferro de valência zero em um solo residual contaminado com cromo hexavalente / Evaluation of transport process and remediation with nano zero valent iron in a residual contaminated soil with hexavalent chromiun

Reginatto, Cleomar January 2017 (has links)
O homem cada vez mais interfere e contamina o meio ambiente. Acidentes envolvendo o derramamento de substâncias químicas no solo tem sido cada vez mais frequente, gerando preocupação aos órgãos ambientais, visto que essa contaminação promove riscos à saúde humana, o que torna necessário intervenções que impulsionam o aprimoramento de técnicas de remediação. Dentre essas técnicas, a utilização de nanopartículas, em especial as nanopartículas de ferro de valência zero, têm se destacado para uso em remediação devido ao baixo custo de produção, elevada reatividade para contaminantes orgânicos e inorgânicos e baixa toxicidade. Para contaminantes inorgânicos não se tem definidas as melhores relações de nano ferro em relação ao contaminante e também o comportamento no solo. Dessa forma o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o transporte e a aplicação de nanopartículas de ferro para remediação de um solo residual argiloso, contaminado com cromo hexavalente. O trabalho foi dividido em três fases, em que na primeira foi avaliado a melhor concentração, tipo de nano ferro e determinação do parâmetro de filtração através do uso do ensaio em coluna de parede flexível com corpos de prova indeformados. Na segunda fase, a partir dos resultados da primeira, foram realizados ensaios de remediação do solo contaminado em bancada para se definir as melhores relações entre o nano ferro e o contaminante. E na terceira fase foram realizados ensaios com corpos de prova deformados e contaminados (800mg/Kg de Cr(VI)), para se avaliar a influência da pressão de injeção na eficiência do processo de redução do Cr (VI) Para realização dos ensaios de coluna, foi utilizado um solo residual argiloso, moldando-se corpos de prova de 5 cm de diâmetro e 5 cm de altura, utilizados na fase 1 e 3. Para avaliação do transporte e determinação do parâmetro de mobilidade de filtração foram utilizados 3 tipos de nanopartículas de ferro com e sem estabilizantes, nas concentrações de (1g/L, 4g/L, 7g/L e 10g/L), avaliando mudança na condutividade hidráulica do solo e concentração retida no meio. O parâmetro de filtração foi determinado utilizando-se o modelo analítico proposto por Reddy et al., (2014). Os resultados demonstram que as nanopartículas apresentam uma alta reatividade, porém baixa mobilidade para concentrações mais elevadas, tendo influência também o uso de estabilizantes. Os melhores valores obtidos nesta fase foram para concentrações de 1g/L e 4g/L, tanto para a mobilidade, quanto para a mudança na condutividade do meio O parâmetro de filtração, variou de 10-3s-1, para o nano ferro com surfactante e 10-2s-1, para o nano ferro sem surfactante. Para a remediação do cromo hexavalente se observou uma eficiência de 87% para a relação de 1000mg de Fe° para 23 mg de Cr(VI). Utilizando 4g/L na referida relação agente redutor e contaminante, em coluna se observou que maiores valores de pressão aumentam a eficiência da redução, porém acabam favorecendo a colmatação dos vazios do solo pelas nanopartículas. Utilizando uma pressão de 100Kpa, se obteve um valor de redução máximo próximo de 50%, muito menor que aqueles em bancada. Assim o uso de nanopartículas de ferro é eficiente para remediação de um solo argiloso contaminado com cromo (VI) ex situ, pois o contato do contaminante com o agente redutor se torna mais fácil pela melhor homogeneização do solo. As nanopartículas com surfactante apresentam melhor movimentação no solo e menor valor de filtração, sendo indicado o uso de uma concentração de até 4 g/L para não alterar as características naturais do meio. / The human being is constantly interfering and contaminating the environment. Accidents evolving the spill of chemical and toxic substances in the soil has been more frequently nowadays. This topic became a concern to the environmental regulation departments around the world, since this contaminations promote risks to the human health. In this way the necessity for improvements in the remediation techniques is required. Among the techniques, the use of nanoparticles zero valent iron has being highlight for use in remediation process due it's low cost for production, low toxicity and high reactivity for organic and inorganic contaminants. For inorganic contaminants the best nanoiron/contaminant ration and also the behavior in the soil have not been defined. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the transport and the application of iron nanoparticles for the remediation of residual clay soil contaminated with hexavalent chromium The work is divided in three phases: The first evaluated the best concentration, type of nanoiron and determination of the filtration parameter through the use of the flexible wall column test with undeformed specimens. In the second phase, from the results of the first phase remediation tests were carried out on the contaminated soil in the workbench to define the best relations between the nanoiron and the contaminant. In the third phase, tests with deformed and contaminated test specimens (800 mg / kg Cr (VI)) were carried out to evaluate the influence of the injection pressure on the Cr (VI) reduction efficiency. To perform the column tests, a residual clay soil was used, molding test pieces 5 cm in diameter and 5 cm in height, used in phase 1 and 3. For evaluation of the transport and determination of the parameter of mobility of filtration (1 g / L, 4 g / L, 7 g / L and 10 g / L) were used, evaluating changes in soil hydraulic conductivity and the concentration retained in the system. The filtration parameter was determined using the analytical model proposed by Reddy et al., (2014).The results demonstrate that the nanoparticles have a high reactivity, but low mobility at higher concentrations, and also the use of stabilizers. The best values obtained in this phase were for concentrations of 1g/L and 4 g/L, both for mobility and for the change in conductivity of the system The filtration parameter ranged from 10-3s-1, for the nanoiron with surfactant and 10-2s-1, to the nanoiron without surfactant. For the remediation of the hexavalent chromium, an efficiency of 87% was observed for the ratio of 1000mg Fe ° to 23mg Cr (VI). By using 4g / L in the referred reducing agent and contaminant ratio, it was observed in column that higher pressure values increase the reduction efficiency, but they end up favoring the filling of the voids of the soil by the nanoparticles. Using a pressure of 100Kpa, a maximum reduction value of around 50% was obtained, much lower than those in bench. Thus, the use of iron nanoparticles is efficient for the remediation of a clay soil contaminated with chromium (VI) in deformed samples, since the contact of the contaminant with the reducing agent is made easier by better homogenization of the soil. The nanoparticles with surfactant present better a better movement in the soil and a lower filtration value, being indicated the use of a concentration of up to 4 g/l in order not to alter the natural characteristics of the system.
15

A study of hexavalent and trivalent chromium conversion coatings on zinc surfaces

Chapaneri, Roshan January 2010 (has links)
Physical, chemical and corrosion properties of a hexavalent chromium conversion coating (CCC) and that of a commercial third generation trivalent chromium system; Tripass LT1500, on zinc electrodeposited steel has been studied. Moreover, the role of additives has been studied to elucidate film formation and corrosion resistance mechanisms. Micro-cracking and self-repair corrosion protection behaviour commonly associated with hexavalent CCCs has also been investigated. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) studies showed that for both hexavalent and trivalent CCCs were in general, flat with a spherical-like structure and in the case of the former microcracked beyond 122 nm conversion coating thickness. In general, the micro-crack pattern observed e.g. a dense crack network, depended upon the underlying zinc substrate morphology. The study has also demonstrated the effect of SEM imaging and prior specimen preparation conditions on hexavalent CCC micro-cracking and blistering. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) and Infrared (IR) data has indicated that the hexavalent CCC film formation appears to be a electrochemical/sol-gel mechanism given the lack of zinc content at surface and subsurface regions within the conversion coating, presence of H2O and in particular the contribution of Cr(OH)3 as opposed to Cr2O3. An alternative film formation mechanism may exist for trivalent CCC given a higher proportion of zinc at surface and sub-surface regions, IR data analysis indicating that chromium is possibly deposited from a chromium (III) complex ion such as [CrC2O4(H2O)4] + , moreover as Cr(OH)3 and Cr2O3 compounds as indicated by XPS data analysis. The role of cobalt nitrate during film formation is unclear given that cobalt was not detected within the trivalent CCC from XPS and AES data. Electrochemical LPR measurements, polarisation curves and XPS data has shown in general, self-repair corrosion protection properties for hexavalent CCC to be lacking. Instead, it is proposed that the corrosion protection behaviour for hexavalent and trivalent CCC to be barrier. Polarisation curves and LPR data showed that the corrosion resistance performance for trivalent CCC was higher than hexavalent CCC, in general. LPR data showed that the omission of cobalt nitrate and increased addition of sodium molybdate content within the Tripass LT1500 treatment solution formulation was found to overall decrease corrosion resistance within the trivalent CCC. In addition, silica based topcoat and black trivalent CCCs was also investigated and characterised using AES, SEM and LPR. Zinc whiskers was also observed from zinc electrodeposits following exposure to thermal treatment (150°C for 1 h). Elemental analysis and grain pattern investigations failed to help determine the cause of zinc whisker initiation. Zinc whiskers was seen to protrude out of hexavalent and trivalent CCCs, with the latter requiring a longer thermal exposure time.
16

Sustainable Drinking Water Treatment: Using Weak Base Anion Exchange Sorbents Embedded With Metal Oxide Nanoparticles to Simultaneously Remove Multiple Oxoanions

January 2016 (has links)
abstract: Ion exchange sorbents embedded with metal oxide nanoparticles can have high affinity and high capacity to simultaneously remove multiple oxygenated anion contaminants from drinking water. This research pursued answering the question, “Can synthesis methods of nano-composite sorbents be improved to increase sustainability and feasibility to remove hexavalent chromium and arsenic simultaneously from groundwater compared to existing sorbents?” Preliminary nano-composite sorbents outperformed existing sorbents in equilibrium tests, but struggled in packed bed applications and at low influent concentrations. The synthesis process was then tailored for weak base anion exchange (WBAX) while comparing titanium dioxide against iron hydroxide nanoparticles (Ti-WBAX and Fe-WBAX, respectively). Increasing metal precursor concentration increased the metal content of the created sorbents, but pollutant removal performance and usable surface area declined due to pore blockage and nanoparticle agglomeration. An acid-post rinse was required for Fe-WBAX to restore chromium removal capacity. Anticipatory life cycle assessment identified critical design constraints to improve environmental and human health performance like minimizing oven heating time, improving pollutant removal capacity, and efficiently reusing metal precursor solution. The life cycle environmental impact of Ti-WBAX was lower than Fe-WBAX as well as a mixed bed of WBAX and granular ferric hydroxide for all studied categories. A separate life cycle assessment found the total number of cancer and non-cancer cases prevented by drinking safer water outweighed those created by manufacture and use of water treatment materials and energy. However, treatment relocated who bore the health risk, concentrated it in a sub-population, and changed the primary manifestation from cancer to non-cancer disease. This tradeoff was partially mitigated by avoiding use of pH control chemicals. When properly synthesized, Fe-WBAX and Ti-WBAX sorbents maintained chromium removal capacity while significantly increasing arsenic removal capacity compared to the parent resin. The hybrid sorbent performance was demonstrated in packed beds using a challenging water matrix and low pollutant influent conditions. Breakthrough curves hint that the hexavalent chromium is removed by anion exchange and the arsenic is removed by metal oxide sorption. Overall, the hybrid nano-sorbent synthesis methods increased sustainability, improved sorbent characteristics, and increased simultaneous removal of chromium and arsenic for drinking water. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Civil and Environmental Engineering 2016
17

Avaliação do processo de transporte e remediação com nano ferro de valência zero em um solo residual contaminado com cromo hexavalente / Evaluation of transport process and remediation with nano zero valent iron in a residual contaminated soil with hexavalent chromiun

Reginatto, Cleomar January 2017 (has links)
O homem cada vez mais interfere e contamina o meio ambiente. Acidentes envolvendo o derramamento de substâncias químicas no solo tem sido cada vez mais frequente, gerando preocupação aos órgãos ambientais, visto que essa contaminação promove riscos à saúde humana, o que torna necessário intervenções que impulsionam o aprimoramento de técnicas de remediação. Dentre essas técnicas, a utilização de nanopartículas, em especial as nanopartículas de ferro de valência zero, têm se destacado para uso em remediação devido ao baixo custo de produção, elevada reatividade para contaminantes orgânicos e inorgânicos e baixa toxicidade. Para contaminantes inorgânicos não se tem definidas as melhores relações de nano ferro em relação ao contaminante e também o comportamento no solo. Dessa forma o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o transporte e a aplicação de nanopartículas de ferro para remediação de um solo residual argiloso, contaminado com cromo hexavalente. O trabalho foi dividido em três fases, em que na primeira foi avaliado a melhor concentração, tipo de nano ferro e determinação do parâmetro de filtração através do uso do ensaio em coluna de parede flexível com corpos de prova indeformados. Na segunda fase, a partir dos resultados da primeira, foram realizados ensaios de remediação do solo contaminado em bancada para se definir as melhores relações entre o nano ferro e o contaminante. E na terceira fase foram realizados ensaios com corpos de prova deformados e contaminados (800mg/Kg de Cr(VI)), para se avaliar a influência da pressão de injeção na eficiência do processo de redução do Cr (VI) Para realização dos ensaios de coluna, foi utilizado um solo residual argiloso, moldando-se corpos de prova de 5 cm de diâmetro e 5 cm de altura, utilizados na fase 1 e 3. Para avaliação do transporte e determinação do parâmetro de mobilidade de filtração foram utilizados 3 tipos de nanopartículas de ferro com e sem estabilizantes, nas concentrações de (1g/L, 4g/L, 7g/L e 10g/L), avaliando mudança na condutividade hidráulica do solo e concentração retida no meio. O parâmetro de filtração foi determinado utilizando-se o modelo analítico proposto por Reddy et al., (2014). Os resultados demonstram que as nanopartículas apresentam uma alta reatividade, porém baixa mobilidade para concentrações mais elevadas, tendo influência também o uso de estabilizantes. Os melhores valores obtidos nesta fase foram para concentrações de 1g/L e 4g/L, tanto para a mobilidade, quanto para a mudança na condutividade do meio O parâmetro de filtração, variou de 10-3s-1, para o nano ferro com surfactante e 10-2s-1, para o nano ferro sem surfactante. Para a remediação do cromo hexavalente se observou uma eficiência de 87% para a relação de 1000mg de Fe° para 23 mg de Cr(VI). Utilizando 4g/L na referida relação agente redutor e contaminante, em coluna se observou que maiores valores de pressão aumentam a eficiência da redução, porém acabam favorecendo a colmatação dos vazios do solo pelas nanopartículas. Utilizando uma pressão de 100Kpa, se obteve um valor de redução máximo próximo de 50%, muito menor que aqueles em bancada. Assim o uso de nanopartículas de ferro é eficiente para remediação de um solo argiloso contaminado com cromo (VI) ex situ, pois o contato do contaminante com o agente redutor se torna mais fácil pela melhor homogeneização do solo. As nanopartículas com surfactante apresentam melhor movimentação no solo e menor valor de filtração, sendo indicado o uso de uma concentração de até 4 g/L para não alterar as características naturais do meio. / The human being is constantly interfering and contaminating the environment. Accidents evolving the spill of chemical and toxic substances in the soil has been more frequently nowadays. This topic became a concern to the environmental regulation departments around the world, since this contaminations promote risks to the human health. In this way the necessity for improvements in the remediation techniques is required. Among the techniques, the use of nanoparticles zero valent iron has being highlight for use in remediation process due it's low cost for production, low toxicity and high reactivity for organic and inorganic contaminants. For inorganic contaminants the best nanoiron/contaminant ration and also the behavior in the soil have not been defined. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the transport and the application of iron nanoparticles for the remediation of residual clay soil contaminated with hexavalent chromium The work is divided in three phases: The first evaluated the best concentration, type of nanoiron and determination of the filtration parameter through the use of the flexible wall column test with undeformed specimens. In the second phase, from the results of the first phase remediation tests were carried out on the contaminated soil in the workbench to define the best relations between the nanoiron and the contaminant. In the third phase, tests with deformed and contaminated test specimens (800 mg / kg Cr (VI)) were carried out to evaluate the influence of the injection pressure on the Cr (VI) reduction efficiency. To perform the column tests, a residual clay soil was used, molding test pieces 5 cm in diameter and 5 cm in height, used in phase 1 and 3. For evaluation of the transport and determination of the parameter of mobility of filtration (1 g / L, 4 g / L, 7 g / L and 10 g / L) were used, evaluating changes in soil hydraulic conductivity and the concentration retained in the system. The filtration parameter was determined using the analytical model proposed by Reddy et al., (2014).The results demonstrate that the nanoparticles have a high reactivity, but low mobility at higher concentrations, and also the use of stabilizers. The best values obtained in this phase were for concentrations of 1g/L and 4 g/L, both for mobility and for the change in conductivity of the system The filtration parameter ranged from 10-3s-1, for the nanoiron with surfactant and 10-2s-1, to the nanoiron without surfactant. For the remediation of the hexavalent chromium, an efficiency of 87% was observed for the ratio of 1000mg Fe ° to 23mg Cr (VI). By using 4g / L in the referred reducing agent and contaminant ratio, it was observed in column that higher pressure values increase the reduction efficiency, but they end up favoring the filling of the voids of the soil by the nanoparticles. Using a pressure of 100Kpa, a maximum reduction value of around 50% was obtained, much lower than those in bench. Thus, the use of iron nanoparticles is efficient for the remediation of a clay soil contaminated with chromium (VI) in deformed samples, since the contact of the contaminant with the reducing agent is made easier by better homogenization of the soil. The nanoparticles with surfactant present better a better movement in the soil and a lower filtration value, being indicated the use of a concentration of up to 4 g/l in order not to alter the natural characteristics of the system.
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Occurrence and Treatment of Hexavalent Chromium and Arsenic in Arizona Municipal and Industrial Waters

January 2014 (has links)
abstract: Arsenic (As) and chromium (Cr) occur naturally in AZ surface and groundwaters, pose different health impacts, and exhibit different treatment efficacies. Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) has newly recognized human health concerns, and State and Federal agencies are evaluating a low Cr(VI)-specific maximum contaminant level (MCL) for drinking water. Occurrence of Cr and As in municipal drinking waters and industrial cooling tower waters was quantified by grab samples and compared with sampling results obtained from a new passive sampler developed specifically for Cr(VI). Cr(VI) and As concentrations in groundwater used for cooling tower make-up water concentrations were ~3 ppb and ~4 ppb, respectively, and were concentrated significantly in blowdown water (~20 ppb and ~40 ppb). Based upon pending Cr(VI), As, and other metal regulations, these blowdown waters will need routine monitoring and treatment. Cr(VI) concentrations in a water treatment plant (WTP) raw and finished water samples varied from 0.5 and 2 ppb for grab samples collected every 4 hours for 7 consecutive days using an ISCO sampler. The development of an ion exchange (IX) based passive sampler was validated in the field at the WTP and yielded an average exposure within 1 standard deviation of ISCO sampler grab data. Sampling at both the WTP and cooling towers suggested sources of Cr(III) from treatment chemicals or wood preservatives may exist. Since both facilities use chlorine oxidants, I quantified the apparent (pH=5) second-order rate constant for aqueous chlorine (HOCl/OCl-) with Cr(III) to form Cr(VI) as 0.7 M-1s-1. Under typical conditions (2 ppb Cr(III) ; 2 mg/L Cl2) the half-life for the conversion of Cr(III) to the more toxic form Cr(VI) is 4.7 hours. The occurrence studies in AZ and CA show the Cr(VI) and As treatment of groundwaters will be required to meet stringent Cr(VI) regulations. IX technologies, both strong base anion (SBA) and weak base anion (WBA) resin types were screened (and compared) for Cr removal. The SBA IX process for As removal was optimized by utilizing a reactive iron coagulation and filtration (RCF) process to treat spent IX brine, which was then reused to for SBA resin regeneration. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Civil and Environmental Engineering 2014
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Proposta de uma tecnologia ambientalmente sustentável para o tratamento de efluentes de indústrias galvânicas contendo Cr(VI)

Machado, Tiele Caprioli January 2015 (has links)
O cromo hexavalente – Cr(VI) – presente nos efluentes das indústrias galvânicas, entre outras, é tóxico para maioria dos micro-organismos e potencialmente danoso para a saúde humana. No presente trabalho se estuda a redução de Cr(VI) pelos processos fotoquímicos com álcoois e fotocatálise heterogênea, primeiramente em um reator batelada, com objetivo de obter o melhor processo para aplicação industrial. Na sequência, foram realizados experimentos com efluente industrial, contendo Cr(VI), proveniente de uma indústria galvânica. Após, foram projetados e construídos dois reatores contínuos, o reator em forma de espiral e o reator tubular (radiação artificial e luz solar), com intuito de viabilizar a aplicação industrial do melhor processo de redução de Cr(VI). As reações de redução fotocatalítica de Cr(VI), sob radiação UV, alcançaram reduções totais de Cr(VI) de 66,5% e 56,7% para os catalisadores TiO2 e ZnO, respectivamente, indicando que o catalisador TiO2 foi mais eficiente que o catalisador ZnO. As reações de redução fotoquímica de Cr(VI) com etanol apresentaram altos valores de redução total de Cr(VI), sendo que as reações sob radiação UV (96,1%) foram mais eficientes que as reações sob radiação visível (48,1%). Na redução fotocatalítica de Cr(VI) com TiO2, na presença de etanol, sob radiação UV, foi observada uma redução de Cr(VI) de 92,9% maior do que a redução obtida nas reações fotocatalíticas com TiO2 sob radiação UV (66,5%), evidenciando o efeito sinérgico entre a oxidação do etanol e a redução do Cr(VI). Quando usados com efluente industrial, estes processos mostraram-se eficientes e obtiveram altos valores de redução total de Cr(VI), possibilitando o uso destes tratamentos para remoção de Cr(VI) presente em efluentes de indústrias galvânicas. Entretanto, dentre estes processos estudados, o mais indicado para aplicação industrial foi a fotoquímica com etanol sob radiação UV, pois dispensa o uso de processos de separação do catalisador e apresenta menores custos com reagentes, sendo o etanol de baixo custo, não tóxico e de fácil aquisição. O reator contínuo espiral, projetado e construído, mostrou-se mais eficiente do que o reator batelada, apresentando uma eficiência fotônica de 2,5% comparada a 1,4% para o reator batelada. Ainda, este reator mostrou-se eficiente quando usado com efluente industrial, apresentando uma redução total de Cr(VI) de 51,8%, em 6 horas de reação, sendo sua configuração considerada suscetível para um scale-up. Assim, um reator tubular (radiação artificial e luz solar) foi projetado e construído em escala semi-piloto. Este reator apresentou uma remediação de Cr(VI), presente no efluente industrial, de 86,7% em 6 horas de reação sob luz solar e mostrou uma eficiência fotônica maior do que o reator contínuo espiral. Ainda, o reator tubular apresentou eficiência fotônica similar quando usado com lâmpadas (5,6%) ou luz solar (5,5%), porém as reações sob luz solar mostraram uma maior redução total de Cr(VI) quando comparadas com as reações sob radiação artificial. Assim, o reator tubular, projetado e construído, mostrou-se eficiente quando aplicado para o tratamento de efluente industrial contendo Cr(VI), pelo processo de redução fotoquímica. Além disso, o uso do reator tubular solar minimiza a quantidade de energia elétrica necessária para a reação, reduzindo não somente os custos do processo, como também se tornando uma tecnologia ambientalmente sustentável. / Hexavalent chromium – Cr(VI) – present in wastewater discharge of galvanic industries is toxic to most microorganisms and potentially harmful to human health. In this work were studied Cr(VI) reduction by heterogeneous photocatalysis and photochemistry with alcohols processes, firstly in a batch reactor, in order to obtain the best process for industrial application. Subsequently, experiments were conducted using real wastewater from an electroplating plant. In order to feasible the industrial application of best Cr(VI) reduction process were designed and built two continuous reactors, the spiral shaped reactor and the tubular reactor (artificial radiation and sunlight). The photocatalytic reduction reaction of Cr(VI) under UV radiation achieved total Cr(VI) reduction of 66.5% and 56.7% for TiO2 and ZnO catalysts, respectively, indicating that the TiO2 catalyst was more efficient than ZnO catalyst. The photochemical reduction reaction of Cr(VI) with ethanol presented high values of total Cr(VI) reduction, and the reactions under UV radiation (96.10%) were more efficient than the reactions under visible radiation (48.1%). In the photocatalytic reduction reaction of Cr(VI) with TiO2 in the presence of ethanol under UV radiation was observed a Cr(VI) reduction of 92.9% greater than the reduction obtained in the photocatalytic reactions with TiO2 under UV radiation (66.5%), demonstrating the synergistic effect between ethanol oxidation and Cr(VI) reduction. When used with real wastewater these processes proved to be efficient and showed high values of total Cr(VI) reduction, enabling the use of these treatments for removal of Cr(VI) present in wastewater discharge of galvanic industries. However, among these processes studied, the most suitable for industrial application appears to be photochemistry with ethanol under UV radiation, because it does not require catalyst separation processes and presents lower reagent costs, since ethanol is inexpensive, non-toxic and easy to purchase. The spiral shaped reactor, which was designed and built, showed more efficient than the batch reactor, presenting a photonic efficiency of 2.5% compared to 1.4% for the batch reactor. Additionally, this reactor was effective when applied to real wastewater, presenting a total Cr(VI) reduction of 51.8% in 6 hours of reaction, and its configuration is suitable for scale up. Thus, a tubular reactor (artificial radiation and sunlight) was designed and built in semi-pilot scale. This reactor presented a Cr(VI) remediation of 86.7% in 6 hours of reaction under sunlight and showed a photonic efficiency higher than spiral shaped reactor. Additionally, the tubular reactor presented similar photonic efficiency when used with either lamps (5.6%) or sunlight (5.5%), however the reactions under sunlight showed a greater total Cr(VI) reduction when compared to the reactions under artificial radiation. Therefore, the tubular reactor, which was designed and built, proved to be efficient when applied to treatment of real wastewater containing Cr(VI) by photochemical reduction process. Furthermore, the use of a solar tubular reactor minimizes the amount of electricity required for the reaction, which not only reduces process costs, but also makes the technology more environmentally sustainable.
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Determinação de cromo hexavalente no ambiente de trabalho de galvonoplastias e em fluído biológico de trabalhadores / Determination of hexavalente chorium in electroplating workplace and in workers´ body-fluid

Carlos Sergio da Silva 09 September 1991 (has links)
Avaliação ambiental, biológica e médica foram realizadas em 17 cromadores de 9 galvânicas do Estado de São Paulo, sendo cinco de cromo decorativo e quatro de cromo duro. O ar do ambiente de trabalho foi coletado individual e estacionariamente durante a semana de trabalho. Amostras de urina dos cromadores, foram coletadas no início e final do período de trabalho, encontrando-se uma correlação entre cromo urinário final e cromo no ar de 0,5. Usou-se a Absorção Atômica com Forno de Grafite GFAAS para determinar-se a concentração de cromo no ar ( Cr-ar) e cromo urinário ( Cr-U). O cromo hexavalente Cr (VI) foi extraído dos filtros de membrana de PVC com porosidade 5 µm com o tampão ácido acético/acetato de sódio, com a complexação do Cr (VI) feita por APDC. O complexo foi extraído com MIK. O limite de detecção foi de 1,1 µg/L. O Cr-U foi analisado diretamente por GFAAS com o limite de detecção 0,50 µg/L utilizando-se como modificador de matriz, nitrato de magnésio hexahidratado. Sem o modificador de matriz o limite de detecção foi de 0,14 µg/L. As concentrações de Cr (VI) no ar nas galvânicas de cromo decorativo variaram de 0,3 a 64,6 µg/m3 e nas de cromo duro variaram de 4,1 a 72,8 µg/m3 , mostrando a inadequação de alguns sistemas de exaustão. 60% dos cromadores das galvânicas de cromo duro tinham o septo nasal perfurado e todos os cromadores avaliados clinicamente tinham alterações nas vias aéreas superiores. O Cr-Uf que é utilizado como indicador biológico para compostos solúveis de cromo hexavalente, em muitos casos seus valores deram menores que o Cr-Ui, necessitando-se de estudos mais aprofundados quanto a esse aspecto, para evitar que o trabalhador possa ser prejudicado com resultados nem sempre condizentes com sua exposição. / Environmental, biological and medical evaluations was made in 17th workers of 9 chrome plating plants of the State of Sao Paulo, being 5 of decorative chrome plating and 4 of hard chrome plating. Environmental air samples were individual and stationarily collected during are week. Worker\'s urine samples were collected in the starting and in the end of the working period and it was obtained a correlation of 0,5 between the final urine chromium content and chromium air content. Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry GFAAS was used for the determination of the chromium levels in the air (Cr-air) and in the urine(Cr-U). The Cr (VI) was extrated of the PVC membrane filters with an acetic acid/sodium acetate buffer and the Cr (VI) was isolated with APDC/MIBK. The detection limit obtained was 1,1 µg/L. The Cr-U was analised directly by GFAAS and the detection limit obtained was 0,50 µg/L, using magnesium Nitrate as matrix modifier and 0,14 µg/L without matrix modifier. The Cr (VI) concentration in the air was in the range of 0,3 to 64,6 µg/m3 in the decorative chrome plating and of 4,1 to 72,8 µg/m3 in the hard chrome plating, showing that the exhaust systems were inadequate. 60% of the workers of the hard chrome plating had perforation in the nasal cartilage and alI workers clinically evaluated presented alterations in the upper respiratory airway. The Cr-Uf that is used as biological indicator for the Cr(VI) soluble compounds, in many cases presented lower levels that the Cr-Ui showing that it is necessary more studies about this subject. In order to present inadequated results concerning the worker\'s exposition.

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