Le métro de Paris, exploité par la Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens (RATP), compte aujourd’hui seize lignes et transporte environ 5 millions de passagers par jour. L’ensemble des infrastructures du métro est essentiellement souterrain et a été construit pour la plupart au début du XXe siècle. Environ 85% des tunnels sont composés d’une voûte en maçonnerie et de piédroits et radier en béton non armé. Certains de ces ouvrages présentent des pathologies de dégradation, notamment des fissures en clé de voûte et des discontinuités dans le contact tunnel-sol encaissant. Lors de travaux dans les tunnels ou à proximité, le comportement de la maçonnerie de la voûte est difficile à appréhender, d’une part parce que les matériaux constitutifs sont rarement étudiés de façon approfondie et d’autre part parce qu’il existe peu de modèles de calcul qui intègrent l’environnement particulier de ces tunnels. La thèse décrit un modèle de comportement permettant de représenter au mieux le comportement des voûtes en maçonnerie de tunnel. Ce modèle a été implanté dans un code de calcul par éléments finis, afin de pouvoir évaluer l’influence de travaux à proximité. Pour cela, un modèle existant dans la littérature a été choisi et adapté : le comportement des voûtes en maçonnerie est représenté par une loi de comportement qui combine une technique d’homogénéisation de la maçonnerie et une loi d’endommagement isotrope décrivant l’évolution des propriétés mécaniques des matériaux constitutifs, ce qui permet de reproduire de façon implicite le comportement non linéaire orthotrope de la voûte ; le comportement des piédroits et du radier est représenté par une loi d’endommagement isotrope. Le modèle proposé, implanté dans le code de calcul CESAR-LCPC, permet de reproduire le mécanisme de ruine d’un tunnel par la formation de rotules. Parallèlement au travail de modélisation, la thèse présente une campagne d’essais de laboratoire qui caractérise les matériaux constitutifs de la voûte et des piédroits et du radier, et qui donne la valeur des paramètres du modèle. Ces essais ont été réalisés sur des éprouvettes issues de carottes prélevées in situ. Enfin, le modèle numérique, alimenté par les caractéristiques mécaniques issues des essais en laboratoire, est utilisé pour simuler la réponse d’un tunnel en maçonnerie à des chargements appliqués à proximité. Cette modélisation a été conduite sur deux cas d’étude concernant le réseau du métro parisien / The Paris subway system, operated by the Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens (RATP), has sixteen lines and carries about 5 million passengers daily. The infrastructure is mostly underground and was built predominantly in the early twentieth century. About 85% of the tunnels are built with a masonry vault and unreinforced concrete sidewalls and slab. Some of these structures show degradation pathologies, notably cracks at the crown of the tunnel and discontinuities at the tunnel – soil interface. When civil engineering works are carried out in the tunnels or nearby, the behavior of the masonry vault is difficult to predict, firstly because the constitutive materials of the tunnel are rarely thoroughly studied and secondly because there are few models that incorporate the particular behavior of these tunnels. The thesis describes a model that represents the behavior of the masonry tunnel vaults. This model was implemented in a finite element code in order to assess the influence of nearby engineering works. In the selected approach, an existing model was selected from the literature and adapted to our study: the behavior of the masonry vault is represented by the selected model that combines a homogenization technique for the masonry and an isotropic damage law describing the evolution of the mechanical properties of each component, thus reproducing implicitly the nonlinear orthotropic behavior of the vault; the behavior of the sidewalls and slab is represented by an isotropic damage law. The proposed model, implemented in the computer code CESAR-LCPC, reproduces the failure mechanism of a tunnel by the formation of hinges. Alongside the modeling work, a laboratory test campaign was undertaken to characterize the materials of the vault, sidewalls and slab, and to estimate the model parameters. These tests were carried out on specimens taken from cores extracted in situ. Finally, the numerical model, along with the characteristics obtained from laboratory testing, is used to simulate the response of a masonry tunnel subjected to loads applied nearby in two case studies on the Paris subway system

Lorsque l'allaitement est impossible, du lait maternel pasteurisé (LMP) est préférentiellement administré, en particulier aux nouveau-nés hospitalisés. La pasteurisation de Holder (62,5°, 30 min) est appliquée pour des raisons sanitaires mais pourrait réduire l'absorption des lipides via l'inactivation des lipases endogènes du lait. L’homogénéisation du LMP pourrait contrer cet effet négatif en augmentant la surface disponible pour l’adsorption des enzymes. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’étudier l’impact de la pasteurisation de Holder et de l’homogénéisation par ultrasons sur la digestion du LM chez le nouveau-né. Un modèle de digestion in vitro a été mis en place pour évaluer la digestion gastro-intestinale de LM cru (LMC) vs. LMP aux stades « nouveau-né à terme » ou « prématuré ». Une étude clinique a été menée chez des nouveau-nés prématurés pour comparer la digestion gastrique de (A) LMC vs. LMP et (B) LMP vs. LM pasteurisé et homogénéisé (LMPH).La pasteurisation et l’homogénéisation ont modifié la structure initiale du LM, ses cinétiques digestives et sa désintégration structurale. In vitro, la pasteurisation a réduit la lipolyse gastrique au stade à terme, alors qu’aucun impact n'a été observé au stade prématuré. La lipolyse intestinale, in vitro, a été réduite. In vivo, la pasteurisation a accélérée la protéolyse gastrique de la lactoferrine et a réduit celle de l’a-lactalbumine. L'homogénéisation a accéléré la lipolyse et la protéolyse de l'albumine sérique. Concernant les conditions physiologiques, l’activité lipolytique postprandiale était augmentée après adm / When breastfeeding is not possible, pasteurized human milk (PHM) from milk banks is preferentially administered, especially for vulnerable hospitalized newborns. Holder pasteurization (62.5°, 30 min) is applied for sanitary reasons but may reduce fat absorption through inactivation of milk endogenous lipases. This could be counteracted by homogenization of PHM through an increase of the specific surface available for enzyme adsorption. The objective of this thesis was to study the impact of Holder pasteurization and ultrasonic homogenization on the digestion of HM in the newborn. An in vitro dynamic model was used to evaluate the gastrointestinal digestion of raw HM (RHM) vs. PHM at preterm and term stages. A clinical trial was conducted on hospitalized preterm newborns for comparing the gastric digestion of (A) RHM vs. PHM and (B) PHM vs. pasteurized-homogenized HM (PHHM). Pasteurization and homogenization affected the HM initial structure and its digestive kinetics and structural disWhile gastric lipolysis was reduced after pasteurization in term in vitro study, no impact was observed at the preterm stage. Intestinal lipolysis, in vitro, was reduced by pasteurization. Gastric proteolysis was selectively affected by pasteurization, being, in vivo, faster for lactoferrin and slower for a-lactalbumin. Homogenization increased lipolysis and proteolysis of serum albumin. Some physiological gastric conditions were affected by treatments: RHM had enhanced postprandial lipolytic activity and PHHM had a reduced gastric emptying time. The in vivo data described here may help to i

The recent advances in the Materials Engineering have led to the development of new materials with customized microstructure in which the properties of its constituents and their geometric distribution have a considerable effect on determination of the macroscopic properties of the substance. Direct inclusion of the material microstructure in the analysis on a macro level is challenging since spatial meshes created for the analysis should have enough resolution to be able to accurately capture the geometry of the microstructure. In most cases this leads to a huge finite element model which requires a substantial amount of computational resources. To circumvent this limitation a number of homogenization techniques were developed. By considering a small element of the material, referred to as Representative Volume Element (RVE), homogenization methods make it possible to include the effects of a material’s microstructure on the overall properties at the macro level. However, complexity of the microstructure geometry and the necessity of satisfying periodic boundary conditions introduce additional difficulties into the analysis procedure. In this dissertation we propose a hybrid homogenization method that combines Asymptotic homogenization with MeshFree Solution Structures Method (SSM). Our approach allows realistic inclusion of complex geometry of the microstructure that can be captured from micrographs or micro CT scans. In addition to unprecedented flexibility in handling complex geometries, this method also provides a completely automatic analysis procedure. Using meshfree solution structures simplifies meshing to creating a simple cartesian grid which only needs to contain the domain. This also eliminates manual modifications which usually needs to be performed on meshes created from image data. A computational platform is developed in C++ based on meshfree/asymptotic method. In this platform also a novel meshfree solution structure is designed to provide exact satisfaction of periodic boundary conditions for boundary value problems such as homogenization. Performance of the developed platform is tested over 2D and 3D domains against previously published data and/or conventional finite element methods. After getting satisfactory results, homogenized properties are used to compute localized stress and strain distributions over inhomogeneous structures. Furthermore, effects of geometric features of pores/inclusions on homogenized mechanical properties is investigated and it is demonstrated that the developed platform could provide an automated quantitative analysis tool for studying effects of different design parameters on homogenized properties.

The thesis studies homogenization of Dirichlet boundary value problems for divergence type elliptic operators, and the associated boundary layer issues. This type of problems for operators with periodically oscillating coeffcients, and fixed boundary data are by now a classical topic largely due to the celebrated work by Avellaneda and Lin from late 80's. The case when the operator and the Dirichlet boundary data exhibit periodic oscillations simultaneously was a longstanding open problem, and a progress in this direction has been achieved only very recently, in 2012, by Gerard-Varet and Masmoudi who proved a homogenization result for the simultaneously oscillating case with an algebraic rate of convergence in L2. Aimed at understanding the homogenization process of oscillating boundary data, in the first part of the thesis we introduce and develop Fourier-analytic ideas into the study of homogenization of Dirichlet boundary value problems for elliptic operators in divergence form. In smooth and bounded domains, for fixed operator and periodically oscillating boundary data we prove pointwise, as well as Lp convergence results the homogenization problem. We then investigate the optimality (sharpness) of our Lp upper bounds. Next, for the above mentioned simultaneously oscillating problem studied by Gerard-Varet and Masmoudi, we establish optimal Lp bounds for homogenization in some class of operators. For domains with non smooth boundary, we study similar boundary value homogenization problems for scalar equations set in convex polygonal domains. In the vein of smooth boundaries, here as well for problems with fixed operator and oscillating Dirichlet data we prove pointwise, and Lp convergence results, and study the optimality of our Lp bounds. Although the statements are somewhat similar with the smooth setting, challenges for this case are completely different due to a radical change in the geometry of the domain. The second part of the work is concerned with the analysis of boundary layers arising in periodic homogenization. A key difficulty toward the homogenization of Dirichlet problem for elliptic systems in divergence form with periodically oscillating coefficients and boundary condition lies in identification of the limiting Dirichlet data corresponding to the effective problem. This question has been addressed in the aforementioned work by Gerard-Varet and Masmoudi on the way of proving their main homogenization result. Despite the progress in this direction, some very basic questions remain unanswered, for instance the regularity of this effective data on the boundary. This issue is directly linked with the up to the boundary regularity of homogenized solutions, but perhaps more importantly has a potential to cast light on the homogenization process. We initiate the study of this regularity problem, and prove certain Lipschitz continuity result. The work also comprises a study on asymptotic behaviour of solutions to boundary layer systems set in halfspaces. By a new construction we show that depending on the normal direction of the hyperplane, convergence of the solutions toward their tails far away from the boundaries can be arbitrarily slow. This last result, combined with the previous studies gives an almost complete picture of the situation.

Un des objectifs de la restauration structurale, sujet de cette thèse, est de mettre en évidence les défauts d'interprétation ou les zones potentiellement fracturées. L'extension de cette technique en volume nécessite la définition a priori des propriétés des matériaux utilisés, notamment lorsque ces propriétés sont définies à une échelle fine. Une première partie, ce travail propose une méthode de mise à l'échelle des propriétés mécaniques utilisées pour les calculs de restauration en volume. La principale hypothèse repose sur la loi de comportement utilisée pour les matériaux définis à l'échelle grossière, supposés isotropiques transverses élastiques. Le calcul des propriétés équivalentes se fait par identification, après simulation par Éléments Finis. Cette technique a l'avantage d'assurer la conservation de l'énergie pour le même type de chargement. Dans une dernière partie, ce travail traite la gestion de la tectonique salifère lors de la restauration structurale. Les diapirs de sel présentent des topologies, des rhéologies, et des séquences de dépôt très caractéristiques. Ce mémoire présente une méthodologie de restauration multi-cartes, dont la prise en compte des relations inter-horizons est respectée dans les séquences halocinétiques. Une application de cette méthode est présentée sur le bassin de La Popa (Mexique) où les différentes interprétations réalisées au travers de leurs restaurations sont comparées / Structural restoration of geological models is undertaken to evaluate the geometrical and geological coherency of an interpretation. It can be used to determine deformation rates in different tectonic regimes. In addition, this technique has been used to evaluate high strain zones, and thus, potential fractured zones. Structural restoration attempts to reverse the effects of deformation history to an assumed initial pre-deformation state. Volumetric restoration techniques generally employ entirely continuum mechanic methods. The continuum mechanic model behaviors are dependent on the definition of the materials for which it is imposed reversibility by using elasticity behavior laws. This property is chosen based upon the predominant rock type in the fault block, generally at small scales. To overcome this issue, a methodology to upscale elastic isotropic materials has been implemented by treating upscaled materials as elastic transversely isotropic materials. This insures energy conservation for the same types of loading. Another focus of this work has been the management of salt tectonics in restoration procedures. A multi-surfaces restoration methodology has been developped based on the conservation of apparent thicknesses between stratigraphic layers and an iso-parametric restoration. This technique avoids the dependence of the volumetric restoration on a material model, while properly treating the restoration of unconformities and halokinetic sequences that characterize the flanks of salt structures. This technique has been tested on a field data set over a salt-withdrawal basin in the La Popa Basin (northeastern Mexico)

Ce travail a porté principalement sur le développement et l'étude de méthodes numériques de type éléments finis multi-échelles pour un problème d'advection diffusion multi-échelles dominé par l'advection. Deux types d'approches sont envisagées: prendre en compte l'advection dans la construction de l'espace d'approximation, ou appliquer une méthode de stabilisation. On commence par l'étude d'un problème d'advection diffusion, dominé par l'advection, dans un milieu hétérogène. On poursuit sur des problèmes d'advection-diffusion, sous le régime où l'advection domine, posés dans un domaine perforé. On se focalise ici sur la condition aux bords de type Crouzeix Raviart pour la construction des éléments finis multi-échelles. On considère deux situations différentes selon la condition prescrite au bord des perforations: la condition de Dirichlet homogène ou la condition de Neumann homogène. Cette étude repose sur une hypothèse de coercivité.Pour finir, on se place dans un cadre général où l'opérateur d'advection-diffusion est non coercif, possiblement dominé par l'advection. On propose une approche éléments finis basée sur une mesure invariante associée à l'opérateur adjoint. Cette approche est bien posée inconditionnellement en la taille du maillage. On la compare numériquement à une méthode standard de stabilisation / This work essentially deals with the development and the study of multiscale finite element methods for multiscale advection-diffusion problems in the advection-dominated regime. Two types of approaches are investigated: Take into account the advection in the construction of the approximation space, or apply a stabilization method. We begin with advection-dominated advection-diffusion problems in heterogeneous media. We carry on with advection-dominated advection-diffusion problems posed in perforated domains.Here, we focus on the Crouzeix-Raviart type boundary condition for the construction of the multiscale finite elements. We consider two different situations depending on the condition prescribed on the boundary of the perforations: the homogeneous Dirichlet condition or the homogeneous Neumann condition. This study relies on a coercivity assumption.Lastly, we consider a general framework where the advection-diffusion operator is not coercive, possibly in the advection-dominated regime. We propose a Finite Element approach based on the use of an invariant measure associated to the adjoint operator. This approach is unconditionally well-posed in the mesh size. We compare it numerically to a standard stabilization method

Ce travail s'inscrit dans le contexte des recherches menées pour la modélisation des composites aléatoires, permettant de déterminer leurs propriétés mécaniques effectives (élasticité et résistance). Parmi les modèles micromécaniques, numériques ou analytiques, développés dans ce but, on retrouve certains qui prennent en compte les effets d'interfaces se produisant aux frontières des inclusions des composites. Ces interfaces ont, selon plusieurs auteurs, une grande influence sur les propriétés élastiques et de rupture. Les modèles les considérant à ce jour sont néanmoins limités aux cas d'inclusions sphériques ou cylindriques. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons plusieurs approches et modèles micromécaniques (ou multi-échelles) qui permettent de déterminer les propriétés élastiques et poroélastiques ainsi que les modes de ruptures de matériaux composites granulaires présentant divers effets d'interfaces. Les morphologies inclusionnaires étudiées ne se limitent pas à la forme sphérique mais s'étendent également aux inclusions ellipsoïdales ce qui nous a amené à examiner une rupture inter-granulaire anisotrope. Les modèles de rupture développés dans ce travail ont été appliqués aux gels de C-S-H (hydrates de la pâte de ciment) ce qui a permis d'améliorer les modèles de rupture consacrés aux pâtes durcies. Les prédictions de ces modèles ont pu être confrontées à des données expérimentales de résistance à la compression simple des pâtes / Modelling composite media in view of determining its effective mechanical behaviour has been the topic of a large number of research papers. Some analytical and numerical models that can be found in the scientific literature on this topic take into account the interface effects that can arise at inclusions' boundaries. These interfaces have a major influence on the mechanical properties of composites according to some researchers. However, the models considering them are limited to spherical and cylindrical inclusions. In this work, several multi-scale approaches and models are developed to consider interface effects in the determination of the effective elastic and poroelastic properties and the failure mechanisms of granular composites. These models are performed on both spherical and ellipsoidal shapes of inclusions. The latter has led us to investigate an anisotropic inter-granular failure in granular media. The failure models developed in this work are applied to the microstructure of C-S-H gels (a cement paste hydrate) in order to improve the existing models on cement paste failure. The predictions of these improved models are compared to experimental data on the compressive strength of cement pastes

Cette thèse est une contribution à la modélisation du comportement d'une suspension de bulles dans un fluide non newtonien du type fluide à seuil. Elle comprend trois parties. La première partie est une étude bibliographique recensant les travaux théoriques et expérimentaux pour des bulles cisaillées dans un matériau newtonien. La seconde partie est consacrée à l'étude expérimentale de cisaillement simple d'une bulle suspendue dans un fluide à seuil. La dernière partie présente une approche par changement d'échelle du comportement macroscopique d'une suspension de bulles dans un fluide à seuil. Pour le travail expérimental, nous avons développé un premier prototype de dispositif permettant de cisailler d'une bulle suspendue dans un fluide à seuil. Pour cela, une bulle d'air est injectée au sein d'un grand volume de Carbopol cisaillé loin de la bulle par un dispositif à bandes parallèles. Une première série d'essais a permis de montrer l'efficacité du dispositif et d'obtenir quelques résultats sur la déformabilité d'une bulle cisaillée par un fluide à seuil. Pour le travail théorique, d'abord nous avons proposé des estimations du comportement de la suspension dans le cas des schémas dilué, Mori-Tanaka, autocohérent et motifs morphologiques. Ces modèles nous ont permis de trouver que dans le régime élastique le module élastique macroscopique de la suspension dépend du nombre capillaire Caelast défini comme le rapport entre le module de cisaillement du fluide porteur et la pression capillaire de la bulle. Ensuite en utilisant une méthode d'homogénéisation sécante modifiée (Suquet 1997), nous avons estimé des caractéristiques non linéaires globales de la suspension. Le modèle prédit que le seuil d'écoulement de la suspension est égal au seuil d'écoulement du fluide porteur quelle que soit la taille des bulles. La validation de ces modèles micromécanique a été réalisée par comparaison aux résultats expérimentaux obtenus au laboratoire (Ducloué 2014).Mots clés : suspension de bulles, fluide à seuil, rhéologie, nombre capillaire, approche par changement d'échelle / This thesis contributes to characterizing the behavior of a suspension of bubbles dispersed in a non-Newtonian fluid (yield stress fluid type).It consists of three parts. The first part is a literature review identifying the theoretical and experimental works for bubbles sheared in a Newtonian material. The second part is dedicated to the experimental study of the simple shear of a bubble suspended in a yield stress fluid. The last part consists in developing an upscaling approach to study the macroscopic behavior of a suspension of bubbles in a yield stress fluid. For experimental work, we developped a first prototype of device for the study of the shearing of a bubble in a yield stress fluid. For that purpose, an air bubble is injected in a big volume of Carbopol sheared far from the bubble by a system in two parallel bands. A fist series of tests allowed to show the efficiency of the device and to obtain some results on the deformability of a sheared bubble in a yield stress fluid. For theoretical work, first we proposed estimates of the behavior of the suspension in the case of diluted scheme, Mori-Tanaka, autocoherent and morphological patterns. These models have allowed us to find that in the elastic regime the macroscopic elastic modulus of the suspension depends on the capillary number Caelast defined as the ratio of the shear modulus of the fluid suspended over the capillary pressure of the bubble. Then using a modified secant homogenization method (Suquet 1997), we estimated the overall nonlinear properties of the suspension. The model predicts that the overall yield stress of the suspension is that of the suspending fluid regardless of the size of bubbles. The validation of these micromechanical models was achieved thanks to the experimental results obtained in the laboratory (Ducloué 2014).Keywords: bubbles suspensions, yield stress fluid, rheology, capillary number, upscaling approach

Orientadores: Marcelo Cristianini, Alline Artigiani Lima Tribst / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T06:58:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LeiteJunior_BunoRicardodeCastro_M.pdf: 4205771 bytes, checksum: 2ccdbecbd8ae2dc92dd1978fbf86b48b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A homogeneização à alta pressão (HAP) é um processo capaz de alterar a conformação e funcionalidade de enzimas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (i) avaliar a influência da HAP até 190 MPa nas atividades proteolítica e de coagulação do leite bem como na estabilidade de quatro enzimas coagulantes do leite, (ii) acompanhar o processo de coagulação por ensaios reológicos e (iii) avaliar o desenvolvimento dos géis por 24 horas por meio das análises de proteólise, sinérese, reologia e microscopia. As avaliações foram feitas comparando-se os resultados obtidos com as enzimas processadas e não processadas. O coalho de vitelo processado a 190 MPa apresentou redução de 52% na atividade proteolítica, aumento da taxa de coagulação do leite e gel formado mais consistente. A avaliação deste gel por 24h indicou a formação de uma rede proteica com menor proteólise, maior sinérese, maior consistência e menor porosidade. Após processamento a 150 MPa, o coalho de bovino adulto apresentou redução da atividade proteolítica, aumento da atividade e estabilidade de coagulação do leite, maior taxa de coagulação do leite e formação de gel com maior consistência. O gel se mostrou mais compacto, firme e com maior expulsão do soro da matriz proteica nas 24h em que foi avaliado. A protease fúngica do Rhizomucor miehei foi a enzima mais resistente ao processo de HAP, sofrendo mínima ou nenhuma alteração na atividade proteolítica e de coagulação do leite quando processada até 190 MPa em diferentes concentrações e em múltiplos processos consecutivos. Entretanto, na avaliação reológica da coagulação do leite utilizando-se a protease fúngica homogeneizada a 190 MPa por até 3 ciclos ou quando homogeneizada a 190 MPa em soluções com concetração de 20 % foi observado aumento da consistência do gel. Para pepsina suína, as alterações na atividade proteolítica e de coagulação do leite só foram observadas durante a estocagem, com redução na atividade proteolítica e um aumento na atividade de coagulação do leite para enzima processada a 150 MPa. No entanto, esta enzima processada promoveu uma coagulação do leite mais rápida formando um gel mais consistente, mesmo imediatamente após o processamento por HAP. Durante a observação deste gel por 24h, este se mostrou mais compacto, firme, menos poroso e com maior liberação de soro da matriz proteica. De uma forma geral foi possível concluir que as maiores pressões aplicadas (150 MPa e 190 MPa) afetaram positivamente as enzimas avaliadas, com redução da atividade proteolítica inespecífica e aumento da atividade de coagulação de leite, com consequente formação de géis com menores níveis de proteólise, o que favorece a manutenção da rede proteica rígida, firme e coesa. Desta forma, conclui-se que a HAP é um processo promissor que pode ser aplicado como uma tecnologia para melhorar as características hidrolíticas das enzimas coagulantes do leite, especialmente quando se deseja diminuir atividade proteolítica e aumentar sua atividade de coagulação do leite. Além disso, a menor proteólise no gel pode resultar numa extensão da vida de prateleira de queijos frescos, por, possivelmente, reduzir a formação de compostos de sabor indesejável / Abstract: High pressure homogenization (HPH) is a process that can alter the conformation and functionality of enzymes. The objectives of this study were: (i) evaluate the influence of HPH up to 190 MPa on the proteolytic and milk-clotting activities and stability of four milk-clotting enzymes, (ii) monitor the coagulation process by rheological assays and (iii) evaluate the gel development for 24 hours analyzing proteolysis, syneresis, rheological and microstructural behavior. The evaluations were performed by comparing the results between the processed and non-processed enzymes. The calf rennet processed at 190 MPa decreased 52 % its proteolytic activity, increased the rate of milk-clotting and a more consistent gel was formed. The evaluation of the gel for 24 hours indicated the formation of a protein network with lower proteolysis, higher syneresis, higher consistency and lower porosity. After processing at 150 MPa adult bovine rennet showed a reduction proteolytic activity, increase activity and stability of milk-clotting, higher milk-clotting rate and formed more consistent gels. This gel was more compact, firm and higher whey separation of protein matrix during the 24 hours of evaluation. The fungal protease from Rhizomucor miehei was the most resistant enzyme to the HPH process, showing minimal or no change in proteolytic activity and milk coagulation when processed up to 190 MPa at different concentrations and multiple consecutive processes. However, in the rheological evaluation of milk coagulation using fungal protease homogenized to 190 MPa for up 3 cycles or when homogenized in a solution with a concentration of 20% observed increase in the consistency of the gel. For porcine pepsin, changes on proteolytic activity and milk coagulation were only observed during storage, with reduction of proteolytic activity and an increase on the milk-clotting activity for the enzyme processed at 150 MPa. However, this enzyme promoted a faster coagulation of milk forming more consistent gel immediately after the processing by HPH. During the observation of this gel for 24 hours, this was more compact, firm, less porous and more release of whey of the protein matrix. Overall it was concluded that the highest applied pressures (150 MPa and 190 MPa) positively affected the enzymes with reduced nonspecific proteolytic activity and increased milk-clotting activity, with consequent formation of gels with lower levels of proteolysis, which favors the maintenance of a network of protein rigid, firm and cohesive. Thus, it is concluded that HPH is a promising process that can be applied as a technology to improve the hydrolytic characteristics of milk coagulating enzymes, especially to reduce proteolytic activity and increase the milk-clotting activity. Furthermore, the lower proteolysis in the gel may result in an extension of the shelf life of fresh cheese, by possibly reducing the formation of bitterness flavor / Mestrado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Le couplage multiphysique devient important dans les domaines de l’ingénierie nucléaire et de l’informatique. La capacité d’obtenir des solutions précises pour des modèles réalistes est essentielle à la conception et l’autorisation des conceptions nouvelles de réacteurs nucléaires, surtout dans des situations d’accidents graves. Les modèles physiques qui décrivent le comportement des réacteurs nucléaires dans des conditions accidentelles sont : le transport des neutrons, la conduction/convection thermique, la thermomécanique du combustible et des structures de support, la stœchiométrie du combustible, et d’autres encore. Cependant cette thèse se concentre sur le couplage entre deux modèles, le transport des neutrons et la conduction/convection thermique.Le but de cette thèse est de développer un solveur multiphysique pour la simulation des accidents de réacteurs nucléaires. Le travail s’est focalisé à la fois sur l’environnement de simulation et sur le traitement des données pour de telles simulations.Ces travaux discutent le développement d’un solveur multiphysique basé sur la méthode Newton-Krylov sans la jacobienne (JFNK). Ce solveur inclut des solveurs linéaires et non-linéaires, accompagné des interfaces par le calcul des résidus aux codes existantes pour le transport des neutrons et la thermo hydraulique (APOLLO3 et MCTH respectivement). Une nouvelle formulation pour le résidu du transport de neutrons est explorée, qui réduit la taille de la solution et l’espace de recherche par un facteur important ; le résidu, au lieu d’être basé sur le flux angulaire, est basé sur la source de fission.La question de savoir si l’utilisation d’un flux fondamental pour l’homogénéisation des sections efficaces est suffisamment précise pendant les simulations transitoires rapides est aussi explorée. Il est montré que, dans le cas d’un milieu infini et homogène, l’utilisation des sections efficaces fabriquées avec un flux fondamental est significativement différente d’une solution de référence. Cette erreur est diminuée en utilisant un flux de pondération alternatif qui vient d’un calcul à dépendance temporelle ; soit avec un flux intégré en temps soit avec une solution asymptotique. Le flux intégré en temps vient d’une solution multiphysique sur un sous-domaine de l’accident et intégrée en temps. L’intégration en temps peut être réalisée sur plusieurs « morceaux » qui ont le même comportement temporel. La solution asymptotique vient d’un calcul de valeur propre alpha et emploie un ou plusieurs modes alpha comme flux de pondération. Entre les deux méthodes, la méthode avec un flux intégré en temps est plus précise, mais prend plus de temps.Le domaine d’application de ces nouvelles méthodes est étendu en étudiant les effets d’hétérogénéités spatiales et la discrétisation des macro-intervalles en temps. Premièrement, un cas avec des hétérogénéités spatiales et une perturbation locale est utilisé pour montrer que ces méthodes peuvent être utilisées pour l’homogénéisation au niveau des assemblages. Ces nouvelles méthodes fonctionnent mieux que la méthode traditionnelle avec un flux fondamental. Deuxièmement, une estimation a priori pour une discrétisation optimale est obtenue pour la méthode avec le flux intégré en temps. Il est montré que d’autres divisions du domaine en temps réduisent l’erreur sur plusieurs métriques jusqu’au moment où les erreurs numériques deviennent dominantes.Pour montrer que ces méthodes fonctionnent bien pour des calculs de grande taille, un calcul sur un cœur REB réduit est effectué. Cette simulation est basée sur un accident de chute de grappe dans un REB au démarrage. / Multiphysics coupling is becoming of large interest in the nuclear engineering and computational science fields. The ability to obtain accurate solutions to realistic models is important to the design and licensing of novel reactor designs, especially in design basis accident situations. The physical models involved in calculating accident behavior in nuclear reactors includes: neutron transport, thermal conduction/convection, thermo-mechanics in fuel and support structure, fuel stoichiometry, among others. However, this thesis focuses on the coupling between two models, neutron transport and thermal conduction/convection.The goal of this thesis is to develop a multiphysics solver for simulating accidents in nuclear reactors. The focus is both on the simulation environment and the data treatment used in such simulations.This work discusses the development of a multiphysics framework based around the Jacobian-Free Newton-Krylov (JFNK) method. The framework includes linear and nonlinear solvers, along with interfaces to existing numerical codes that solve neutron transport and thermal hydraulics models (APOLLO3 and MCTH respectively) through the computation of residuals. A new formulation for the neutron transport residual is explored, which reduces the solution size and search space by a large factor; instead of the residual being based on the angular flux, it is based on the fission source.The question of whether using a fundamental mode distribution of the neutron flux for cross section homogenization is sufficiently accurate during fast transients is also explored. It is shown that in an infinite homogeneous medium, using homogenized cross sections produced with a fundamental mode flux differ significantly from a reference solution. The error is remedied by using an alternative weighting flux taken from a time dependent calculation; either a time-integrated flux or an asymptotic solution. The time-integrated flux comes from the multiphysics solution of the accident on a subdomain and an integration in time. The integration can be broken into several “chunks” that capture similar time-dependent behavior. The asymptotic solution comes from an alpha-eigenvalue calculation and uses one or several alpha modes as the weighting flux. Between the two methods, the time-integrated flux is more accurate, but takes longer to obtain a solution.The usability of these new homogenization methods is further developed by studying the effects of spatial heterogeneities and of the discretization of the time-chunks. First, a case with spatial heterogeneities and a localized perturbation is used to show that these methods can be applied to assembly level homogenization. The new methods are shown to perform well with spatial heterogeneities when compared to using a traditional, fundamental mode, homogenization method. Second, an a priori estimate for an optimal time discretization is obtained for the time-integrated flux method. It is shown that further divisions of the time domain reduce the error for several metrics until numerical errors become dominant.To show that these methods work well for industrial sized calculations, a reduced size BWR core calculation is performed. This simulation is based on a rod-drop accident in a BWR core during startup.