Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University / Historic houses function as the stages for, and central figures in, processes of place-making and heritage construction. I offer the case site of the Fairbanks House (completed in 1641) in Dedham, Massachusetts as the subject of my investigation into these issues. Touted as the "oldest timber frame house in North America," the Fairbanks House is widely regarded as a significant example of early colonial architecture in the United States; it has operated as a house museum since it was purchased by the Fairbanks Family in America, Inc. stewardship group in 1904. This study expands beyond antiquity to include all eight generations of Fairbanks families who lived on the property. I argue that longevity, and a durational perspective that links the past with the present, is equally vital to peoples' understanding and appreciation. I trace the biography of the Fairbanks House from its creation in the early 17th century to its current use as a heritage site. This perspective emphasizes the continued saliency of accumulated individual decisions and actions, reified by both material culture and immaterial processes such as tradition and memory. I use archaeological, architectural, documentary, and oral sources to reconstruct the landscape of the Fairbanks farm and I demonstrate how residents made day-to-day choices, such as land purchases or neighborly socializing, to improve their socio-economic standing and establish a future for their children. In doing so for eight generations, they established a legacy that was celebrated beginning in the 19th century, when Fairbanks women living in the house promoted their family's history through storytelling and published media. These processes of heritage construction remain continuous and personal, as shown by the results of an ethnographic study that I designed, which reveals that Fairbanks House museum visitors define historicity not through specific facts about the Fairbanks family but through their own narratives based on their engagement with the site's material culture. In addition to providing an important example of how generations of modestly-successful New England farmers adapted their surroundings to fit their values and goals, this study positions local house museums as dynamic spaces for creative, personal engagements with the past.

This report was done on behalf of Uppsala municipality with the aim to investigate how much the CO2-equivalent emissions differ between different building systems during the construction phase, considering the different choice of material used in the frames. Several multi-family houses with different building systems were therefore studied and compared by using previous LCA from collected climate reports regarding each construction project. Different scenarios of the residential development in Uppsala until year 2050, including multi- and single-family houses, were further on brought forward. The impact that the choice of material had on the climate was then studied by comparing the scenarios with the climate goals set up by Uppsala municipality regarding the construction sector. This was discussed in order to investigate whether Uppsala municipality would reach the climate goals or not. The conclusion of the study is that the building systems with wooden frames in general release less CO2-equivalent emissions than the ones with concrete frames. One of the reasons for this is that the production of the materials has different amounts of waste and the fact that concrete consists of cement, which causes a lot of emissions during the production of the material. Another part of the report was to investigate if climate improved concrete could decrease the CO2-equivalent emissions from building systems with concrete frames. This was done by doing a case-study, where parts of the concrete frame for one of the building systems were replaced, which resulted in a small decrease of the emissions. It is however, in a larger perspective, important to reduce the emissions as much as possible and there is still room to continue the improvement of concrete.

This thesis is submitted to the School of Architecture and Planning, University of the Witwatersrand in fulfillment of the requirements for the Masters of Architecture (Professional), 2016. / There is a strong argument for a space within the heart of Johannesburg that offers a contemporary yet uniquely African response to the traditional practice of slaughtering of cattle that would frame and advance social, cultural and spiritual imperatives, while honouring animal ethics and ecological concerns through the creation of a forum that facilitates transparency, fosters understanding deepens connections between people and their broader environment. / XL2018

La qualité de l’air dans les habitats est un problème majeur en Europe, où les personnes passent une grande partie de leur temps en milieu intérieur. Selon l’OMS, de nombreux habitats sont touchés par l’humidité entraînant le développement de moisissures qui ont des conséquences sanitaires et économiques.Dans ce travail, une approche globale, associant étude de terrain et expérimentations en laboratoire, a été employée pour décrire l’exposition aux bioaérosols dans des habitations dégradées par les moisissures, étudier leurs effets sur la santé des résidents et proposer une démarche diagnostique applicable aux habitats dégradés. Nous avons ainsi mis en évidence la présence récurrente de certaines espèces fongiques, notamment Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium chrysogenum et P. crustosum, qui pourraient être utilisées comme indicateurs microbiologiques de contamination fongique de l’air intérieur. Par ailleurs les analyses statistiques ont permis de montrer des liens entre les concentrations de certaines espèces de micromycètes dans l’air et les catégories de surface contaminées proposées par l’ANSES. Des relations ont également pu être établies entre l’exposition à ces moisissures et certaines manifestations respiratoires et cutanées mentionnées chez les résidents. L’évaluation du potentiel cytotoxique des bioaérosols collectés dans les habitats dégradés a, quant à elle, permis de mettre en évidence un lien entre les réponses observées sur deux lignées cellulaires testées (pulmonaire A549 et cutanée HaCaT).D’un point de vue méthodologique, la qPCR couplée à la cytométrie en flux semble être une méthode rapide qui peut être corrélée à l’approche culturale et permet ainsi de suivre l’exposition à Aspergillus versicolor dans les habitats dégradés. Huit espèces fongiques récurrentes dans les bioaérosols ont également été sélectionnées pour une étude en enceinte climatique montrant l’impact de la température et de l’humidité relative sur la croissance et la toxinogenèse fongique. / Air quality in houses is a major concern in Europe, as people spend most of their time indoors. According to the WHO, numerous houses are exposed to dampness that can lead to mold growth, causing health and economic damages.In this work, a global approach including both field study and laboratory experimentations was used to characterize the human exposure to bioaerosols in mold-damaged houses, to study their health effects on inhabitants and to propose a diagnostic process that could be applied to mold-damaged houses. We showed the recurrence of several fungal species, specifically Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium chrysogenum and P. crustosum, which could be used as microbial indicators of airborne fungal contamination. In addition, our statistical analyses showed relations between the concentrations of recurrent molds in air and the levels of surface contamination by molds proposed by ANSES. Statistical link has also been found between mold exposure and respiratory or cutaneous symptoms described by the inhabitants. A cytotoxic potential evaluation of bioaerosols collected in these mold-damaged houses allowed to highlight a relation between the responses observed for the two cell lines (pulmonary A549 and cutaneous HaCaT).From a methodological point of view, qPCR coupled with flow cytometry appears to be a fast and reliable method that can be correlated to cultural approach, allowing to monitor the human exposure to Aspergillus versicolor in mold-damaged buildings. Eight recurrent fungal species identified in bioaerosols were also selected for a study in a climatic chamber that showed the effects of temperature and relative humidity on fungal growth and toxinogenic potential.

Objetivos: Realizou-se estudos de dinâmica populacional de colônias de Panstrongylus megistus Burmeister, 1835 (Hemíptera: Reduviidae) espontaneamente estabelecida em Galinheiro Experimental (GE). Interpretou-se as correlações entre os fatores climáticos e os dados populacionais observados. Métodos: Pesquisou-se população triatomínica espontaneamente instalada em GE localizado no Sítio Carandá, Araraquara-SP, Brasil no período de novembro de 1998 a março de 2002. Através de revisões sistemáticas, marcação do dorso, soltura e recaptura; estudo da dinâmica populacional foi procedido pela análise das distribuições das freqüências de insetos de Kiritani-Nakasuji e pelo uso do índice de correlação linear de Pearson aplicado aos dados climáticos e populacionais. Resultados: Obteve-se colonização espontânea do GE por Panstrongylus megistus. O tamanho da população variou de 19 a 208 indivíduos. Maior presença de ninfas nos períodos de inverno e verão e de adultos durante a primavera e outono; as fêmeas permaneceram mais tempo no abrigo que os machos; estes estiveram em maior número na maior parte das revisões (razão de sexo = 1,22). O ciclo de desenvolvimento completo de ninfa I-adulto foi 540 dias, a sobrevivência diária para todos os estádios foi de 0,9975 e a sobrevivência total foi de 0,2573; não houve correlação significativa entre os dados populacionais e os fatores climáticos segundo índice de correlação linear de Pearson (r = 0,1780 para temperatura e r = 0,1078 para pluviosidade). Conclusões: Os GEs constituem ferramenta bastante útil para estudos ecológicos de triatomíneos; as colônias desenvolvidas em ecótopos artificiais por P. megistus são estáveis; disponibilizou-se dados relativos a estudos anteriores; são necessários novos estudos para esclarecer melhor o comportamento de domiciliação dessa espécie que é K-estrategistas conforme RABINOVICH, 1972 / Studies on spontaneous domiciliation in experimental chickens houses for wild populations of triatomines in the municipal district of Araraquara, São Paulo, in the period of XI/1998 III/2002. Objective: Studies of the dynamic of population, of colonies of Panstrongylus megistus Burmeister, 1835 (Hemiptera:Reduviidae) spontaneously established in chickens houses (CH) was accomplished. The correlation between climate factors and population data observed were interpreted. Method: The population of Triatominae spontaneously established in a chicken house of the ranch Carandá, Araraquara, SP, Brazil in the period of November of 1998 to March of 2002. Was researched by systematic revisions, dorsum markings, release and recapture; the study of the dynamic of the population was proceeded by the Kiritani-Nakasuji method for analysing of the insects stage-frequency data and by the Pearson´s linear correlation index applied to climatic and population data. Results: A spontaneous colonisation of the chicken house by Panstrongylus megistus was obtained. The size of the population varied from 19 to 208 individual. The greatest presence of nymphs was in the winter and summer time and the great presence of adults was during spring and fall; the females stayed more time in the shelter than the males; those ones were in the greatest number in the majority of the revisions (Sex ratio =1,22). The cycle of the development from nymph I to adult was 540 days, the daily survival for all stages was 0,9975 and the total survival was 0,2573; and according to the Pearson´s linear correlation index, it had not significant correlation between population data and climate factors (r= 0,1780 for temperature and r= 0,1078 for rainfall). Conclusion: The chicken house constitute a useful tool for ecological studies of Triatominae, the colonies of Panstrongylus megistus which are developed in artificial ecotopes are stable, data from previous studies was disposed and new researches are necessary to better clarify the dwelling behaviour of this specie, that according to RABINOVICH, 1972 is K- strategical.

Este trabalho visa mostrar a importância da participação popular no processo de produção da moradia no contexto das políticas públicas e programas habitacionais no Brasil. Esta participação aponta para a elevação do nível organizativo do poder público e da comunidade e para uma mais ampla e adequada apropriação do espaço urbano construído pela população. A contextualização do quadro das políticas habitacionais no Brasil, o processo de descentralização do poder público e o processo de desenvolvimento da participação popular nos projetos habitacionais são apresentados como auxílio à compreensão do que se pretende observar quanto à formatação de políticas e programas habitacionais que valorizam a população como peça fundamental no processo. São apresentadas algumas experiências consideradas importantes sob o ponto de vista da participação popular na produção da moradia, como as Cooperativas Uruguaias e o Programa FUNAPS Comunitário da Prefeitura de São Paulo. Três projetos habitacionais em fase de conclusão em três diferentes municípios da Grande São Paulo foram estudados nesta pesquisa. Por meio de uma análise crítica comparativa foram estabelecidos critérios para verificar como o poder público tem administrado a questão da falta de moradia, que afeta principalmente a população mais empobrecida e ainda como tem tratado o direito garantido da participação popular no contexto de seus programas habitacionais nos dias de hoje. / This essay intents to show the importance of the popular participation in the residence building process, when treated in terms of public polices and housing programs in Brazil. This participation may contribute to an increasing on the organization level of public power and their communities, besides the aid for an increasing in urban appropriation by the population. The contextualization of the situation of public polices in Brazil, the public power decentralization process and the popular development participation in housing-production, are shown as a contribution to the understanding about the formatting of housing publics polices that value the poor population as a fundamental part in this process. This work shows some important experiences referring to the popular participation in housing productions, as the Uruguaian Cooperatives and the FUNAPS´ Program from São Paulo´s city hall. Three housing projects in conclusion phases occurring in three different cities of São Paulo´s Metropolitan Region have been studied in this research. The methodology used to study these projects was a comparative analyzes by previews established criteria in order to verify how the public power has managed the problem of housing lack, which affects principally the poorest population and also to identify how has been treated the guaranteed rights of the popular participation in housing programs nowadays.

Esta tese tem o objetivo de demonstrar as paridades entre os cortiços de São Paulo (Brasil) e as ilhas da cidade do Porto (Portugal). Por meio das semelhanças no que concerne às tipologias e ao modo de morar, pretendemos demonstrar a importância de um levantamento aprimorado para conhecer essas habitações e propor projetos de intervenção mais participatvos. / This thesis aims to demonstrate the parities between the tenements of São Paulo, Brazil, and the islands in the city of Porto, Portugal. Through the similarities, within the typologies and the way of living, demonstrate the importance of an improved survey, to know these dwellings and to propose more participative intervention projects.

Esta dissertação busca, inicialmente, investigar formas de mobilidade habitacional, sobretudo, em contextos urbanos. Partindo da hipótese de que a mobilidade é um fenômeno existente e crescente, apresentam-se seus reflexos na arquitetura. Propõe-se à arquitetura, voltada em essência, para formas estáticas, uma reflexão sobre seu interesse e possibilidades na produção de casas móveis. Para contribuir com a arquitetura em face desse paradigma são: investigados na história grupos marcados pela mobilidade; expostos os efeitos possíveis sobre a questão do solo urbano; apresentados os aspectos jurídicos relacionados à habitação sobretudo, a sua mobilidade; mostrados alguns modelos de mobilidade utilizados. Ainda, após pesquisa de campo, expõe-se um caso de transposição de casas de madeira, construídas, em sua maioria, pelos carpinteiros migrantes e emigrantes no Oeste do Paraná, de 1940 a 1970. Essas construções, que outrora sustentaram a maior parte da demanda habitacional da região, são, hoje, viabilizadoras de uma prática local que expressa movimentos contemporâneos de proporções globais. / This study seeks initially for investigating ways of habitational mobility, especially in urban contexts. Starting from the hypothesis that mobility is an existing and increasing phenomenon, they present their reflexes in the architecture. The architecture proposes turned in essence to static forms, a reflection about its interest and possibilities of mobile house production. To contribute with the architecture in view of this paradigm are investigated groups marked by the mobility in the history, exposed the possible effects about the urban soil matter presented the juridical aspects related to habitation especially to its mobility and shown some models of used mobility, yet after field research a wooden house transposition case is exposed, built in its majority by the migrant carpenters and emigrants in Paraná´s West from 1940 to 1970. These constructions that formerly sustained most habitational demand of the regions they are today facilitators of a local practice that expresses contemporary actions of global proportions.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a atuação das editoras de livros de caráter político em Portugal entre 1968 e 1980, a fim de verificar o papel político, cultural e ideológico que desempenharam no processo de transformações pelo qual passou o país nesse período. Para isso, busquei: a) identificar as editoras que realizaram essas publicações e examinar as vinculações políticas que tinham; b) realizar o recenseamento das obras de caráter político publicadas no período em estudo; c) identificar as pessoas e organizações responsáveis por essas editoras e publicações. A partir dos dados levantados procuro entender como atuavam estes editores, quais suas motivações políticas, ideológicas e empresariais, como organizavam as editoras do ponto de vista intelectual e comercial, e qual o peso das vinculações políticas na vida das editoras. Em termos cronológicos, o período em foco começa em 1968, com o afastamento por motivos de saúde de Salazar do poder e sua substituição por Marcelo Caetano, e vai até 1980, com a formação do primeiro governo de direita após o fim da ditadura em 25 de abril de 1974. Uma síntese do trabalho mostra que existiram pelo menos 137 editoras que publicaram livros de caráter político em Portugal entre 1968 e 1980, tendo editado cerca de 4.600 títulos políticos no período. Este trabalho apresenta estudos sintéticos sobre 106 destas editoras. Minha tese é que estas editoras conformaram o que podemos chamar de edição política no país. Ao realizar um trabalho editorial que vinculava de modo direto engajamento político e ação editorial, estas editoras e seus editores atuaram com clara intenção política de intervenção social, tornando-se sujeitos ativos no processo político português no período final da ditadura e nos primeiros anos de liberdade política. / The aim of this thesis is to analyze the political publishing houses actions in Portugal between 1968 and 1980. Our particular focus is the political, cultural and ideological role of these publishing houses in the process of profound changes that Portugal went through that period. In order to achieve these goals, I have sought: a) to identify the main publishing houses and their political connections; b) to make a census of the political oeuvres published in that period; c) to identify people and organization that were in charge of the publishing houses. Taking in consideration the sources and data collected, I examine how these publishers acted, and which were their political, ideological and business motivations. I also analyze how they organize the publishing houses from a intellectual and commercial perspective, as well as how was the weight of the political connections in the everyday life of the publishing houses. Chronologically, my investigation starts in 1968, when the Dictator Salazar, due health reasons, was replaced by Marcelo Caetano. The final date of my research is 1980, when a first rightwing government is formed after the end of the dictatorship in April 25, 1974. In short, my thesis demonstrates that at least 137 publishing houses edited books with clear political features in Portugal between 1968 and 1980. In this period 4,600 different political titles were published. This thesis presents synthetic studies about 106 publishing of these. My argument is that those publishing houses conformed what we can call political publishing era in Portugal. By realizing an editorial work that directly combined political activism and editorial action, theses publishing houses and their publishers acted with a clear political intention of social intervention. In this sense they become important and active social actors in the Portuguese political process in the final period of the dictatorship and beginning of the democratization years.

by Yau Mei-siu, Teresa. / Bibliography : leaves 141-147 / Thesis (M.S.W.)-Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1982