The Australian bridled goby (Arenigobius bifrenatus) has been in New Zealand since 1996, and has subsequently spread to thirteen estuaries and the coastal Otara Lake. The native exquisite goby (Favonigobius exquisitus) may be displaced or threatened by the bridled goby as they share estuarine habitat. The ecophysiological tolerances and sediment preferences for both goby species were examined to determine the potential for niche overlap and habitat selection. The results of acute salinity and temperature tolerance tests supported the hypotheses that bridled gobies are more tolerant than exquisite gobies to extremes of salinity and temperature. The incipient ten day LT50 values were 6.7 C and 11.8 C for bridled and exquisite gobies, respectively, however, both tolerated temperatures up to 35 C. Both species showed some mortality at low salinities, but mortality did not exceed 50% for either species at the lowest salinity tested (2.2 ppt) after 96 h. Bridled gobies displayed a strong preference for fine sediment (less than 63 um), whereas exquisite gobies were less selective, accepting a broad range of sediment grain sizes (63-250 um). Bridled gobies have successfully established and dispersed in New Zealand, and their ecophysiological adaptations that allowed them to survive harsh conditions in ballast water, their presumed introduction vector, will likely aid their future spread throughout New Zealand. Their increasing abundance is likely to see them encounter and possibly encroach on the habitat of exquisite gobies. Bridled gobies may displace the smaller exquisite gobies from optimal habitats, as exquisite gobies are unlikely to survive competition from and predation by bridled gobies. However, exquisite gobies should be able to relocate to adjacent habitat with coarse sediment that is unsuitable for burrow construction by bridled gobies. Additionally, acclimatisation to local environmental conditions may extend the tolerance limits determined in this thesis, and may allow bridled gobies to spread to upstream zones in estuaries and occupy freshwater. New Zealand presently has eight recognised gobiid species of which one is endemic, two are native, two are not recorded in mainland waters and three are proposed as non-indigenous. Additionally, several tropical and subtropical gobies exist in the aquarium trade. Similar ecophysiological tests of tolerance and preference may determine the possibility that these species could establish in the wild following accidental release.

I am a Latje Latje man born and raised in Mildura. I am a contemporary artist, a dancer and a father. I began dancing with the Latje Latje dance group when I was four. I come from river country. I spent the first six years of my life on the banks of the Murray River. The river runs right through my work. During the course of my Masters, I have been spending time in the north of Victoria, in central Victoria and in South Gippsland by the sea in Boonerwrung country. I a man of the river, but since the birth of my son, I have been developing a relationship with the sea. My relationship to the sea changed when my son moved to the sea. My spiritual connection to the sea has grown the more time I have spent there and the more spiritual knowledge I have gained of my ancestral country of the Boonerwrung. Within this research project, I explore the question: How can art-making generate a process of recovery, healing and celebration? In my Masters I have developed two series of paintings, one from the river and one from the sea. The first group of paintings were shown in a nine-month solo exhibition, 'City Style - Country Youth' at Bunjilaka, the Aboriginal Section of the Melbourne Museum. The second group were shown at another solo exhibition called 'Mungo Stories' held at the Australia Dreaming Art gallery in Fitzroy, Melbourne. Artefacts My Master of Arts includes the following artefacts: • An Exhibition of Paintings selected from the 63 artworks I have undertaken during the course of my Masters • An Exegesis in which I tell the story of my paintings and my research and in which I give an overview of the paintings I have done during my research degree • A Digital Story which combines didgeridoo music with a selection of my images • Two Audio Tracks, 'Paintings Talk' and 'Grinding the Ochre' • A Short Film in which I describe my experience as a contemporary Indigenous artist.

Those who have finished high school and/or obtained non-school qualifications experience a range of positive outcomes throughout their lives. Despite these benefits being likely to apply to the Indigenous Australian population, current as well as past participation in education is substantially lower than that of the non-Indigenous population. Some reasons for this relatively low participation may be locational and monetary disadvantage, household overcrowding and a curriculum that is not always relevant. How Indigenous Australians form their expectations about the benefits of education and what these expectations might be (accurate or otherwise) may also influence educational participation. This thesis looks at the education outcomes of Indigenous Australians. There are two main research questions are examined. The first is what are the relative benefits of education for the Indigenous population? The main outcomes that are focussed on are employment and income; however, there is also analysis of the extent to which those with higher education levels report better health outcomes or more favourable health behaviour. The second main research question is what factors are associated with the decision to attend high school? That is, does the Indigenous population respond to the economic incentives to undertake education as estimated in this thesis? In addition, other factors at the individual, household and area level are likely to influence the social costs and benefits of education, as well as geographic and financial access. The extent to which these are associated with high school participation is also examined.

This thesis examines the development of the right of indigenous peoples to natural resources on their lands and territories in international law. It examines international treaties, the jurisprudence of international courts and other international bodies, as well as the practice of international actors. A special focus is on the UN General Assembly Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. The thesis describes the drafting process and the discussions that took place around the issue of land rights and natural resources, and uses this to draw conclusions on the development of a new international customary law of an indigenous right to free, prior and informed consent with regard to natural resources.

This thesis examines the development of the right of indigenous peoples to natural resources on their lands and territories in international law. It examines international treaties, the jurisprudence of international courts and other international bodies, as well as the practice of international actors. A special focus is on the UN General Assembly Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. The thesis describes the drafting process and the discussions that took place around the issue of land rights and natural resources, and uses this to draw conclusions on the development of a new international customary law of an indigenous right to free, prior and informed consent with regard to natural resources.

There are an increasing number of articles written by Indigenous and First Nation authors about their worldviews, cultures, research and ways of being and knowing in relation to Indigenous theories and pedagogies. As a result, their experiences, philosophies and approaches emphasize the increasing borders for understanding the importance, value and rightful place of Indigenous theories and pedagogies in research, teaching and practice. Additionally, non-Indigenous authors are also writing messages of encouragement and support for Indigenous theories and pedagogies and highlight ways for non-Indigenous practitioners/teachers to reframe a worldview that incorporates Indigenous worldviews in a "good and respectful way". / Volume 8, August 2012: Indigenous Social Work Practices and Theories / School of Native Human Services

There are an increasing number of articles written by Indigenous and First Nations authors about their worldviews, cultures, research and ways of being and knowing in relation to Indigenous theories and pedagogies. As a result, their experiences, philosophies and approaches emphasize the increasing borders for understanding the importance, value and rightful place of Indigenous theories and pedagogies in research, teaching and practice. Additionally, non-Indigenous authors are also writing messages of encouragement and support for Indigenous theories and pedagogies and highlight ways for non-Indigenous practitioners/teachers to reframe a worldview that incorporates Indigenous worldviews in a “good and respectful way”.

Abstract This Concept of micro-entrepreneurship deriving from APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation), it is said that the best method to improve women¡¦s economy is to encourage them by involving into it. Traditionally, Taiwan indigenous peoples had always earned their living by farming, foresting, fishing, and herding as primary industries, which relatively caused tribal society an inferior situation and low income. With recent years of social, industrial, and educational change in structure, the development of knowledge economic gives indigenous peoples an option to start their own enterprise, or chances to serve in all walks of life. On the other hand, our government also makes every effort to popularize to start a enterprise and provides plural entrepreneurship loans. After effective guiding and assisting, a number of entrepreneurships grow by 3000 to 5000 cases per year and have higher portions for women. In 2006, entrepreneurship for women is up to 44.9% and not far from 55.1% for men. From 2002 to 2006, Council of Indigenous People, Executive Yuan had issued 822 loan cases in total from Indigenous People Developing Fund, whiled 346¡]40%¡^ were for women. Therefore, entrepreneurships for indigenous women are growing in market. In Taiwan, about one hundred thousand small and medium-sized enterprises establish every year, but only twenty thousand exist. Low capitalization and less-than-five-people micro enterprises turn over faster. Entrepreneurship is easy, but holding achievements is hard. Council of Indigenous People, Executive Yuan had selected 14 successful indigenous women in 2006. This study, thus, focuses onindigenous women who have their own business by using In-Depth Interviewing and ATLAS.ti software. And we get the result that the key factors for indigenous women in entrepreneurship are keeping practicing and possessing great sense of mission for indigenous culture. We have demonstrated with figures of network. This study finds that when surveying their experiences and progress, responders recalled the major problems were lack of entrepreneurship capitals (mainly), lack of turnover capitals, lack of managing experiences, and lack of adaptable talents. Some would think that government is not a helper but a barrier during entrepreneurship progress. In the future, government should let it as a mirror when driving indigenous policies.

Abstract The study evaluated the effect of different cryoprotectants on post-thaw survival and motility of Kolbroek sperm. Semen from Kolbroek boars was collected with the gloved hand technique. Ejaculates were diluted with Beltsville thawing solution (BTS) at a ratio of 1 : 1 prior to freezing. Semen was diluted with egg yolk tris; thereafter, one of the three cryoprotectants (14% glycerol, 14% DMSO or 7% glycerol + 7% DMSO) were added. Diluted samples were then loaded into 0.5 mL straws and cooled with a programmable freezer. Thereafter the semen straws were plunged directly into liquid nitrogen (-196 °C) and stored for 48 h. Frozen straws were thawed at 39 °C for a minute and evaluated for sperm motility and survival at 0, 30, 60 and 90 min post-thaw. The post-thaw sperm survival frozen using glycerol as a cryoprotectant was significantly higher immediately after thawing, compared to DMSO, however, similar to the combination of glycerol and DMSO. There was no significant difference on motility rate immediately (0 min) post-thaw between the three cryoprotectants. Sperm cryopreserved with glycerol exhibited a significantly higher percentage motility at 30, 60 and 90 min post-thaw than in the other cryoprotectants. Based on sperm motility, glycerol was a better cryoprotectant for cryopreservation of Kolbroek boar sperm.

International indigenous rights represent a special category of human rights, offering a potent tool in the community-based defense of indigenous lands and livelihoods. State sovereignty has, however, historically been used to trump indigenous claims. New transnational advocacy networks have formed to promote and support indigenous rights claims in international law. In the Americas, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (CIDH) has assumed a lead role in issuing important rulings that validate new international norms for indigenous rights. The challenge, identified in this thesis, is the implementation of these rulings through effective domestic policy. To realize effective implementation of international rights, domestic political realties cannot be sidestepped or ignored. This thesis focuses on indigenous property rights in the Americas. These rights are always contentious. Natural resources like oil, minerals and timber attract many powerful interests. There is an urgent need for a careful and systematic investigation into domestic level variables that can either hinder or help norm implementation. Even universal human rights present a challenge for state compliance. A number of scholars have explored the problem of human rights norm implementation and identified a number of important variables. These include the domestic structural context, norm salience, material constraints and international influences. This thesis builds on Thomas Risse and Kathryn Sikkink’s Spiral Model of Human Rights Change (1999) by applying it to the specific case of indigenous rights to property in a comparative case study. Beginning with two important IACHR rulings for indigenous property rights, the Sarayaku case in the oil-rich Ecuadorian Amazon and the Awas Tingni case in the mahogany forests of the Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua, the Spiral Model is used to highlight key variables that can impact the process of implementation at the level of the state. / Thesis (Ph.D, Political Studies) -- Queen's University, 2010-01-26 01:37:46.203