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Automatic waste sorter : Automatic sorting of metal and non-metal objects / Automatisk avfalls sorterare : Automatisk sortering av metall och icke-metall föremålSharan, Vishi, Iskander, Merna January 2022 (has links)
Our earths resources are not endless, so it is important to avoid wasting our planets natural resources. Recycling metal saves 95% more energy than producing new metal from ore, which is why it is necessary to reuse metal. Waste sorting is very important in today’s modern society as the demand for metals is increasing at a rapid rate. Landfills are overfilled, lots of energy is required to mine ore and produce metal’s, thus metals should be used sparingly and recycled. Considering all these aspects, we felt an urgent need to look into other methods to make recycling metal easier. The most common way waste sorting is done in today’s society is manually. We are trying to make it automatic to have a higher percentage of correct sorts and to make it easier and faster for consumers to sort their waste. The purpose of this project is to construct a prototype which will automatically sort metal and non-metal waste. By using an inductive proximity sensor, the prototype will be able to distinguish if the object is made of metal. Using a stepper motor, two waste bins, one for metal objects and the other for non-metal objects, will rotate depending on if the inductive proximity sensor gives a signal or not. Ultrasonic sensors were used to detect if an object was present and needed to be sorted. Two ultrasonic sensors gave an increase of 118% accuracy in comparison to using only one ultrasonic sensor. The purpose of the project is achieved, resulting in an automatic waste sorter that is user-friendly and can assist the user in daily waste sorting. However this prototype is limited to objects smaller than 65 millimeters in diameter, and in future work the prototype could be expanded. / Vår planets resurser är inte oändliga och därför är det nödvändigt att undvika slöseri av vår planets naturresurser. Att återvinna metall sparar 95% mer energi än att producera ny metall från malm, därför är det nödvändigt att återanvända metall. Avfallssortering är mycket viktigt i dagens samhälle då efterfrågan på metaller ökar i snabb takt. Deponier är överfyllda, mycket energi krävs för att bryta malm och producera metaller, därför bör metaller användas sparsamt och återvinnas. Med tanke på alla dessa aspekter kände vi ett akut behov av att undersöka andra metoder för att göra återvinning av metall enklare. Det vanligaste sättet att sortera avfall i dagens samhälle är manuellt. Vi försöker göra det automatiskt för att få en högre andel korrekta sorteringar och för att göra det enklare och snabbare för konsumenterna att sortera sitt avfall. Syftet med detta projekt är att konstruera en prototyp som automatiskt sorterar metall- och icke-metall avfall. Genom att använda en induktiv närhetssensor kan prototypen urskilja om föremålet är gjort av metall eller inte. Med hjälp av en stegmotor kommer två avfallskärl, en för metallföremål och en för icke-metallföremål, att rotera beroende på om den induktiva närhetssensorn ger en signal eller inte. Ultraljudssensorer användes för att upptäcka om ett föremål fanns i behållaren och behövde sorteras. Två ultraljudssensorer gav en ökning på 118% noggrannhet jämfört med att endast använda en ultraljudssensor. Syftet med projektet har uppnåts, vilket har resulterat i en automatisk avfallssorterare som är användarvänlig och kan hjälpa användaren i dens dagliga sopsortering. Denna prototyp är dock begränsad till föremål som är mindre än 65 millimeter i diameter, och i framtida arbeten kan prototypen utökas.
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[en] CALIBRATION METHODOLOGY OF AN INDUCTIVE PROXIMITY SENSOR FOR OSCILLATION MEASUREMENT IN HYDROELECTRIC GENERATORS / [pt] METODOLOGIA DE CALIBRAÇÃO DE UM SENSOR DE PROXIMIDADE INDUTIVO PARA MEDIÇÃO DE OSCILAÇÃO EM GERADORES HIDROELÉTRICOSDENIZE AZEVEDO DA SILVA 16 March 2007 (has links)
[pt] Este trabalho apresenta resultados do comportamento do
sensor de
proximidade indutivo em medição de oscilação de
geradores
hidroelétricos do
sistema de geração de FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
Para o
desenvolvimento deste estudo, foram utilizados dois (2)
sensores de proximidade
indutivos. A metodologia consistiu em calibrar
estaticamente e dinamicamente o
sensor de proximidade indutivo. Para isto, foi utilizada
a
giga de teste: um sistema
composto por um motor com velocidade variável e tendo
acoplado a seu eixo um
disco com excentricidade variável e controlada. Ajustou-
se
a excentricidade da
giga de teste e foram marcados pontos no disco de 30° em
30°. Foi feita a
calibração estática da giga de teste, medindo o
deslocamento em cada um destes
treze (13) pontos com um relógio comparador calibrado.
Para a calibração estática
do sensor, este foi posicionado à frente do disco da
giga
de teste a uma distância
conhecida, deslocou-se o eixo manualmente para cada um
dos
pontos e obteve-se
o sinal de saída do sensor com o analisador de sinal
calibrado. A curva de
calibração estática foi então determinada com a
respectiva
incerteza de medição.
Para a calibração dinâmica, o mesmo sistema foi posto em
rotação nas
velocidades nominais dos geradores hidroelétricos de
FURNAS CENTRAIS
ELÉTRICAS S.A. (90 rpm, 120 rpm, 150 rpm e 180 rpm). A
resposta do sensor
foi então comparada nas diferentes rotações, com o que
se
determinou a atenuação
do sinal devido ao aumento da freqüência de operação. Os
dados obtidos
estaticamente e dinamicamente foram avaliados, e as
incertezas determinadas. As
calibrações estáticas realizadas pelo procedimento de
FURNAS e deste trabalho
produziram os mesmos resultados, considerando a faixa de
incerteza de medição.
Para reduzir a incerteza de calibração do procedimento
de
FURNAS, propõe-se
que seus resultados sejam ajustados por um polinômio do
segundo grau. A
calibração dinâmica realizada em várias freqüências
mostrou que não existe diferença entre os valores
obtidos
estaticamente e dinamicamente, muito embora
esta tenha uma incerteza mais elevada. Para
simplificação
da calibração dos
sensores, propõe-se que ela seja, portanto, realizada
estaticamente. / [en] This work presents the results of the behavior of the
inductive proximity sensor at
the measurement of oscillation in hydroelectric generators
from the generation
system of Furnas Centrais Elétricas S.A.. To develop this
study, two (2) inductive
proximity sensors were used. The methodology consisted of
calibrating statically
and dynamically the inductive proximity sensor. For this,
it was used a test mockup:
a system composed by an engine with variable speed and a
disc with variable
and controlled eccentricity connected to the axle. The
eccentricity of the test
mock-up was adjusted and thirteen (13) points were marked
on the disc, every
30°. The static calibration of the test mock-up has been
made, by measuring the
displacement in each one of these thirteen (13) points
with a calibrated dial
indicator. For the static calibration of the sensor, the
sensor itself was positioned
in front of the test mock-up disc at a known distance, the
axle was dislocated
manually for each one of the points and the output signal
of the sensor was
measured with a calibrated signal analyzer. The curve of
the static calibration then
was determined with the respective uncertainty of the
measurement. For the
dynamic calibration, the same system was run in the
nominal speeds of the
hydroelectric generators from Furnas Centrais Elétricas
S.A. (90 rpm, 120 rpm,
150 rpm and 180 rpm). The response of the sensor was then
compared at the
different rotations, being determined the attenuation of
the signal due to the
increase of the operation frequency. The static and
dynamic data were evaluated,
and the uncertainties determined. The static calibrations
carried through by the
procedure of FURNAS and by this work produced the same
results, considering
the range of measurement uncertainty. To reduce the
calibration uncertainty of the
FURNAS procedure, it is proposed that its results be
adjusted by a polynomial of
second degree. The dynamic calibration carried at several
frequencies showed that
there is no difference between the static and dynamic
values, even though the dynamic calibration has a more
elevated uncertainty. To simplify the calibration
of the sensors, it is proposed then that it is carried
statically only.
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