This dissertation presents an historical analysis of teachers’ participation in policy making with specific reference to the South African Schools’ Act (SASA) of 1996. The central aim of the study was to explore the opportunities, extent and outcomes of teachers’ participation in the development of SASA and the various factors that attest to its complexity. Main argument and claims While acknowledging the broader political, ideological and economic context of teacherstate relations in policy making, this study contends that macro-forces in themselves are insufficient in explaining the dynamics of policy making and teachers’ role in it. Teachers’ participation in policy making is shaped, as powerfully, by factors such as partisan alliances and policy capacity, and by specific school contexts. Fundamental to this argument is the importance attached to the notion of ‘historical specificity’, which provides the overall thread that binds the diverse forces and factors that shaped the nature of teachers’ participation in policy making. In making the above argument, this thesis posits the following main claims: • Teachers’ participation in the development of SASA was historically-determined and shaped by the ambiguous and political nature of teacher-state relations, underpinned by ideological allegiance and flexibility. Key factors that shaped this relationship were government and teacher unions’ harnessing of the ideologies of unionism and professionalism, the ability of teacher unions’ to resist state cooptation and teacher unions’ agency in the cultivation of policy networks, especially partisan and non-partisan alliances; • Teachers’ participation was influenced by the specificity of South Africa’s transition to democracy, particularly the developmental tendency of the postapartheid education state and the politics of compromise that underpinned the Teachers’ participation in policy making: The case of the South African Schools Act vi political transition. Thus, in spite of ‘global’ forces, ‘local’ dynamics were ultimately more instrumental in determining the nature and impact of teachers’ participation in the policy making process; • The ‘stakeholder’ or ‘representative’ form of participation which characterized SASA’s development has underlined the limits of participation founded on a western, liberal model of democracy and stressed the value of direct (participatory) and deliberative models of democracy. Teachers as individuals, therefore, experience ‘dual marginalization’ in the policy arena, firstly, because state policy makers do not consult or engage them, and secondly because teacher unions themselves are often unable to adequately involve grassroots’ members in policy formulation activities within their organisations; • Teachers’ participation in the development of SASA has been dominated by the adoption of a rational and expert-driven model of policy making, wherein the views and contributions of experts are more highly valued than those of ordinary citizens, including teachers. At the same time, the study underlines the importance of a strong organisational basis for teachers’ participation in policy making, particularly the need for well-functioning organizational structures and policy expertise within the ranks of teacher unions themselves; and • Teachers’ participation in policy making is not confined to hopes of influencing policy outcomes. It is about social and policy learning and its implications for teachers’ daily practice and for the organizational development of teacher unions. Main theoretical and methodological contributions The study offers an eclectic conceptual framework for research into teachers’ participation in policy making, drawing on the disciplines of history, political science and education policy, which can be considered by researchers undertaking similar studies especially in transitional contexts. In so doing, the study makes the following contributions: Teachers’ participation in policy making: The case of the South African Schools Act vii It presents teacher unions and policy makers with a more comprehensive perspective to consider when formulating policy; It contributes a novel perspective for examining the relationship between education, civil society and the state in South Africa and countries undergoing transition worldwide; and It provides substance for comparative discussions on teachers’ participation in policy formulation globally. Finally, the study reclaims history as a method of social enquiry in policy analysis and in contrast to existing studies with its largely a-historical policy implementation bias, refocuses the empirical analysis on the policy development process and dynamics.

While studies have indicated the onset of fertility transition in Nigeria as in most Sub- Saharan countries, no systematic attempt has been made to identify the factors responsible for this trend. Existing explanation tends to draw from the demographic transition theory without exploring the value of other key variables. One of these variables is the degree of preference implementation. This study explores the role of fertility preference implementation on the onset of fertility transition in Nigeria. The study estimated the extent to which couples have been able to implement their fertility preferences with a view to better understand the factors that are responsible for the fertility changes in the country. This study was based on the socio-economic and microeconomic frameworks of fertility namely: the Bongaarts et al (1984) version and its Stover’s reformulation (1998) of the proximate determinants of fertility and the Bongaarts (1993) supply-demand framework for the analysis of the determinants of fertility, respectively. The proximate determinant of fertility frameworks holds that all demographic, socioeconomic, cultural, institutional, psychological, health and environmental factors (background variables) operate through the proximate or intermediate variables to affect fertility. The Bongaarts (1993) supply-demand framework posits that fertility (F) as measured by total fertility rate is an outcome of the interaction of supply of births (natural fertility), demand for births (wanted fertility) and degree of fertility preference implementation (an index, which measures the extent to which people have been able to implement their fertility preferences). The degree of preference implementation is in turn dependent on cost of fertility regulation and that of unwanted childbearing. The husbands’ family planning attitude and desired number of children were incorporated into the latter framework to recognize and bring out the crucial roles of the males in eventual fertility outcomes. The 1990, 1999 and 2003 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) data sets for men, women and couples were used. The methodology of the three NDHS is not too different from each other. They are nationally representative cross-sectional survey of women between the ages of 15 and 49 in 1990, 1999 and 2003 and men between 15 and 64 in 1999 and 15-59 in the 2003 survey. Twenty-four focus group discussions were also conducted among the sexes across the country to gain better insight and understanding into the issues examined. Focus group research is based on facilitating an organized discussion with a group of individuals selected because they were believed to be representative of some class. The discussion is used to bring out insights and understandings in ways, which cannot be captured by questionnaire. The focus group discussions (FGD) are also national in scope. Participants were drawn from the Northern, South Eastern and South Western regions of the country. The study population consisted of 8,781; 8,199 and 7,620 women aged 15-49 interviewed during the 1990, 1999 and 2003 NDHS, respectively. In addition, 2,584 men aged 15-64 and 2,346 men aged 15-59 interviewed during the 1999 and 2003 NDHS, respectively were used. One thousand, one hundred and sixty-eight (1,168) couples’ records derived from the 2003 NDHS and 1,280 (constructed) couples’ records for 1999 were also used. A total of eighty-nine (89) men and eighty-five (85) women participated in the twenty-four (24) focus group discussion sessions. To achieve the research objectives, a wide range of analysis was carried out in the study. In the estimation of all means and medians, the Kaplan Meier survival analysis is used. Some other estimations were done using specific formulations developed for the purpose. Thirty-six binary logistic regression models were also fitted to bring out spousal influences on each other’s attitude to family planning and desired number of children. Lastly, the focus group discussion sessions were analysed by themes to give better understanding into the issues examined. Five hypotheses were tested in the study. There was a general decline in the age specific fertility rates (ASFR) between 1990 and 2003 in all the age groups. This is reflected in the total fertility rate (TFR) for the country as a whole, which declined from 6.32 in 1990 to 5.82 in 2003. The national average masks large variations in the fertility levels between subgroups in the country. The women in the North generally have higher number of children than their Southern counterparts. This is particularly marked in the early childbearing years. Fertility levels are also higher among rural residents compared to those in the urban area. Substantial differences equally exist in the fertility levels of women by their level of education with fertility being negatively associated with level of education. A comparison of the past and current fertility also confirms that fertility has been on the decline in the country. Age at first and last births have been declining and the differentials between the two show that the number of years spent in childbearing is decreasing. Non-marital birth was also found to be increasing over time but at a level below six percent and with no identifiable educational or regional pattern. Teenage motherhood is equally declining both nationally and regionally and is relatively high among teenagers from the rural area and those with less than secondary level of education. The proportion of women that progress from one parity to another decreases as parity increases and no socially imposed optimum number of children is observed (although there is a political four-child policy in existence) among the Nigerian women. Apart from age of mother at the birth of child, which has a positive association with median length of birth interval and the surviving status of preceding child (which is understandably shorter if the preceding child is dead), length of birth interval by other characteristics shows no significant variation across sub groups. Age at first marriage remained between 16 and 17 over the years. This is lower for respondents from the rural, the North and for those with less than secondary level of education. For age at first sexual intercourse, it increased over time in the age groups. Respondents from the North and rural area however initiated sexual intercourse earlier and age at first sexual intercourse increases with level of education. Among the proximate determinant indices, the index of postpartum insusceptibility has the greatest inhibiting effect, followed by that of marriage/sexually active, contraception and then sterility. In the Bongaarts model, the indices reduced total fecundity by 12.46 births in the total sample of married women in 1990; 8.90 births in 1999 and 9.45 births in 2003 while the indices jointly reduced potential fertility by 17.69 births in the total sample of sexually active women in 1990; 16.06 births in 1999 and 16.50 births in 2003 in the Stover’s reformulation. The number of children desired marginally increased over time. This could have been affected by the high proportion of non-response especially in the 1990 survey. The desired number of children is positively related to age and number of surviving children while it is negatively related to education. Number of children desired is found to be lower among urban residents and respondents from the Southern part of the country and highest among currently married women. The focus group discussion sessions also show that people have been revising the number of children they are having downward due to ‘supposed’ economic hardship in the country and the need to give quality education, training and care to the children. However, their desire remain high. The extent, to which fertility preference is achieved, is generally high and increasing over the years in the total sample of married women with some variations in the sub groups. It is higher in the urban compared to the rural; increases with level of education, lowest in the North East and highest in the South West. Surprisingly, the extent to which concordant couples achieve their fertility preferences was lower than that of discordant couples. The fitted logistic models showed no evidence of the husbands having an upper hand in the number of children desired by the wives or on their attitude to family planning and vice versa. While the husbands play greater role in fertility decision-making in households, who has the upper hand between the husbands and the wives in actual fertility outcome was not conclusive in this study. Knowledge about family planning methods and their availability is high. The costs of fertility regulation in terms of its social, economic and in particular health components as well as obstacles to the use of fertility regulation methods were highlighted. The psychological, health, social and more frequently the economic costs of unwanted childbearing were also brought out. The responses to questions on pregnancy wantedness was also validated in this study as people generally acknowledged the circumstance of the birth of additional child(ren) as accidental. Two of the five hypotheses proposed were confirmed. One, the hypothesis that ‘the degree of fertility preference implementation is higher in the south than in the North, higher among urban residents compared to the rural residents and increases as the level of education increases’ is supported by the results of the study. Two, that ‘the degree of fertility preference implementation is increasing and playing an increasing (a more positive) role in fertility changes in Nigeria’ is also supported. The study could not confirm that ‘the indices of marriage/sexual activity, postpartum insusceptibility and contraception (in that order) have the most inhibiting effect on fertility in Nigeria.’ The other two hypotheses could not be proven conclusively either. These were that ‘degree of fertility preference implementation is higher among couples with similar desired number of children than among discordant couples’ and ‘the Husbands have more influence on their wives’ family planning attitude and desired number of children than the wives have over their husbands’. These findings have programme and policy implications. For instance, although the reduction in the number of years spent in child bearing is welcome as a result of decline in the number of older women in active childbearing, the increasing entrance of women under the age of eighteen years is worrisome. This could impact negatively on school enrolment and retention as well as on the health of the women since it is recognised that women under the age of eighteen years is one of the four groups of women with higher risk of morbidity and mortality during pregnancy and childbirth. Despite the pertinent findings of this study, a number of study limitations can be identified. This include not identifying people who have achieved their desired fertility and those who have not and conducting in-depth interview with them to gain greater insight into their fertility decision-making, desire and behaviour. This aspect requires further detailed investigation. A number of programme, policy and research recommendations are made based on the findings of this study.

O presente trabalho tem, como objetivo principal, apresentar uma proposta metodológica para a delimitação territorial de municípios. A questão fronteiriça, aparentemente irrelevante em um mundo cada vez mais integrado, classificado por muitos como um mundo sem fronteiras, mostra-se, na verdade, cada vez mais presente, dentro de uma fragmentação permanente do espaço geográfico em diversas unidades políticas. Dentro disto, os limites territoriais internos, primordialmente os de caráter municipal, apresentam grande importância na vida cotidiana de todos os indivíduos. São estas linhas que determinam a localização de eleitores, a implantação de escolas, atendimentos em postos de saúde, entregas de correspondências, implantação de linhas telefônicas, cadastramentos pra fins escolares, recolhimento de lixo, pesquisa para censos demográficos, abastecimento de água e luz, melhoramentos em vias de acesso, entre outros. Dada tamanha importância, espera-se que os mesmos tenham suas definições baseadas em critérios concretos e coerentes. A análise dos limites municipais brasileiros demonstra, entretanto, uma situação distante da ideal. Enquanto parâmetros populacionais, econômicos e eleitorais são discutidos como requisitos mínimos para a criação de municípios, elementos territoriais acabam sendo relegados. O evidente contraste entre territórios demasiadamente extensos ao lado de pequenas áreas municipais em conjunto com formas das mais variadas possíveis, permite afirmar que, em meio a total permissibilidade de atuação técnica e política, não há critérios consistentes estabelecidos para a definição das linhas limítrofes. Dentre os inúmeros problemas gerados pelas delimitações inconsistentes, destaca-se a questão da posição do limite em relação às sedes municipais dos municípios confrontantes. O posicionamento desequilibrado da referida linha pode gerar situações em que determinada população, apesar de residir oficialmente em um município, usufrui dos serviços públicos de outro. Nestes casos, podemos considerar duas áreas territoriais municipais distintas a jurídica, definida por lei, e a real, efetivada na realidade. Neste contexto, propõe-se a consideração da distância como elemento central para a análise territorial. Levando em consideração que um indivíduo, localizado entre duas sedes municipais, ao necessitar de algum serviço público oferecido em ambas, tende a se deslocar para a mais próxima e, que o referido deslocamento se dá primordialmente através das vias de acesso (rodovias, estradas, caminhos, etc.), conclui-se que a adoção da simples distância euclidiana não é satisfatória, devendo ser substituída pela distância viária, primordialmente medida pelo tempo de viagem. Desta forma, eis a premissa da pesquisa: o território municipal deve corresponder a sua respectiva área de influência, definida pelo conjunto dos pontos mais próximos (considerando o menor tempo de viagem necessário) de sua sede em relação às sedes do entorno. / This work has as main objective to present a methodology for territorial delimitation of municipalities. The border issue, apparently irrelevant in an increasingly integrated world, rated by many as a \"borderless world\", it is shown, in fact, increasingly present, in a permanent fragmentation of geographic space in various political units. Within this, the internal boundaries, primarily the municipal boundaries, have major importance in everyday life of all individuals. These are lines that determine the location of voters, the deployment of schools, attendance at public health clinics, delivery of correspondence, implementation of telephone lines, registrations for school purposes, garbage collection, search for demographic censuses, supply water and light, improvements in access roads, among others. Given such importance, it is expected that they have their settings based on specific and consistent criteria. The analysis of the Brazilian municipal boundaries demonstrates, however, a distant ideal situation. While population, economic and electoral parameters are discussed as minimum requirements for the creation of municipalities, territorial elements end up being relegated. The stark contrast between too extensive territories side of small municipal areas together with the most diverse forms, have shown that, amid all permissibility of technical expertise and policy, there is no consistent criteria for defining the boundary line. Among the numerous problems caused by inconsistent boundaries, there is the issue of position limits in relation to the municipal headquarters of the bordering municipalities. The \"unbalanced\" position of that line can lead to situations where certain population, although living officially in municipality, enjoys the public services of another. In these cases, we can consider two different municipal territorial areas - legal, defined by law, and the real, effective in reality. In this context, it is proposed to consider the distance as a central element for territorial analysis. Assuming an individual, located between two municipal centers, to require some public service offered in both, tends to move to the closest and that displacement occurs primarily through the access roads (highways, streets, paths, etc.), it is concluded that the adoption of simple Euclidean distance is not satisfactory and should be replaced by the road distance, primarily measured by travel time. Thus, this is the premise of the research: the municipality must correspond to their respective area of influence defined by the set of closest points (considering the lowest travel time required) from its headquarters in relation to the surrounding headquarters.

Thesis advisor: Michael J. Connolly / Old English, Old Norse (both Danish and Norwegian variants), Latin, Old French and various Celtic languages have influenced the development of the Scots language in different ways than they have British Standard English due to Scotland’s unique political relationships with each of these cultures. This paper explores the linguistic developments of these interactions, drawing examples from the Scottish poem Sir Patrick Spence, place names in Scotland, and other sources, with especial focus on the Germanic languages. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2009. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: College Honors Program. / Discipline: Slavic and Eastern Languages.

Muitos estudos em diferentes áreas examinam como um conjunto de variáveis influencia algum tipo de percentagem, proporção ou frações. Modelos de regressão lineares não são satisfatórios para modelar tais dados. Uma classe de modelos de regressão beta que em muitos aspectos é semelhante aos modelos lineares generalizados foi proposto por Ferrari e Cribari--Neto~(2004). A resposta média é relacionada com um predictor linear por uma função de ligação e o predictor linear envolve covariáveis e parâmetros de regressão desconhecidos. O modelo também é indexado por um parâmetro de precisão. Smithson e Verkuilen,(2005), entre outros, consideram o modelo de regressão beta em que esse parâmetro varia ao longo das observações. Nesta tese foram desenvolvidas técnicas de diagnóstico para os modelos regressão beta com dispersão constante e com dispersão variável, sendo que o método e influência local (Cook,~1986) mostrou-se decisivo, inclusive no sentido de identificar dispersão variável nos dados. Adicionalmente, avaliamos através de estudos de simulação o desempenho de estimadores de máxima verossimilhança para o modelo de regressão beta com dispersão variável, as conseqüências de estimar o modelo supondo dispersão constante quando de fato ela é variável e de testes assintóticos para testar a hipótese de dispersão constante. Finalmente, utilizando um esquema de bootstrap (Davison e Hinkley,1997), desenvolvemos um procedimento de obtenção de limites de predição para o modelo de regressão com dispersão constante. Ilustramos a teoria desenvolvida com várias aplicações a dados reais. / Practitioners oftentimes wish to investigate how certain variables influence continuous variable that assumes values on the standard unit interval $(0,1)$, such as percentages, proportions, rates and fractions. Linear regression models are not suitable for modelling such data. A class of beta regression models which is in many aspects similar to that of generalised linear models was proposed by Ferrari and Cribari--Neto~(2004). The mean response is related to a linear predictor, which involves covariates and unknown regression parameters, through a link function. The model is also indexed by a precision parameter. Smithson e Verkuilen~(2005), among others, consider the beta regression model with variable dispersion, i.e., beta regression in which the precision parameter is not constant across observations. In this dissertation we develop diagnostic methods for beta regression models with both constant and variable dispersion. The method of local influence (Cook,~1986) proved to be particularly useful, since it is able to identify variable dispersion in the data. We have also used Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate the finite sample performance of maximum likelihood estimators in beta regression models with variable dispersion; we have also evaluated the consequences os misspecifying the model by incorrectly assuming constant dispersion when dispersion is variable and the finite sample behavior of heteroskedasticity tests based on first order asymptotics. of estimating the model supposing constant dispersion when Prediction bootstrap intervals (Davison e Hinkley,~1997) for the beta regression model with constant dispersion are also considered.Practical applications that employ real data are presented and discussed.

« Les gens qui parlent ensemble votent ensemble ». En écrivant ces quelques mots, le sociologue britannique William Miller résumait, à la fin des années 1970, une tradition de recherche déjà ancienne : le vote, en tant qu‟expérience de groupe, se joue d‟abord dans les rapports que les citoyens ordinaires entretiennent avec ceux avec qui ils vivent quotidiennement. La recherche présentée dans cette thèse propose de réinterroger cette hypothèse par l‟intermédiaire d‟une enquête visant à saisir comment le contexte social d‟appartenance – entendu comme l‟entourage relationnel d‟un individu - structure la pratique des échanges politiques, et en quoi cette pratique peut-elle impacter les comportements électoraux individuels. L‟enquête en question a donc consisté à adapter la technique de l‟échantillonnage en boule-de-neige à la passation de questionnaires de personne à personne. Partant d‟un échantillon de base de dix personnes mobilisées à trois reprises – en 2009, 2010 et 2012 – il m‟a ainsi été possible d‟identifier des chaînes de relations grâce à la circulation de questionnaires au sein des cercles d‟interconnaissance des participants. En plus de données statistiques, l‟enquête s‟appuie sur une analyse ethnographique de la phase de construction des différents échantillons. Ce travail repose sur le postulat selon lequel les questionnaires élaborés constituent des "objets politiques", avec pour conséquence que les échanges de questionnaires au sein des populations étudiées instaurent de fait un cadre d'interactions présentant une dimension "politique". L‟étude ethnographique de la mise en oeuvre de cette passation offre ainsi l‟occasion de porter un regard original sur les moyens par lesquels des citoyens ordinaires organisent des échanges à dimension politique au sein de leurs réseaux d‟appartenance. Les résultats de cette analyse, confrontés à celle des échanges politiques plus ordinaires pratiqués au sein des contextes identifiés au cours de l‟enquête, montrent que le politique, loin d‟obéir à des logiques autonomes, prend sa source et prolonge les normes et les identités sociales produites par les groupes. La structure sociale du contexte – notamment son degré de cohésion – et sa composition en termes de ressources économiques, culturelles et politiques, déterminent le déroulement des échanges politiques et leur capacité à créer de la mobilisation et à faire en sorte que les identités collectives se traduisent en choix électoraux. / “People who talk together vote together”. By writing these few words, the British sociologist William Miller resumed, at the end of the 1970‟s, an old research tradition : voting, as a group experience, depends on the contacts that ordinary citizens maintain with those they live with everyday. The research presented in this thesis dissertation suggests questioning again this hypothesis by the mean of a survey that aims to understand how the social context of belonging – i.e. the relational surrounding of a person – shapes the practice of political exchange, and how this practice can affect individual electoral behavior. This survey consisted in an adaptation of the snowball sampling technique around the person-to-person transfer of questionnaires. Starting with a first sample of 10 people called up three times – in 2009, 2010, and 2012 – I could identify many chains of contacts by following the flow of questionnaires within circles of acquaintances of participants. Additionally with statistical data, the survey is based on an ethnographic analysis of the sampling procedure. This work is founded on the assumption that questionnaires elaborated for the survey constitute "political objects", with the consequence that the exchanges of questionnaires within the populations studied establish a setting of interactions with a political dimension. The ethnographic analysis of the elaboration of the transfer allows having an original look on the means by which ordinary citizens organize some political exchanges within the social networks they belong to. The results of this analysis, compared to the one of more ordinary exchanges practiced within social contexts identified during the survey, show that politics, far to respond to independent logics, take their origins in social norms and identities produced by groups. The social structure of context – mainly its cohesion degree – and its composition in terms of economic, cultural and political resources, determine the flow of political exchanges and their ability to create mobilization and to make possible the translation of collective identities into electoral choices.

Chan Yuk-fan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 68-75). / Abstracts in English and Chinese ; questionnaire also in Chinese. / Consequences of Supervisors' Use of Forcing and Non-Forcing Influence Tactics --- p.i / Acknowledgment --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / 撮要 --- p.iii / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Types of Influence Tactics --- p.4 / Consequences of Influence Tactics --- p.9 / Perception of Organizational Politics --- p.9 / Non-Forcing Influence Tactics and Perceived Managerial Competence --- p.13 / Perception of Managerial Competence --- p.16 / Mediating Role of Satisfaction with Supervisors --- p.19 / Non-Forcing Influence Tactics and Perceived Managerial Competence --- p.19 / Forcing Influence Tactics and Perception of Organizational Politics --- p.20 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Method --- p.24 / Samples and Procedures --- p.24 / Instruments --- p.28 / Influence Tactics --- p.28 / Perception of Organizational Politics --- p.30 / Satisfaction with Supervisor --- p.31 / Managerial Competencies --- p.31 / Analysis --- p.32 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Results --- p.33 / Factor Structure of Influence Tactics --- p.33 / Factor Structure of Managerial Competence --- p.36 / Reliability of Perception of Organizational Politics --- p.37 / Relationship Between Influence Tactics and Perception of Organizational Politics --- p.38 / Influence Tactics and Satisfaction with Supervisor --- p.41 / Influence Tactics and Managerial Competence --- p.44 / Mediating Role of Satisfaction with Supervisor --- p.48 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Discussion --- p.51 / General Discussion --- p.51 / Managerial Implications --- p.59 / Limitations and Future Research --- p.63 / Reference --- p.68 / "Appendix A. Observation Categories of Managerial Activities. (Luthans,1988)" --- p.76 / Appendix Bl. Chinese Version of Questionnaire --- p.79 / Appendix B2. English Version of Questionnaire --- p.86 / Appendix C. Eighteen-item Scale of Profile of Influence Tactics (Kipnis et al.，(1980) --- p.94 / Appendix D. Scale Development for Profile of Influence Tactics (POIS) --- p.95 / "Appendix E. Perception of Organizational Politics (POPS) (Ferris & Kacmar,(1989)" --- p.97 / Appendix F. Scale Development for Perception of Organizational Politics (POPS) --- p.98

Overconsumption of foods is thought to be one of the main causes of the rising number of global obesity. This thesis aims to investigate the role of food flavour in human appetite and eating behaviour through three studies. The first study investigated whether the sweetness intensity of a milkshake affected ad libitum intake of the milkshake and sensory-specific satiety (SSS). In a crossover single-blinded design, 24 participants consumed ad libitum high, ideal and low sweetness (HS, IS or LS) milkshakes over three visits. After milkshake intake, participants consumed ad libitum one, or both of a sweet and a savoury snack. All milkshake consumption was similar, suggesting that the sweetness intensity did not affect the ad libitum intake of the milkshake. After intake of all sweet milkshakes, ratings of desire for something sweet decreased, and subsequent savoury snacks were consumed more than subsequent sweet snacks. The sweetness intensity of milkshakes did not affect the change in the desire for something sweet or the subsequent snack intake. Ratings of desire for something savoury increased after the intake of HS milkshake and were higher than the ratings collected following the intake of IS milkshake. Therefore, this study suggested that a sweeter milkshake did not affect the magnitude of SSS for sweet foods, but increased a stronger sensory-specific appetite (SSA) for savoury foods. The second study examined the effects of aroma, taste and their interaction on subjective appetite sensation and subsequent lunch intake. In a crossover design, 26 females consumed 1 of the 4 test drinks as a preload: 1) water; 2) strawberry aroma in water; 3) sucrose and citric acid in water; 4) strawberry aroma, sucrose and citric acid in water. The subsequent lunch intake did not differ after all drink preloads. The drink with only aroma or only taste were not different from water in affecting appetite sensation. A drink with both aroma and taste reduced hunger ratings greater than water or a drink with only taste or aroma, during 15 min drinking and up to 30 min post drinking. Meanwhile, the drink with both taste and aroma was the highest in perceived flavour intensity. This suggests enhancing flavour perception of a drink through aroma-taste cross-modal interaction can increase the satiating effect of a drink. The third study investigated effects of sweetness, thickness and caramel flavour perception of custards on expected satiation and expected satiety of the custards. 90 participants (65 females, 25 males) tasted 18 custard samples over two sessions. Ingredients of custards were different only in the concentrations of caramel aroma, Truvia sweetener and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), based on an experimental design. Thickness enhanced both expected satiation and expected satiety. Sweetness enhanced expected satiation but not expected satiety. Caramel flavour did not affect expected satiation or expected satiety. The cognitive expectation on satiation and satiety has previously been shown to determine self-selected portion size. Therefore, the current study suggests that manipulating sweetness and thickness perception of a food without changing its energy content might help portion size control, via manipulating consumers’ cognitive expectation of the food. In conclusion, manipulating food flavour is a promising area to explore with the respect to hunger suppression and fullness enhancing, limiting the intake of eaten foods while promoting intake of other foods via SSS or SSA, and contributing to the cognitive control of portion size. Therefore, manipulation food flavour might be helpful for appetite control and supporting an energy-restrict diet; however, it seems challenging to reduce actual food energy intake through manipulating only the flavour properties of foods.

The purpose of the investigation was to determine the effects of music on self reported vividness of movement imagery. Eighty-four undergraduate kinesiology majors (42 males; 42 females) were subjects. Based on identical perceptions of precategorized music (classical and jazz), selected subjects were randomly assigned to one of three music treatment conditions (sedative, stimulative, and control) and administered the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire. A 3 x 2 x 2 (Treatment x Gender x Perspective) ANOVA with repeated measures on the last factor was employed. The results revealed that the two music conditions significantly enhanced the vividness of internal and external imagery perspectives when compared to the no music condition, and that music facilitated the vividness of males and females equally.

Physical inactivity is an important public health concern. Strong evidence exists linking insufficient physical activity (PA) with an increased risk of many adverse health conditions, including major non-communicable diseases such as coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and breast and colon cancers—all of which can drastically reduce one’s life expectancy. The media holds great potential to encourage positive health behaviors among the broader community. However, evidence to support traditional mass media campaign approaches to PA promotion remains inconclusive, with most televisionbased campaigns falling short of achieving the PA changes they were designed to promote. Researching alternative methods of delivering PA messages could improve the efficacy of television-based health promotion efforts. Reality television presents one such alternative. This dissertation consists of a systematic literature and two separate, but related, studies. The first study examined the associations between individual characteristics, health-related behaviors, impressions of a PA-themed reality television show concept, and intentions to engage in active transportation (AT) using a randomized two-group (independent) post-test pre-experimental design. Results showed that age, race, and education were significantly associated with impressions. Mild and moderate intensity exercise was significantly associated with behavioral intentions, while impressions of the show explained 19% of the variance in behavioral intentions. There was a statistically significant difference between TV show conditions with those exposed to the AT concept reporting higher AT behavioral intentions. The second study assessed the show concept in formative research and—in addition—examined the associations between individual characteristics, health-related behaviors, impressions of a PA-themed reality television show concept, and intentions to engage in active transportation (AT) using a non-randomized two-group (independent) post-test pre-experimental design as well as in-person, semi-structured interviews. Those exposed to the AT show concept showed higher behavioral intentions for AT, and there was a significant positive correlation between impressions and behavioral intentions in the AT show group. Semi-structured interview data indicated that a majority of research participants had positive impressions toward the PA-themed reality show concept and the show’s characters. However, the visual and design components as well as clarity of the show concept need improvement. These two studies demonstrate the acceptability of the potential effectiveness of a PA-themed reality show concept for conveying active transportation-related messages to viewers. Both studies showed that a PA-themed reality show concept positively influenced PA behavioral intentions specific to AT among those who watched it and impressions of the show as a correlate to behavioral intentions, thus confirming that innovative reality programming can be used to entertain viewers and potentially inspire positive health behaviors.