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This diploma thesis is focused on the theory of contactless measurement of surface temperatures with thermovision camera Flir SC2000 and on the principles of imaging the camera is based on. The tablets and the applications making work with camera easier are processed in the Visual Basic in practical part. The stand for fine taking emissivity is compiled and described, and emissivity of different materials and different milling cutters is taken in this diploma thesis.

Sweden is expecting an aging population and a shortage of healthcare professionals in the near future. This amounts to problems like providing a safe and dignified life for the elderly both economically and practically. Technical solutions that contribute to safety, comfort and quick help when needed is essential for this future. Nowadays, a lot of solutions include a camera, which is effective but invasive on personal integrity. Griddy, a hardware solution containing a Panasonic Grid-EYE, an infrared thermopile array sensor, offers more integrity for the user. Griddy was developed by students in a previous project and was used for this projects data collecting. With Griddy mounted over a bed and additional software to determine if the user is on the bed or not a system could offer monitoring with little human interaction. The purpose was to determine if this system could predict human presence with high accuracy and what limitations it might have. Two data sets, a main and a variational, were captured with Griddy. The main data set consisted of 240 images with the label “person” and 240 images with the label “no person”. The machine learning algorithms used were Support Vector Machine (SVM), k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN) and Neural Network (NN). With 10-Fold Cross Validation, the highest accuracy found was for both SVM and kNN (0.99). This was verified with both algorithms accuracy (1.0) on the test set. The results for the variational data set showed lower reliability in the system when faced with variations not presented in the training, such as elevated room temperature or a duvet covering the person. More work needs to be done to expand the main data set to meet the challenge of variations. / I Sveriges väntas i den närmaste framtiden en åldrande population och en brist på vårdpersonal. Detta innebär både ekonomiska och praktiska problem för att ge äldre ett säkert och värdigt liv. Tekniska lösningar som kan bidra med säkerhet, komfort och snabb hjälp vid behov är av essentiell vikt i framtiden. Idag innehåller många lösningar en kamera. Detta är en effektiv men integritetskränkande lösning. Griddy, som är en hårdvarulösning innehållande en Panasonic Grid-EYE, en infraröd termosensor, erbjuder mer integritet för brukaren.  Griddy utvecklades av studenter i ett tidigare projekt och användes för datainsamling i detta projektet. Genom att montera Griddy över sängen och använda en tillhörande mjukvara, som avgör om brukaren är i sängen eller inte, skulle ett system kunna erbjuda övervakning med lite mänsklig inblandning. Syftet var att ta reda på om detta system skulle kunna avgöra brukarens närvaro med hög tillförlitlighet och vilka begränsningar systemet skulle ha. Två datasamlingar samlades in med hjälp av Griddy. En huvudsaklig datasamling och en med variation. Den huvudsakliga datasamlingen bestod av 240 bilder med etiketten "person" och 240 bilder med etiketten "ingen person". Algoritmerna för maskininlärning som användes var Support Vector Machine (SVM), k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN) och Neural Network (NN). Med 10-Fold Cross Validation fanns den högsta tillförlitligheten med algoritmerna SVM och kNN (0.99). Detta verifierades med tillförlitligheten för testsamlingen hos SVM och kNN (1.0). För datasamlingen med variation visade resultaten på en lägre tillförlitlighet när systemet mötte variationer som det inte tränats med, såsom förhöjd rumstemperatur eller ett täcke över personen. Slutsatsen är att en huvudsaklig datasamling bör utökas med mer variation så att systemet tränas till att klara större utmaningar.

Die von Gegenständen abgegebene Wärmestrahlung lässt sich mit Hilfe einer Infrarotkamera messen. Die Atmosphäre zwischen dem Gegenstand und dem Objektiv der Kamera beeinflusst die gemessene infrarote Strahlung [Becker and Li (1995)]. In diesem Artikel soll dieser Einfluss der Atmosphäre auf die langwellige Strahlung quantifiziert werden. Dabei wird die Strahlung aus dem oberen Halbraum gemessen, welche den Weg in das begrenzte Sichtfeld der Kamera findet. Die Temperaturstrahlung aus den einzelnen Winkelelementen der Atmosphäre ist abhängig von den Strahlungseigenschaften der einzelnen Luftschichten. Das verwendete Messgerät vom Typ Varioscan 3021-ST bestimmt die Strahlung im Wellenlängenbereich 8 – 14 μm. Verantwortlich für die Absorption der Strahlung ist der atmosphärische Wasserdampf in der Grenzschicht. Bei geringen Entfernungen unter einem Dekameter kann der Einfluss der Atmosphäre auf die Wärmestrahlung vernachlässigt werden. Es wird versucht die Absorptionskoeffizienten für die untere Troposphäre abzuschätzen. Es zeigt sich eine gute Übereinstimmung der Verteilung der Absorptionskoeffizienten mit der Verteilung des atmosphärischen Wasserdampfes. Nach Lozán (2005), befindet sich die Hälfte des atmosphärischen Wasserdampfes unterhalb von 1.5 km Höhe. Weiterhin sind nur 5 % oberhalb von 5 km angesiedelt und sogar nur 1 % in der Stratosphäre anzutreffen. Also lässt sich ein großer Teil des Wasserdampfes mit diesem Messgerät erfassen, wobei ein weiterer Vorteil in der einfachen Transportfähigkeit des Messgerätes zu sehen ist. / With the help of an infrared camera, one can measure the infrared radiation emitted by all bodies. However, the Earth’s atmosphere has a significant effect on the measurements of infrared radiation. In this article, the nature and quantification of these atmospheric effects will be discussed. Therefore we measure the radiation from the upper half space, which is coming to the camera during their field of view. The measurement of thermal radiation from the separate angels of the atmosphere depends on the properties of radiation in the different layers of the Earth’s atmosphere. The measurement Varioscan 3021-ST will account for all the radiation in the wavelength from 8 to 14 μm. The water vapor in the boundary layer is accountable for the absorption of this radiation. Only on small distances under about 100 m the effect of the atmosphere on the long wave radiation is untended. The coefficients of absorption can be estimated for the lower boundary layer. One can see a very good correlation with the atmospheric water vapor. By seeing Lozán (2005), approximately half of the atmospheric water vapor is located under 1.5 km height. Only 5 % are over 5 km and just 1 % is located in die stratosphere. That way a big part of the water vapor can comprise by the measurement. Another advantage is the easy way of transportability of the measurement.

Intracavity Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (ICLAS) at IR wavelengths offers an opportunity for spectral sensing of low vapor pressure compounds. We report here an ICLAS system design based on a quantum cascade laser (QCL) at THz (69.9 m) and IR wavelengths (9.38 and 8.1 m) with an open external cavity. The sensitivity of such a system is potentially very high due to extraordinarily long effective optical paths that can be achieved in an active cavity. Sensitivity estimation by numerical solution of the laser rate equations for the THz QCL ICLAS system is determined. Experimental development of the external cavity QCL is demonstrated for the two IR wavelengths, as supported by appearance of fine mode structure in the laser spectrum. The 8.1 m wavelength exhibits a dramatic change in the output spectrum caused by the weak intracavity absorption of acetone. Numerical solution of the laser rate equations yields a sensitivity estimation of acetone partial pressure of 165 mTorr corresponding to ~ 200 ppm. The system is also found sensitive to the humidity in the laboratory air with an absorption coefficient of just 3 x 10-7 cm -1 indicating a sensitivity of 111 ppm. Reported also is the design of a compact integrated data acquisition and control system. Potential applications include military and commercial sensing for threat compounds such as explosives, chemical gases, biological aerosols, drugs, banned or invasive organisms, bio-medical breath analysis, and terrestrial or planetary atmospheric science.

Tapered slot antennas (TSAs) have seen considerable application in the millimeter-wave portion of the spectrum. Desirable characteristics of TSAs include symmetric E- and H-plane antenna patterns, and broad non-resonant bandwidths. We investigate extension of TSA operation toward higher frequencies in the thermal infrared (IR), using a metal-oxide-metal diode as the detector. Several different infrared TSA design forms are fabricated using electronbeam lithography and specially developed thin-film processes. The angular antenna patterns of TSA-coupled diodes are measured at 10.6 micrometer wavelength in both E- and H-planes, and are compared to results of finite-element electromagnetic modeling using Ansoft HFSS. Parameter studies are carried out, correlating the geometric and material properties of several TSA design forms to numerical-model results and to measurements. A significant increase in antenna gain is noted for a dielectric-overcoat design. The traveling-wave behavior of the IR TSA structure is investigated using scattering near-field microscopy. The measured near-field data is compared to HFSS results. Suggestions for future research are included

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A reverse Monte-Carlo ray trace capable of performing a radiative analysis on arbitrary multiple overlapping structured computational fluid dynamics solution sets is developed. In order to make effective use of time, a method based on a set of simplifying assumptions but using the same calculation procedures is developed for comparison and study purposes. Three acceleration techniques are tried. One acceleration technique reduces the grid dimensions to reduce the number of volumes intersected. The second acceleration technique develops a version of the code for execution in a parallel processing environment. The third acceleration technique mixes an orthogonal, evenly spaced grid with the computational fluid dynamics grids to obtain fast ray traversal of low variance areas while retaining the higher resolution of the computational fluid dynamics grids in the high variance areas. Two experimental data sets are used for comparison and as test cases during these studies: an exhaust plume from an auxiliary power unit, and a Boeing 747 in flight. Timing for the baseline and accelerated analyses is provided as well as numerical comparisons for a selected subset. / Ph. D.

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