The formulation of the Kompilasi Hukum Islam di Indonesia (KHI), the standard reference on family law---marriage, inheritance and waqf---is the most recent legal milestone throughout the history of Islamic legal development in Indonesia. / The change of social perceptions on family law and the practice of living adat or customary law has been the major factor in the compilation of the KHI. The social and adat elements in the KHI are unmistakable and allowed by the concepts of `urf (usage), mas&dotbelow;lah&dotbelow;ah (public interest), sadd al-dhara'i` (blocking the means) and istih&dotbelow;san (juristic preference) in Islamic law. The KHI, in turn, is to change and make uniform the social perception of family law throughout Indonesia, which varies from one place to another. From a political perspective, the enactment of the KHI is to strengthen the position of the Islamic courts by putting them on an equal footing with other courts in Indonesia. Since the Islamic courts earlier lacked a codified or compiled material law to be used as the official reference in rendering legal decisions, the emergence of KHI is a positive step in that direction. Finally, the emergence of the KHI is a realization of the accommodative relationship between the government and Islam under Indonesian New Order era, both of which take advantage of the enactment of the KHI. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

In India, the Hindu Succession Rights Act of 1956 allows the widow, the daughters, alongside the sons of the deceased senior male, to claim an equal share in familial property. By giving inheritance rights to daughters and widows, and not exclusively to sons, this Act proposes a radically different organization of the ideal patrilineal household, commonly referred to as "the Hindu joint family". The Act initiates a transformation of Hindu women's status through their rights to property, which implies the transformation of women's rights and duties in India. / Drawing on the analysis made during an extensive fieldwork period in a rural community and case studies in Pune tribunals, this thesis shows that women generally know that they have some rights to their father's and husband's property. However, for various reasons, they do not see any advantage in claiming their inheritance rights. Women often find it difficult to reconcile claiming rights with their duties as daughters (or daughters-in-law) and the social restrictions associated with widowhood. In addition, the complex relationships with the state bureaucracy often prevent them from their right to access property. In that context, before choosing a forum of justice, most women (and men) will first opt for conflict avoidance. / This socio-legal ethnography of women's succession rights, in the state of Maharashtra, is an anthropological contribution to the study of the dynamics of social cohesion in an environment where legal pluralism is itself in transition.

Wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is a key pest of wheat, Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae), in the Canadian Prairies. The larvae destroy wheat kernels, resulting in reduction of quality and quantity of wheat. Deployment of antixenotic wheat lines, which suppress oviposition of wheat midge, can reduce damage in wheat fields. The objectives of this thesis were to explore the interactions between wheat midge and spring wheat with emphasis on oviposition behavior and to explore the antixenosis of wheat to oviposition from the point of view of genetics and crop breeding. In this research, a doubled-haploid spring wheat population was studied, which was the progeny of a cross between a susceptible wheat cultivar ‘Roblin’ and a resistant (antixenotic and antibiotic) wheat line ‘Key 10’. Oviposition of wheat midge on wheat spikes in the laboratory was affected by visual and chemical cues. The visual contrast between wheat spikes and the background color in the laboratory was important in modifying oviposition of wheat midge on wheat spikes. Low contrast resulted in low egg density on wheat spikes in the laboratory. The egg density on wheat spikes in the laboratory decreased when the background color of the spikes was red or black; while yellow and blue backgrounds did not decrease egg density on the spikes. The laboratory study provided evidence that wheat midge oviposition was affected by volatiles emitted by wheat spikes. The volatiles of spikes of a post-anthesis susceptible wheat cultivar, ‘Roblin’, and a pre-anthesis resistant wheat line, ‘Key 10’, significantly suppressed the oviposition of wheat midge in the laboratory. It is hypothesized that these volatiles might be a factor in antixenosis of wheat against wheat midge in the doubled-haploid population studied. It is suggested that the differences of oviposition behavior in susceptible and antixenotic wheats, which was observed in the laboratory, might be due to volatiles emitted by wheat spikes. However, other factors such as tactile cues might also be involved. The observation of oviposition behavior in the laboratory on the susceptible wheat cultivar ‘Roblin’ showed that wheat midge started ovipositing sooner, stayed longer, laid more eggs and left the spike sooner after the last oviposition than on the antixenotic line ‘Key 10’. However, the time required for laying one egg was similar when wheat midge was on the susceptible or resistant wheat. The observed antennation behavior of wheat midge while probing the wheat spike might indicate that wheat midge probed for chemical cues emitted by the host plant. The observed ovipositor tapping and dragging on the wheat spike surface while probing the spike suggested that there might be receptors at the tip of the ovipositor which receive tactile cues from the plant surface, guiding oviposition. The correlations between morphological traits of bread wheat spikes and antixenosis in the laboratory were not high enough to conclude that those traits were associated with antixenosis. However, more research on fine scale morphological traits of the spike may reveal relationships with antixenosis. Based on data from a laboratory trial and trials in the field over two field seasons, it was concluded that the antixenosis to wheat midge in the doubled-haploid population was probably conferred by two genes with complementary interactions among genes, and a heritability of 67%. In the two field seasons, the least preferred line received 13% and 11% as many eggs as on ‘Roblin’; ‘Key 10’ received 57% and 20% as may eggs as on ‘Roblin’. Our study did not provide evidence for linkage between antixenosis genes and the antibiosis gene, Sm1, which is associated with death of larvae of wheat midge. The antixenosis of spring wheat against wheat midge can be considered as a promising mechanism for suppressing wheat midge oviposition in the field. More research is required to reveal additional genetic information which would help crop breeders in production of cultivars antixenotic to wheat midge.

The objective of this thesis is to examine the patterns of residence and inheritance of rural Rastafarians of Jamaica. A historical materialist perspective is used to investigate the development of the matrifocal rural peasantry and the Rastafari movement, focusing on major economic changes which laid the foundation for the present cultural patterns. Ethnographic fieldwork was carried out from January to June 1995, in which a participantobservation methodology was used to gather data concerning patterns of residence and inheritance of 22 Rastafarians. The findings demonstrated that rural Rastas have difficulty practicing their ideal patrilineal patterns due to economic and material conditions; poverty and limited access to land impose limitations on patterns of residence and inheritance. Following a period of isolation after converting to the movement, Rastas generally must return to their mother's family to gain access to land and gardens or continue to squat in the mountains on government or private land. / Department of Anthropology

Wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is a key pest of wheat, Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae), in the Canadian Prairies. The larvae destroy wheat kernels, resulting in reduction of quality and quantity of wheat. Deployment of antixenotic wheat lines, which suppress oviposition of wheat midge, can reduce damage in wheat fields. The objectives of this thesis were to explore the interactions between wheat midge and spring wheat with emphasis on oviposition behavior and to explore the antixenosis of wheat to oviposition from the point of view of genetics and crop breeding. In this research, a doubled-haploid spring wheat population was studied, which was the progeny of a cross between a susceptible wheat cultivar ‘Roblin’ and a resistant (antixenotic and antibiotic) wheat line ‘Key 10’. Oviposition of wheat midge on wheat spikes in the laboratory was affected by visual and chemical cues. The visual contrast between wheat spikes and the background color in the laboratory was important in modifying oviposition of wheat midge on wheat spikes. Low contrast resulted in low egg density on wheat spikes in the laboratory. The egg density on wheat spikes in the laboratory decreased when the background color of the spikes was red or black; while yellow and blue backgrounds did not decrease egg density on the spikes. The laboratory study provided evidence that wheat midge oviposition was affected by volatiles emitted by wheat spikes. The volatiles of spikes of a post-anthesis susceptible wheat cultivar, ‘Roblin’, and a pre-anthesis resistant wheat line, ‘Key 10’, significantly suppressed the oviposition of wheat midge in the laboratory. It is hypothesized that these volatiles might be a factor in antixenosis of wheat against wheat midge in the doubled-haploid population studied. It is suggested that the differences of oviposition behavior in susceptible and antixenotic wheats, which was observed in the laboratory, might be due to volatiles emitted by wheat spikes. However, other factors such as tactile cues might also be involved. The observation of oviposition behavior in the laboratory on the susceptible wheat cultivar ‘Roblin’ showed that wheat midge started ovipositing sooner, stayed longer, laid more eggs and left the spike sooner after the last oviposition than on the antixenotic line ‘Key 10’. However, the time required for laying one egg was similar when wheat midge was on the susceptible or resistant wheat. The observed antennation behavior of wheat midge while probing the wheat spike might indicate that wheat midge probed for chemical cues emitted by the host plant. The observed ovipositor tapping and dragging on the wheat spike surface while probing the spike suggested that there might be receptors at the tip of the ovipositor which receive tactile cues from the plant surface, guiding oviposition. The correlations between morphological traits of bread wheat spikes and antixenosis in the laboratory were not high enough to conclude that those traits were associated with antixenosis. However, more research on fine scale morphological traits of the spike may reveal relationships with antixenosis. Based on data from a laboratory trial and trials in the field over two field seasons, it was concluded that the antixenosis to wheat midge in the doubled-haploid population was probably conferred by two genes with complementary interactions among genes, and a heritability of 67%. In the two field seasons, the least preferred line received 13% and 11% as many eggs as on ‘Roblin’; ‘Key 10’ received 57% and 20% as may eggs as on ‘Roblin’. Our study did not provide evidence for linkage between antixenosis genes and the antibiosis gene, Sm1, which is associated with death of larvae of wheat midge. The antixenosis of spring wheat against wheat midge can be considered as a promising mechanism for suppressing wheat midge oviposition in the field. More research is required to reveal additional genetic information which would help crop breeders in production of cultivars antixenotic to wheat midge.

Uppsatsen behandlar det förstärkta laglottsskyddet i 7:4 ÄB som är en viktig del av den svenska successionsrätten samtidigt som den är svår att tillämpa i praktiken. Det är därför av vikt att bringa klarhet i detta komplexa rättsområde. Syftet med uppsatsen är därav att utreda gällande rätt kring denna rättsregel och påvisa samt analysera de praktiska tillämpningssvårigheter rättsregeln ger upphov till för domstolen med avsikt att undersöka om den är i behov av en reform av något slag. För att uppnå detta syfte används en rättsdogmatisk metod, där rättspraxis har en framträdande betydelse i uppsatsen. När någon avlider ska dennes kvarlåtenskap fördelas genom den legala arvsordningen om inget testamente har upprättats. En arvlåtare kan fritt testamentera bort den ena halvan av arvslotten medan den andra halvan utgörs av bröstarvingarnas laglott. En bröstarvinge är alltid berättigad att utfå sin laglott, vilket föranleder att en bröstarvinge kan påkalla jämkning av ett testamente som inskränker hens laglott. Det förstärkta laglottsskyddet ger bröstarvingar ett ytterligare laglottsskydd. Rättsregeln aktualiseras när en arvlåtare har bortgivit egendom under sådana omständigheter eller på sådana villkor att gåvan är att likställa med testamente och särskilda skäl ej föreligger. Om gåvan inskränker en bröstarvinges laglott ska gåvan återbäras till dödsboet. Kan gåvan inte återbäras ska ersättning motsvarande gåvans värde utgå. I rättsregelns ordalydelse återfinns tre stycken vaga rekvisit, vars innebörd har utkristalliserats i rättspraxis. Domstolen har därav tolkat vad som innefattas i begreppet gåva, vad som ska likställas med testamente samt när särskilda skäl ska anses föreligga. Vid en tillämpning av rättsregeln måste domstolen således beakta dessa vaga rekvisit, som till sist utmynnar i en subjektiv bedömning. Med det i beaktande och i samband med att vissa situationer faller utanför rättsregelns tillämpningsområde, vore det önskvärt med en reform avseende det förstärkta laglottsskyddet. / The thesis discuss the reinforced statutory share of inheritance in the 7th chapter 4 § ÄB, which is an important part of the Swedish inheritance law but likewise difficult to implement practically. It is therefore important to clarify this complex branch of law. The purpose of the thesis is to examine applicable law concerning the legal rule and to detect and analyze the practical implementation difficulties that occur for the court in order to examine if the legal rule is in need of a reformation. To achieve this purpose, a legal dogmatic method is utilized; where case-law have a prominent part of the thesis. When someone passes away, his estate shall be allocated through the legal rule of inheritance if a will has not been created. A devisor freely can bequeath one half of the share of inheritance, while the other half constitutes the direct heirs statutory share of inheritance. A direct heir is always entitled to obtain his statutory share of inheritance, which means that a direct heir can claim a will that circumscribes his statutory share of inheritance. The reinforced statutory share of inheritance gives additional protection of the statutory share of inheritance for direct heirs. The legal rule is actualized if a devisor gives property away during circumstances or upon such terms that the bequest is equivalent with a will and special reasons does not apply. If the bequest circumscribes a direct heirs’ statutory share of inheritance, the bequest shall be refunded to the estate. If the bequest cannot be refunded, remuneration corresponding to the bequest shall be reimbursed. The legal rules’ wording consists of three vague necessary conditions, whose meaning has been crystalized by case-law. The court has therefore interpreted what the term bequest is contained of, what is equivalent with a will and when special reasons shall apply. The court must therefore pay attention to these vague necessary conditions when the legal rule is applied practically, which finally results in a subjective judging. With that in mind and that some situations is not regulated within the legal rule, it would be desirable with a reformation regarding the reinforced statutory share of inheritance.

In recent years, succession has become a major theme in family business research. Much of the research effort has concentrated on the managerial dimension of succession, often subordinating the importance of other major variables such as family relationship dynamics and the form of business ownership on the succession outcome. Family enterprises are generally conceptualised as a dynamic, evolving systems in which the actions and interactions taking place amongst constituent groups determine the system's outputs. This study aimed to overcome the limitations of examining only one dimension of a system's activities by carrying out a longitudinal holistic analysis of the evolution of the family enterprise system as it went through the process of generational transition. The research for this thesis employed the multiple case study method to investigate the influence of emotional and developmental factors on the ability of business-owning families to make progress with the tasks required to complete a generational transition. Three specific issues were examined: the nature of the task environment facing the family enterprise system over the duration of the transition period; the approaches used by families to address the tasks required for them to move through the stages making up the transition process; and the extent to which emotional and developmental factors prevented or promoted progress being made with the generational transition. The results reveal that families face the same sequence of stages in the generational transition process. However, they differ in their ability to move through these stages, towards closure of the transition period and the achievement of a succession outcome, Importantly, the degree to which individuals and families are able to make progress is related to their ability to manage the anxiety generated during the transition process. Anxiety is created when the structures or network of interrelationships that hold their family enterprise system intact are evaluated and may be dismantled and reconstructed differently for the next stage in the system's development. The study supports the view that anxiety is generated during transition times when developmental pressures for change build up from changes taking place in the life-cycles underway within the family enterprise system. It also supports the view that developmental pressure (such as a crisis) from the business subsystem alone does not lead to transition task activity and progress. Progress in response to business sub-system pressure comes about when the opportunity exists to solve an ongoing adult development problem by implementing a solution to a transition task problem. The ability to manage anxiety was found to be related to both the quality of emotional functioning in the family and the extent to which the adult development agendas of both generations are in alignment. Favourable alignment brought a developmental opportunity for the individuals concerned. It allowed them to do the exploratory work required in order to assess the extent to which the family business could provide part of their life structure for the next phase of their development. However, in addition to adult development generational alignment, the study confirmed that the quality of emotional functioning in the family (their ability to overcome multigenerational patterns of functioning and behaviour) influenced the family's ability to make progress with ownership transfer and other tasks. The study concludes that emotional and developmental influences are mediating factors between the forces for change originating in the family enterprise system and its environment and the ability of those in the system to respond to the need for change and manage the transition process. It also found that families significantly underestimate the nature and complexity of the work involved in the transition process, as well as the timescale and emotional commitment required to complete the transition.

Plant breeding and the development of new or better varieties of plants are essential parts of modern agronomy, horticulture and forestry. The basis for such improvement is a knowledge of the factors and principles of genetics. A number of genetic studies have been made with barley in recent years. This is partly because of the many distinct heritable characters of barley plants. The cultivated species of barley offers the plant breeder and geneticist a wealth of material for genetic studies. Varieties differ in a great many readily distinguishable characters, species hybridize readily, and their small number of chromosomes make it good material for inheritance studies. The barley genetic work has been divided among the principal workers in the U.S., each being responsible for one linkage group. This station has been assigned group IV of which this study is a part. A study of the inheritance of other genes not located in linkage group IV, but appearing in the crosses used, has also been made. This investigation is a by-product of the cereal breeding and improvement program being carried on the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station.

During the last decades the climate has been changing more rapidly than in the preceding periods. This is for instance characterized by an increase in temperature. Interestingly, such changes in the environment are not necessarily constant over time as they often show high levels of fluctuation. Organisms are exposed to these changes and respond to them and a recent theoretical model predicts that fluctuations in the environment are important for populations’ response to climate change. The aim of this thesis is to investigate how populations respond to a changing environment, including fluctuations. My thesis is based on the previously mentioned theoretical model and I used a suite of laboratory experiments on the seed beetle Callsosobruchus maculatus, to test the model predictions in a quantitative genetic framework. First, I assessed the genetic architecture of several life history and morphological traits in order to verify that there is sufficient additive genetic variation for the population to respond to changes in the environment. Second, I tested the detailed model predictions explicitly, by investigating whether different types of environmental fluctuations matter for a population’s response. Third, I investigated changes in quantitative genetic variation after i) a rapid shift in temperature and ii) long term selection under increasing temperature including fluctuations. Fourth, I concentrated on sex differences in response to temperature, and finally, I assessed the relative importance of genetic and nongenetic inheritance for traits that differ in their plastic response to a change in the environment. I found that environmental fluctuations are highly important for a population’s response to environmental change. I could detect changes in a set of quantitative genetic parameters, suggesting that a population’s potential to respond to selection, environmental sensitivity and the evolution of phenotypic plasticity are affected by the selective past. I also found that sexes differ in additive genetic variation and plasticity and that parental effects may play an important role in the evolutionary process. Therefore, future studies would benefit greatly from considering details of the selective past and especially environmental fluctuations during attempts to predict how populations respond to a changing environment, particularly with regards to climate change.

The pea weevil (Bruchus pisorum L.) is the most significant pest of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) in Australia. The only available means for controlling pea weevil at the present time is with chemical pesticides. The aim of this study was to introgress natural pea weevil resistance, derived from the wild pea species, Pisum fulvum Sibth. & Sm. into cultivated field pea and devise strategies for screening for the resistance with breeding applications. Traditional breeding methods were used to transfer pea weevil resistance from P. fulvum accession ‘ATC113’ to cultivated field pea, cv. ‘Pennant’. Progeny derived from this population were examined for inheritance of pod and seed resistance. Seed resistance in F2 plants segregated in a ratio of 1:37:26 (resistant: mixed response: susceptible), indicating a trigenic mode of inheritance (1:63), with at least three major recessive genes controlling pea weevil resistance. Seed resistance was conserved over consecutive generations (F2 to F5) and was successfully transferred to populations crossed with a second adapted field pea variety‘Helena’. Pod resistance presented as a quantitative trait in the F2 population, but this resistance was not retained in subsequent generations. Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) were sought in the parents and in resistant and susceptible F3 plants. Restricted maximum likelihood (REML) analysis was used to identify 13 AFLP markers with a statistically significant association with pea weevil resistance and 23 with pea weevil susceptibility. Principal coordinate analysis (PCO) showed that the AFLP marker loci formed clusters in the PCO space, which could indicate the three proposed gene locations. Eight AFLP markers were cloned, sequenced and converted to sequence characterised amplified regions (SCAR). Two SCAR markers, SC47359 and SC47435 were polymorphic between the resistant and susceptible parents. Both markers co-segregated with the resistant lines and with 30-36% of susceptible lines. Plants which did not possess either band were highly susceptible. The other PCR products were either monomorphic between the resistant and susceptible parents or produced more than one band product. A range of phenotypic traits was measured in the F2 population derived from the hybridisation between P. fulvum and P. sativum and associations with pea weevil resistance were made. In the F2 population, pea weevil resistance was not correlated with any of the negative traits originating from the wild parent, such as increased basal branching, dark seed coat or small seed size, neither was resistance correlated with flower colour, flowering time or seeds per pod. Pea weevil resistance should therefore be transferable with minimal linkage drag. A convenient morphological marker, such as flower or seed colour was not identified in this study based on these results. Using principal component analysis (PCA) as a visual tool, resistant and semi-resistant plants in the F3 and ‘backcross’ introgression populations were identified with improved trait performance compared with the wild parent