Thesis (M.A.)--Carleton University, 1988. / Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

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Each year, thousands of people are killed as a result of an automobile collision. In 2016 alone, collisions killed approximately 37,461 people; this is nearly double the number of murders reported by the UCR for the same year. Additionally, motor vehicle related harms result in billions of dollars of expenses each year. In order to maintain roadway safety, many police departments increase traffic enforcement to deter drivers from engaging in negative driving behaviors. Using a deterrent framework, I study the effects of one traffic unit’s outcome on traffic collisions and motor vehicle safety crimes in the City of Paducah, Kentucky. Equipped with four years of longitudinal data, collisions and motor vehicle safety crimes are compared during intervention and non-intervention periods. Independent Sample T-Tests are used to determine the association between increased traffic enforcement and the outcome variables. Next, a One way ANOVA, and subsequent Post Hoc tests are used to determine the differences between 3 separate time periods. The results suggest that as traffic enforcement increased during the intervention period, collisions and DUI offenses decreased when compared to the pre-intervention phase; while the number of collisions increased after the intervention, DUI offenses continued to decrease. Offenses for speeding 15 mph above the speed limit and disregarding a traffic control device increased during the intervention period, when compared to pre-intervention levels and decreased after the intervention period, suggesting a positive relationship with traffic enforcement. These results are discussed in relation to deterrence theory. Finally, limitations and avenues for future research are addressed.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1985. / Vita. Bibliography: leaves [282]-288.

ABSTRACT The conservation of cetaceans in Pescadores was originated in 1990. However, the conflict between the fishery loss and cetacean protection keeps growing. The fishery loss caused by cetaceans are mainly: ¡§steal fish¡¨ and ¡¨frighten fish group¡¨, and the others like ¡¨damage fishing gear¡¨ and ¡¨interfere fishing operation¡¨, and etc.By the understanding of dolphins behavior, this study proposed acoustical deterrent methods; 1.harassment:look for echolocation system frequency range, and broadcast disarrange signals to produce an illusion, and prevent dolphins from locating the target. 2. threat: broadcast sounds of its predators which is killer whales to scare dolphins from approaching the fishing vessels. 3. warning: loud noise or alert sounds of dolphins. The circuits of generating above sounds are designed, test and modified after the field test . Underwater speaker was used to broadcast sounds of 10 kHz , 20 kHz , killer whales sound and distress call of dolphins. The test results showed these dolphins avoided the sound source, especially during killer whales sound and stress call of dolphins. They were effective to deter dolphins to reduce stealing fish on the sea. More effective deterrence device should be developed through this study to reduce the loss of fisherman, and achieve the cetacean conservation goal.

The end of the Cold War was briefly followed by many indications and hopes that the salience of nuclear weapons in national security strategies was in decline. However, there was soon a growing realisation in policy-making and academic circles that although the Soviet Union had disintegrated, the nuclear threat had not gone away. During this period the concepts of a ‘Second Nuclear Age' and ‘New Terrorism' entered the rhetoric of the academic and policy-making strategic community. Central themes of both of these concepts were that nuclear issues persisted in the post-Cold War world, albeit in a new format, and that reliance on nuclear deterrence as a means of maintaining peace was increasingly hazardous and decreasingly effective. The orthodox negative hypotheses regarding (i) the continuing reliability of nuclear deterrence, and (ii) the management and deterrence of the threat of nuclear terrorism, can be challenged on a number of levels. Despite frequent claims to the contrary, nuclear deterrence has never been viewed as infallible and, since the 1949 Soviet atomic test, policymakers and strategic thinkers have consistently refined deterrence strategies to ensure their relevance with regards to evolving threats. Furthermore, closer examination of the various historical tensions from the first nuclear age demonstrates that the challenges of the second nuclear age, at both the state and non-state level, are not necessarily as unique as many analysts assumed. Examination of contemporary nuclear-related issues, not least the implications of horizontal nuclear proliferation, and a comparison against the Cold War historical record indicates that the concepts of the ‘Second Nuclear Age' and ‘New Terrorism' can be found wanting when measured against empirical evidence. Defence of, and over-reliance on these artificial intellectual constructs could result in a number of negative political consequences. Those stressing the uniqueness of the post-Cold War strategic environment also encourage policymakers to view the turbulence of current affairs as posing unique challenges that require entirely new approaches and modes of thinking. In doing so they are likely to iii underestimate the value and relevance of many similar Cold War experiences and lessons; the most important lesson being the enduring importance of nuclear weapons and the concomitant deterrence strategies designed to inhibit their physical use while fully utilising their physical presence.

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Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 276-299).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1982. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 540-550).