Abstract Patients with chronic renal insufficiency (CRI), also at its early stages, have an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Many well-established risk factors of CVD co-occur in CRI, e.g. dyslipidemia and hypertension. The present studies investigated the association between renal function and selected CVD risk factors. The fractional catabolic rate of low-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B (LDL FCR) has previously been found to be reduced in patients with severe CRI or on dialysis. This study investigated the LDL FCR in 57 patients with moderate to severe CRI and not on dialysis. Although the mean LDL FCR was comparable between the CRI patients and healthy controls, among the renal patients the LDL FCR was correlated with renal function, whereas it was significantly reduced only in patients with advanced CRI (estimated glomerular filtration rate <15 mL/min/1.73 m2). Leptin is a protein regulating food intake and energy expenditure and it is also involved in lipid metabolism. Hyperleptinaemia is a known feature of CRI patients; they are thought to be leptin resistant. The association between leptin and the lipoprotein profile was studied in 73 CRI patients with moderate to severe CRI and not on dialysis. Leptin was associated with lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in the renal patients, as in the control subjects, pointing towards a poorer lipoprotein profile with higher leptin levels. Hypertensive subjects in whom nocturnal blood pressure (BP) declines by less than 10% (non-dippers) show more organ damage than those in whom it falls by more than 10% (dippers). Here, non-dipping was found in 19% of middle-aged subjects (226 males, 234 females) evaluated with ambulatory BP monitoring. The non-dippers had significantly lower renal function as compared with the dippers, and dipping status was a significant predictor of the variation in eGFR. Furthermore, an increased risk of non-dipping was observed among subjects with only minor decreases in renal function. Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) can be used as a surrogate marker of early atherosclerosis. The present study investigated the association between renal function and cIMT in middle-aged subjects (247 males, 258 females). Renal function was independently associated with cIMT among males and also among postmenopausal women. The increased cIMT was seen in conjunction with mild renal impairment. In conclusion, the catabolism of LDL correlated with the renal function among CRI patients, but it was significantly reduced only in patients with advanced CRI. Leptin concentrations correlated with the lipoprotein profile in CRI patients. Among general middle-aged subjects, even a mild decrease in renal function was associated with derangements in BP regulation and with increased carotid atherosclerosis.

Orientador: Elza Cotrim Soares / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T13:22:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_TiagoSeva_M.pdf: 1071373 bytes, checksum: b609ddc800a30649b34970b08d701972 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A infecção é uma das complicações mais freqüentes e graves após o transplante hepático. A evolução de técnicas operatórias e mudanças nos protocolos de transplante podem ter mudado a epidemiologia e os fatores de risco para infecções após o transplante hepático. Objetivos: estudar a epidemiologia das infecções, identificar fatores de risco para infecções e verificar a influência das infecções na mortalidade após o transplante de fígado. Pacientes e métodos: estudo prospectivo de transplantados de fígado no Hospital Clínico e Provincial de Barcelona (Espanha) entre julho de 2000 e agosto de 2001. Foram coletados dados de incidência, etiologia, tipos de infecção e fatores de risco para infecção, assim como causas de mortalidade. Os fatores de risco foram identificados em análise multivariada de regressão de Cox. Resultados: Dos 81 transplantados no período de estudo, 52 (64%) tiveram infecção, sendo que 49 (60%) apresentaram 89 episódios de infecção bacteriana, metade destes nos primeiros 13 dias após o transplante. Infecções intra-abdominais (23) e urinárias (22) foram as mais comumente diagnosticadas. Bacilos Gram-negativos foram identificados em 65% das infecções com cultura positiva. Bactérias resistentes a múltiplos antibióticos estiveram presentes em 18,4% destas infecções. O citomegalovírus foi responsável por 16 (20%) episódios de infecção, que foram sintomáticos em 12. Nove (11%) pacientes tiveram infecção por fungos. Os fatores de risco independentes para infecção bacteriana foram insuficiência renal antes do transplante (RR: 2,54; p=0,004), presença de hemoperitônio (RR: 2,85; p=0,001) e anastomose biliar tipo colédoco-jejunal (RR: 2,89; p=0,015). Para infecções oportunistas virais e fúngicas, os fatores de risco encontrados foram: desenvolvimento de insuficiência renal logo após o transplante (RR: 6,29; p<0,001), necessidade de hemodiálise (RR: 9,55; p=0,016) e uso de anastomose biliar tipo colédoco-jejunal (RR: 7,34; p<0,001). Onze pacientes morreram durante o seguimento (13%), sendo 8 por causa infecciosa. Infecções oportunistas (RR: 4,5; p=0,026) e necessidade de hemodiálise (RR=99,7; p<0,001) foram os fatores de risco independentes de mortalidade. Conclusões: As infecções são, ainda, complicações freqüentes e graves no período após o transplante de fígado, e estão relacionadas a fatores cirúrgicos e insuficiência renal antes e depois do transplante / Abstract: Infection is a frequent and severe complication of liver transplantation. Recent surgical and medical advances may have influenced epidemiology and risk factors of this complication. Aims: To study the epidemiology of infection in a prospective series of liver transplant recipients and to identify predictive factors for infection and its effects on survival. Patients and methods: patients consecutively submitted to liver transplantation between July 2000 and August 2001at the Clinical Hospital of Barcelona (Spain) were prospectively followed. The study analyzed data on incidence, etiology, risk factors and mortality. Results: Eighty-one patients were prospectively followed for 16_6 months. Forty-nine patients (60%) developed bacterial infections, half of them within 2 weeks after transplantation. Intraabdominal (23) and urinary infections (22) were the most frequent demonstrated infections. Gram-negative bacilli were isolated in 65% of culture-positive infections. Multiresistant bacteria, mainly Pseudomonas aeruginosas, accounted for 18,4% of these infections. Opportunistic viral and fungal infections were diagnosed in 21 patients (26%). There were 16 cytomegalovirus infection or disease (20%) and 9 fungal infections (11%). Independent risk factors for bacterial infection were renal impairment before transplantation (RR: 2,54; p=0,004), hemoperitoneum (RR: 2,85; p=0,001), and hepaticojejunostomy (RR: 2,89; p=0,015). Early posttransplant renal impairment with (RR: 9,55; p=0,016) or without hemodialysis requirement (RR: 6,29; p<0,001) and hepaticojejunostomy (RR: 7,34; p<0,001) were predictive factors for opportunistic infections. Eleven patients died during follow-up (13%), mainly because of sepsis (8 patients). Opportunistic infections (RR: 4.5; p=0.026) and hemodialysis requirement (RR=99.7; p<0.001) were the only identified independent predictors of mortality. Conclusions: Infections are still a frequent and severe complication following liver transplantation and are related to surgical factors and poor peritransplant renal function / Mestrado / Clinica Medica / Mestre em Clinica Medica

More than 150 years ago, Thomas Addison first described the clinical features and pathogenesis of adrenal insufficiency. At that time, tuberculosis was the most common cause of this disease. The pathway to diagnosis and treatment of Addison's disease has been well described. However, determining the cause of the disorder remains a challenge. It is important to consider recently described infectious agents in the pathogenesis of Addison's disease. Mycobacterial, bacterial, viral, and fungal infections may lead to the development of adrenal insufficiency. Skin, pulmonary, and imaging findings can aid the clinician in making a prompt diagnosis of specific infections, which is crucial because early identification of infectious causes of Addison's disease may enable recovery of adrenal function. This review describes the clinical presentations of the multiple infectious causes of adrenal insufficiency.

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No description available.

Lilija Žemaitienė. Pacientų, kuriems taikoma trečiojo lygio neuroreabilitacija, mitybos būklės pokyčių ir su jais susijusių veiksnių vertinimas, magistro baigiamasis darbas/mokslinė vadovė doc. dr. O. Riklikienė; Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universitetas, Medicinos akademija, Slaugos fakultetas, Slaugos ir rūpybos katedra; konsultantė doc. dr. G. Damulevičienė; Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universitetas, Medicinos akademija, Geriatrijos klinika. ‒Kaunas, 2014‒85 p. / Lilija Žemaitienė. Third level neurorehabilitation patiens nutritional status changes and related factors assesment / supervisor Ph. d. O. Riklikienė ; Lithuanian University of Health Sciences; Faculty of Nursing, Department or Nursing and Care; consultant Ph. d. G. Damulevičienė; Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Clinic Geriatric, Kaunas, 2014, – s. 85.

Vitamin D is derived through the action of solar ultraviolet B radiation on skin and from a limited number of natural food sources, fortified foods and supplements. It is well known that vitamin D plays an active role for calcium and phosphorus absorption but there is also growing evidence of an association between vitamin D insufficiency and various chronic diseases. Middle Eastern populations are known to be at risk of vitamin D deficiency due to a diet low in vitamin D and low sunshine exposure. Obesity is also a risk factor since vitamin D is sequestered in body fat. This thesis examined dietary intake of vitamin D, obesity and other risk factors for deficiency in Middle Eastern people in the UK. A questionnaire based survey was undertaken with 242 Middle Eastern respondents. A total of 85% of the sample was estimated to have a vitamin D intake <5 µg/d. Other risk factors for vitamin D insufficiency included covering skin from sunlight (84% females); low use of supplements (18.5%) and being overweight or obese (49% males and 44% females). Vitamin D intake was lowest in those with primary (1.8 µg/d) and secondary school (2.1 µg/d) education compared to higher education (3.6 µg/d). The survey was followed by dietary assessment of 28 Iraqi adults using repeat 24 hour recalls. The results concurred with the survey: mean intake of vitamin D was (3.2±4.4 µg/d) and 78.5% were overweight or obese. Finally, overweight participants were recruited to observe the effect of fat loss on vitamin D status. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations was measured in Middle Eastern (n=12) and Caucasian adults (n=24). Firstly seasonal changes were observed between October and January (with no weight loss). Then participants were advised on weight reduction to observe the effect of fat loss on serum 25(OH)D. Vitamin D deficiency (<25 nmol/l) was observed in 67% of the Middle Eastern group in October increasing to 92% in January. Of the 36 participants, only 17 lost ≥1kg of fat mass between January and April. No difference was found in serum 25(OH)D between those that lost fat mass and those that did not, and no correlation was found between the amount of fat lost and change in 25(OH)D. In the total sample, there was a negative association between serum 25(OH)D and waist circumference and waist-hip ratio, but no correlation was found between 25(OH)D and fat mass, thus indicating a relationship with visceral fat stores rather than total fat mass.

Les valvulopathies cardiaques sont des maladies cardiaques fréquentes. Certaines se traduisent par un manque de coaptation des valves, on désigne ce type de pathologie sous le terme d’insuffisance. Le traitement standard de ces valvulopathies consiste à remplacer les valves malades par des valves prothétiques. L'absence de substitut valvulaire idéal et les inconvénients inhérents au matériel prothétique et à la nécessité d’un traitement anticoagulant, incitent à favoriser, chaque fois que cela est possible, les techniques de chirurgie conservatrice des valves. Actuellement, la réparation de la valve aortique demeure un défi chirurgical. En revanche en ce qui concerne la valve mitrale une réparation est plus souvent réalisable. Cependant, la faisabilité et le résultat final, dépends du mécanisme de la fuite, de l’extension des lésions ainsi que de la technique de réparation chirurgicale utilisée. C’est pour tenter de surmonter tous ces obstacles qu’est né le projet d’étude des forces magnétiques d’aimants permanents comme traitement complémentaire à une plastie ou comme traitement exclusif, pour rétablir une coaptation valvulaire efficace. Pour concrétiser cette idée, nous avons réalisé notre recherche en trois étapes essentielles : 1- La conception d’un système magnétique d’aide à la coaptation. 2- Une étude de faisabilité portant sur la vérification du fonctionnement des aimants in vitro et in vivo. 3- La vérification de l’efficacité de la force magnétique pour atteindre la coaptation nécessaire pour corriger l’insuffisance valvulaire. Cette recherche a été réalisée en étroite collaboration entre le service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Cardio-vasculaire du groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière à Paris et le groupe de recherche électrodynamique - GREM3 - du Laboratoire LAPLACE à Toulouse. Les aimants ont été fabriqués en tenant compte des facteurs suivants : la biocompatibilité, la conservation de l'aimantation en milieu sanguin, la flexibilité mécanique des éléments implantés, et la nécessité de stérilisation. L'une des préoccupations principales était d’obtenir une force magnétique adaptée pour fermer la valve et permettre son ouverture en fonction du cycle cardiaque. Dans un deuxième temps, sur la base des concepts précédemment décrits, et après réalisation des tests in vitro, une étude expérimentale a été réalisée in vivo en vue de démontrer la faisabilité du projet. Cette phase d’expérimentation animale a consisté en l’implantation d’aimants permanents sur la valve aortique chez sept moutons gardés en vie pendant 3 mois. Les résultats ont été satisfaisants : aucun prolapsus iatrogène, parfaite bio-tolérance des aimants implantés sans nécessité de traitement anticoagulant, absence de réaction inflammatoire visible à l’autopsie après sacrifice des moutons au troisième mois postopératoire. En dernier lieu, afin d’étudier la valeur de la force magnétique nécessaire pour atteindre la coaptation souhaitée dans l’insuffisance valvulaire, trois modèles d’aimants ont été implantés chez quatre moutons. Malheureusement les résultats n’ont pas été entièrement satisfaisants. Actuellement, forts des enseignements tirés de ces expériences, nous tentons d’améliorer le problème de fabrication des aimants ; de nouveaux aimants sont en cours de réalisation. A notre connaissance, l’utilisation de la force magnétique pour corriger l'insuffisance valvulaire n'a jamais été rapportée dans la littérature. Même si la phase d’expérimentation des aimants destinés à traiter ces insuffisances valvulaires n’est pas arrivée à son terme, nous avons montré la faisabilité du concept sur valve saine. Ce champ d'investigation doit continuer à être exploré compte tenu des avantages qu’ont ces aimants. D’une part, ils sont techniquement faciles à poser et pourraient donc permettre de réaliser une réparation rapide et reproductible des valves. D’autre part, en raison de cette simplicité, on pourrait envisager une implantation par voie percutanée exclusive, ouvrant alors une voie nouvelle, en matière de chirurgie conservatrice des insuffisances valvulaires cardiaques (aortique et mitrale). / Valvular heart diseases are important cardiac pathology and valvular heart insufficiency is one of them. The standard treatment is valve replacement with prosthetic valve. Lacks of ideal prosthetic valve and the drawbacks inherent in prosthetic material and anticoagulant therapy, encourage us to develop techniques of conservative surgery of the valve. Today, repair of the aortic valve remains a surgical challenge, but mitral valve repair is frequently possible. However, the result and possibility of repair depends on the mechanism of insufficiency and the extension of the lesion of the mitral valve. For overcoming all these obstacles, we proposed the theory to study of the magnetic forces of permanent magnets as an adjuvant, or as exclusive treatment to restore effective valve coaptation. To realize this idea, we based our research on three steps: 1 - Characterization of magnets required. 2 - Feasibility study of the magnets in vitro and in vivo 3 - Verification of the effectiveness of the magnetic force to achieve the desired coaptation in valvular insufficiency. This research is done in collaboration between the department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular surgery of Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital in Paris and the research group Electrodynamics - GREM3 LAPLACE Laboratory in Toulouse. The magnets were fabricated by taking into account the following factors: lowprofile and permanency; biocompatibility; the conservation of magnetization in a blood medium; mechanical flexibility of the implanted elements; and the possibility of sterilization. One of the main concerns was to elaborate the adapted intensity of the magnetic force, such that it would be sufficiently strong to close the valve, yet be weak enough to allow valve opening during cardiac cycle. To assess the feasibility, before conducting experiments in animals, in vitro data were obtained and judged appropriate by using a circulating pig heart model with a paracorporeal pneumatic (Thoratec®) ventricular assist device. The phase of animal testing was carried out by the establishment of three permanent magnets on the aortic valve in seven sheep kept alive for 3 months and the results were satisfactory: - No iatrogenic prolepses, - Perfect bio-tolerance without the need for anticoagulation - No visible inflammatory reaction at autopsy on the third postoperative month. Finally, to study the effectiveness of the magnetic force to achieve the desired coaptation in valvular insufficiency, three models of magnets have been tested on 4 sheep, but the results were not satisfactory. Currently we try to solve the problem and new magnets are by the way of conception. To our knowledge, the use of magnetic force to correct valvular incompetence has never been reported. Even if the experimental phase of magnets for treating valvular insufficiency has not reached its conclusion, we demonstrated the feasibility of the concept of healthy valve. This field of investigation must continue to be explored because the magnets have several advantages. On the one hand, they are technically easy to perform, and could thus allow a rapid repair. On the other hand, because of this simplicity, we could consider a percutaneous implantation, which will open a new way for conservative surgery in valvular insufficiency.

INTRODUÇÃO: Não há, até o momento, método ideal de avaliação da função renal em fetos com dilatação de vias urinárias. A ultrassonografia é utilizada como um método não invasivo e alguns parâmetros, como o índice de líquido amniótico, foram descritos na predição de insuficiência renal. Entretanto, a sensibilidade é baixa e a detecção de alterações, muitas vezes, ocorre tardiamente na gestação. A avaliação bioquímica da urina ou sangue fetais acrescenta risco à gestação e, apesar de melhorar a detecção de insuficiência renal, tem sensibilidade e especificidade baixas. O Power Doppler tridimensional é um método capaz de quantificar fluxo em órgãos parenquimatosos e tem sido utilizado na quantificação de fluxo sanguíneo de órgãos fetais e placenta. Como fetos com obstrução de vias urinárias e insuficiência renal apresentam diminuição no número de glomérulos, a quantificação do fluxo renal ao Power Doppler tridimensional poderia aprimorar a avaliação da função renal desses fetos. OBJETIVOS: quantificar o fluxo renal ao Power Doppler tridimensional em fetos com suspeita de obstrução de vias urinárias e naqueles com morfologia renal normal, avaliar a influência da profundidade nos índices vasculares e comparar os índices nos fetos que evoluíram com e sem insuficiência renal no período pós-natal. MÉTODOS: fetos com hidronefrose bilateral e/ou dilatação vesical foram prospectivamente comparados com fetos sem malformações em relação à quantificação do fluxo renal ao Power Doppler tridimensional. Os parâmetros avaliados foram IV, IVF, IF e a profundidade. Após o nascimento, as crianças foram seguidas por uma equipe de nefrologia e urologia e, de acordo com a função renal, foram classificadas em 2 grupos: insuficiência renal e função renal normal. A vascularização renal foi avaliada em cada grupo e comparada ao grupo controle. RESULTADOS: vinte e três fetos com dilatação de vias urinárias e setenta e três com morfologia renal normal foram considerados para a análise estatística. Cinco crianças (21,7%) apresentaram insuficiência renal após o nascimento. IV e IVF foram significativamente mais baixos nos casos que apresentaram insuficiência renal do que naqueles com função renal normal (p=0,009 e 0,036, respectivamente). Os três índices corrigidos pela profundidade (IVCP, IFCP e IVFCP) variaram com a idade gestacional e a variação inter-observador melhorou quando eles foram utilizados. A porcentagem do IVCP e do IVFCP em relação à controles de mesma idade gestacional foi menor nos casos que desenvolveram insuficiência renal do que naqueles que evoluíram com função renal normal. CONCLUSÕES: IV e IVF foram significativamente mais baixos em fetos que evoluíram com insuficiência renal pósnatal, porém a profundidade foi um fator interferente importante. Desta forma, IVCP e IVFCP são potencialmente melhores na avaliação de fetos com suspeita de obstrução de vias urinárias. Como os índices corrigidos pela profundidade variam de acordo com a idade gestacional, é necessária a construção de curvas de normalidade por idade gestacional para que os referidos índices possam ser avaliados na prática clínica / INTRODUCTION: There is no ideal method for prenatal evaluation of renal function whether there is a urinary tract dilatation in the fetus. Although ultrasound is a noninvasive method and some parameters have been described to evaluate fetal renal function, as amniotic fluid index, there is a lack of sensitivity to renal failure when ultrasound is used alone. Furthermore, ultrasound changes may appear late in pregnancy. Biochemical evaluation of fetal urine or blood may expose the fetus to some risk, and still lack sensitivity and specificity for renal failure. Threedimensional Power Doppler evaluation has been used to quantify blood flow in fetal organs and placenta. As urinary tract obstruction lead to decrease in renal glomeurli and consequently to a decrease in parenchymal renal flow, three-dimensional quantification of renal flow may improve the evaluation of fetal renal function in fetuses with renal dilatation. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the ability of threedimensional evaluation of renal vascularization to predict postnatal renal prognosis in fetuses with suspicion of urinary obstruction and to analyze depth influence in vascular indexes. METHODS: Fetuses with bilateral hydronephrosis and/or bladder dilatation had renal vascularization evaluated by three-dimensional ultrasound and VOCAL and were prospectively compared to healthy fetuses. Parameters evaluated were VI, VFI, FI and the distance between the probe and the renal cortex. Follow up by urologists and nephrologists allowed us to allocate these fetuses in two groups: renal impairment and normal renal function. Renal vascularization was evaluated in each group and compared to controls. RESULTS: Twenty-three fetuses with urinary dilatation and seventy-three fetuses with normal renal morphology where considered for statistical analysis. Five fetuses (21,7%) developed renal impairment. VI and VFI where significantly lower in fetuses that developed renal impairment than in those with normal renal function (p=0.009 and 0.036 respectively). Depth-corrected indexes (VIDC, FIDC and VFIDC) varied with gestational age and inter-observer variability was improved when depth was taken into account. The percentage of VIDC and VFIDC of cases in relation to gestational aged matched controls were lower in fetuses that developed post-natal renal impairment than in fetuses with normal renal function. CONCLUSION: Although VI and VFI were significantly lower in fetuses that developed post-natal renal impairment, depth seemed to be an important confounding variable. Thus, VIDC and VFIDC were potentially useful in this context. However, since depth-corrected indexes are related to gestational age, nomograms are needed to further evaluate the role of these parameters in predicting renal impairment

Introdução: Um alto índice de concordância no julgamento perceptivo da hipernasalidade entre diferentes avaliadores é difícil de ser alcançado, devido à subjetividade deste tipo de avaliação. O treinamento prévio dos avaliadores e a padronização dos critérios de análise pode ser uma estratégia efetiva para minimizar o efeito da subjetividade do julgamento perceptivo e aumentar a concordância entre os avaliadores. Objetivo: Investigar a influência do treinamento prévio sobre a concordância entre diferentes avaliadores no julgamento perceptivo da hipernasalidade. Material e Método: Três fonoaudiólogas experientes analisaram, individualmente, em duas etapas, 77 amostras de fala gravadas em áudio, de indivíduos com fissura de palato reparada. Na primeira etapa, as avaliadoras classificaram a hipernasalidade utilizando seus próprios critérios, em uma escala de 4 pontos: 1=ausência de hipernasalidade, 2=hipernasalidade leve, 3=moderada e 4=grave. Setenta dias após, estas avaliadoras foram submetidas a um treinamento, onde foram definidas, por consenso, as amostras de fala representativas das 4 categorias da escala, as quais foram utilizadas como modelos de referência para o julgamento da hipernasalidade na etapa seguinte. Na segunda etapa, as avaliadoras, individualmente, analisaram as mesmas amostras e julgaram a hipernasalidade em escala de 4 pontos, utilizando como critério de classificação as referências definidas no treinamento. Foram estabelecidos os índices de concordância inter e intra-avaliadores nas duas etapas utilizando-se o Coeficiente Kappa. Estes índices foram comparados estatisticamente por meio do teste Z. Resultados: Verificou-se que o coeficiente de concordância quanto ao grau de hipernasalidade obtido antes do treinamento entre as três avaliadoras foi de 0,37 (regular) e após o treinamento foi de 0,54 (moderado). A análise estatística mostrou que o índice de concordância após o treinamento foi significantemente maior do que o obtido antes do treinamento (p=0,044). A análise dos índices de concordância intra-avaliadores entre as duas etapas do estudo mostrou que, para a avaliadora 1 o índice aumentou de 0,38 (regular) para 0,61 (substancial); para a avaliadora 2, aumentou de 0,39 (regular) para 0,92 (quase perfeita) e, para a avaliadora 3, reduziu de 0,76 (substancial) para 0,50 (moderada). Diferença estatisticamente significante foi encontrada somente para a avaliadora 2 (p=0,004). Conclusão: O treinamento das avaliadoras e a definição de critérios para a classificação da hipernasalidade levaram ao aumento do índice de concordância inter e intra-avaliadores. Esses resultados reforçam a importância de se estabelecer critérios padronizados a fim de minimizar a influência de padrões internos individuais no julgamento perceptivo da fala. / Introduction: A high rate of agreement in the perceptual assessment of hypernasality is hardly achieved among different examiners, due to the subjectivity of this type of analysis. Previous training of examiners and the establishment of analysis criteria may be an effective strategy to minimize the effect of subjectivity on the perceptual assessment and increase the agreement among examiners. Objective: To investigate the influence of previous training on the agreement among different examiners in the perceptual assessment of hypernasality. Material and method: Three experienced speech therapists individually analyzed 77 audio-recorded speech samples of individuals with repaired cleft palate, in two stages. In the first stage, the examiners classified hypernasality according to their own criteria in a 4-point scale: 1=absence of hypernasality, 2=mild hypernasality, 3=moderate and 4=severe. After 70 days, the examiners were submitted to training, in which speech samples representing the four categories in the scale were defined by consensus, and were used as reference models for the assessment of hypernasality in the following stage. On the second stage, the examiners individually analyzed the same samples and classified hypernasality in a 4-point scale, using as criteria the references defined during training. The inter- and intraexaminer agreements in the two stages were calculated by the Kappa coefficient. These values were statistically compared by the Z test. Results: The agreement concerning the degree of hypernasality achieved among the three examiners was 0.37 (regular) before training and 0.54 (moderate) after training. Statistical analysis revealed that the agreement after training was significantly higher than the agreement achieved before training (p=0.044). Analysis of intraexaminer agreement between the two stages revealed that, for examiner 1, the agreement was increased from 0.38 (regular) to 0.61 (substantial); for examiner 2, it was increased from 0.39 (regular) to 0.92 (almost perfect), and for examiner 3, it was reduced from 0.76 (substantial) to 0.50 (moderate). Statistically significant difference was only observed for examiner 2 (p=0.004). Conclusion: Examiner training and the definition of criteria for classification of hypernasality increased the inter- and intraexaminer agreement. These outcomes reinforce the need to establish standardized criteria to minimize the influence of individual internal standards on the perceptual assessment of speech.