"In this study, we explore the interdependence among different US industries by examining their correlations of the stock portfolios. Furthermore, we focus on the dynamics of their interdependent relations during peaceful and volatile periods; as such relations may change due to different sensitivities of each industry to the macroeconomic conditions. More specifically, we apply Vector Autoregression (VAR) methodology on the US industry portfolios and we use variance decomposition and generalized impulse response functions to identify the strength of the impact of each industry on the others. Based on different portfolio returns of the US industries during 1962 to 2008, we find if the pattern of the dynamic relations of the industries change in different periods. We also deduce the most influential and sensitive sectors in the US domestic market. In addition, we find the direction, strength and durability of the shocks using generalized impulse response function (GIRF)."

The purpose of this study was to review the existing teams research which suggests that teams vary along 4 dimensions of interdependence. Task interdependence is the extent to which the task drives interactions among individuals. Resource interdependence is the extent to which individuals rely on others to provide inputs necessary to complete their portion of work. Reward interdependence is the extent to which individuals' rewards are tied into the performance of others. Finally, goal interdependence is the extent to which individuals set goals and receive feedback at the group versus individual level. A comprehensive team interdependence scale tapping into these 4 distinct dimensions was developed and tested in a cross organizational sample. Factor analytic results suggested that a 4-factor model did indeed provide the best fit for the data. A discussion of the findings, implications, limitations, and future directions is presented.

The United States and the People's Republic of China maintain a unique relationship due to the high levels of interdependence between the countries' political, economic, military, and social functions. This association has been complicated in the past by Chinese industrial cyberespionage (CE) carried out against United States organizations and individuals in pursuit of economic advancement. This paper examines the nature of Chinese-American relations and determines whether its features adhere to Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye's theory of complex interdependence in Power and Interdependence. Further, this paper also explores possible reasons for a decline in Chinese CE beginning in mid-2014 and what impact this could have on the two countries' relations moving forward. / Master of Arts / The purpose of this thesis is to examine whether the United States and China have become interdependent through political, economic, military, and social means. Additionally, China has historically spied on and stolen United States’ secrets electronically for their own benefit. This trend began to slow down in mid-2014 and I offer several possible explanations for why this might have happened. Lastly, I conclude by seeing how this decline in Chinese spying reflects on the interdependent relationship between China and the United States.

This article studies the role of participation in the budgeting process when the company has to coordinate two interdependent divisions. The focus lies on the design of the budgeting process (top-down vs. participative budgets) and the underlying supply of information. This is studied in a principal agent model where two divisions (agents) jointly generate earnings. With the participative budgeting process, the company (principal) implements an information system that provides the division managers with private information. Two economic effects occur. First, the company can benefit from the division managers' private information by perfectly coordinating the divisions' operations. Second, the company has to induce the managers to provide productive effort and with participation, to additionally report truthfully. Thus, the company incurs incentive costs. The two considered budgeting processes trade off these effects diametrically. For a low importance of coordination, the company prefers the top-down budgeting process and not installing an information system that allows the managers to obtain private information. Otherwise, the participative budgeting process is used. In contrast to the company, managers always prefer the participative budgeting process. In addition, the model predicts that a higher earnings potential increases the attractiveness of participative budgets.

A case study of two software teams in a large American software company revealed evidence of a power imbalance and intergroup conflict. The case study was used to generate questions about the effects of task-dependence on interpersonal work relationships. Situational affordances and Heider's balance theory were used to explain how task-dependence and expectations impel helping behaviour between coworkers. The theoretical model was tested using an experimental card-game. The card-game was designed so that the task would remain the same while three factors of task-dependence were manipulated: level of dependence (low vs. high), mutuality of dependence (asymmetric vs. symmetric), and reward interdependence (individual vs. group). The goal was to isolate these aspects of task-dependence and measure their effect on helpful behaviours and intragroup conflict. The results indicated that as the level (the amount) of dependence increases, the amount of intragroup conflict increases, but so does the number of helpful behaviours. As the mutuality of dependence changes from asymmetric to symmetric, the number of helpful behaviours increases, but the intragroup conflict decreases. The experiment deepens the findings of the case study: asymmetric dependence is associated with intragroup conflict and it presents a situation where the more powerful of the two is less inclined to give help to their dependent. Unexpectedly, however, if the level of the dependence increases, the more powerful of the two will offer more help. These findings contradict the predictions of social exchange theory, interdependence theory, and the power and influence approaches. Balance theory offers an explanation: a request for help coming from a co-worker in great need creates an imbalanced cognitive situation, one with more tension than the situation created when a request comes from someone less dependent. One way the help-giver can relieve their cognitive tension is to offer help; helping a co-worker satisfies the co-worker's expectations, thereby balancing the help-giver's cognitive situation. The experiment also demonstrated that a high level of task-dependence is necessary for helpful behaviours to increase; without the ability and opportunity to help afforded by task-dependence, greater social expectation will have little effect on the amount of helping behaviour.

A case study of two software teams in a large American software company revealed evidence of a power imbalance and intergroup conflict. The case study was used to generate questions about the effects of task-dependence on interpersonal work relationships. Situational affordances and Heider's balance theory were used to explain how task-dependence and expectations impel helping behaviour between coworkers. The theoretical model was tested using an experimental card-game. The card-game was designed so that the task would remain the same while three factors of task-dependence were manipulated: level of dependence (low vs. high), mutuality of dependence (asymmetric vs. symmetric), and reward interdependence (individual vs. group). The goal was to isolate these aspects of task-dependence and measure their effect on helpful behaviours and intragroup conflict. The results indicated that as the level (the amount) of dependence increases, the amount of intragroup conflict increases, but so does the number of helpful behaviours. As the mutuality of dependence changes from asymmetric to symmetric, the number of helpful behaviours increases, but the intragroup conflict decreases. The experiment deepens the findings of the case study: asymmetric dependence is associated with intragroup conflict and it presents a situation where the more powerful of the two is less inclined to give help to their dependent. Unexpectedly, however, if the level of the dependence increases, the more powerful of the two will offer more help. These findings contradict the predictions of social exchange theory, interdependence theory, and the power and influence approaches. Balance theory offers an explanation: a request for help coming from a co-worker in great need creates an imbalanced cognitive situation, one with more tension than the situation created when a request comes from someone less dependent. One way the help-giver can relieve their cognitive tension is to offer help; helping a co-worker satisfies the co-worker's expectations, thereby balancing the help-giver's cognitive situation. The experiment also demonstrated that a high level of task-dependence is necessary for helpful behaviours to increase; without the ability and opportunity to help afforded by task-dependence, greater social expectation will have little effect on the amount of helping behaviour.

By-catch is an unavoidable problem in fishery, and the occurrence of by-catch may lead to the phenomenon of discarding. Discarding of non-targeted species will not only result in the losses in economic, but may also damage the resource stock. As the interaction between species exists, the economic costs and the degree of damage derive from by-catch and discarding will become increasingly complicated. The research will start from the assumption of possible interactions between species, investigating that under different interactions between species, the possible influence to the optimal decision of fishermen and resource stocks.

After the end of the Cold War, with the development of globalization, the battlefield of international competition has transferred from military and political area to economy. This transformation is related to the result of the globalizational interdependence. Although the opening of China is necessary, but the inclination of the interdependency should never be ignorant after connected with world economy. The tendency not only represents the process of Chinese development, but decides China¡¦s diplomatic thought and policy even more. It even also helps to calculate China¡¦s development direction in the future. Therefore, it would be more meaningful to discuss China¡¦s national security with the thought of world interdependence. It would be the point of this essay¡Xthe interdependency¡Xto examine and illustrate the relationship, phases, and nature between China and the world. Except for explain the concept of Chinese economy; it would also compare the history and the features of interdependence. With this comparison, it would reveal the tendency of Chinese economic security and the credibility of this theory. Finally, it would deduce the better way to transform the power of China in the future.

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With the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union the large economic space of the East Europe has also become part of the world-wide globalization process. How this process of integration of Europe is proceeding in key areas of cross-continental linkages is of great importance for the future of the region and for the future of the World as whole. The author does believe that recent developments in most East European countries will have a significant impact on the world economic and political relationships. Since 1989, Taipei has attempted to capitalize on the systemic changes in Eastern Europe. Taiwan faced an unprecedented opportunity to present itself to the states in transition not only as a democratic and economically developed alternatively to China but also as a significant source of investment and an attractive trade partner. What was the process and specificity of interaction between Taiwan and Eastern European Countries (EEC) and how it is now? This study will attempt to address the above questions. Specifically, it will examine Taipei’s policy vis-à-vis EEC from 1990 until present; survey the evolving aims of Taiwan towards EEC; analyze the development of economic relations between Taiwan and Eastern European countries; depict an implication for future cooperation strategies between EEC and Taiwan.