By-catch is an unavoidable problem in fishery, and the occurrence of by-catch may lead to the phenomenon of discarding. Discarding of non-targeted species will not only result in the losses in economic, but may also damage the resource stock. As the interaction between species exists, the economic costs and the degree of damage derive from by-catch and discarding will become increasingly complicated. The research will start from the assumption of possible interactions between species, investigating that under different interactions between species, the possible influence to the optimal decision of fishermen and resource stocks.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Louisiana State University, 1994. / "95-02104."

Thesis--University of Pennsylvania. / Photocopy of typescript. Ann Arbor, Mich. : University Microfilms, 1977.--21 cm. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (p.xi-xvii).

The history of religions in the faculty of arts is descendent from the faculty of theology. The department of history of religion inUppsalagot its first chair in 1948, and the department ceased to exist at 1994 when it devolved to the Faculty of Theology. The archive was incorporated within the archive of the faculty of theology, and contained protocols, directories, essays, and agent arranged remains. About half of the archive consisted of documents which required in-depth assessment. This was where the obvious problems emerged when organizing the records –raising questions about fruitful approach and implications of archival appraisal. The discussion led to insights about the power of archivist in the process, and the crucial meaning of underlying thoughts that govern what information will be available in the archive. The analysis is focusing on what to preserve rather then what to discard, leading to conclusions that advocate awareness of the implications of the process. Documentation of underlying thoughts and consciously made choices facilitates a fruitful process of appraisal.

The text deals with the process of reorganizing and cataloging the archival material emerging from State secondary grammar school in Falun, which appears to have been poorly managed for a number of years. The work was done with consideration to former ways of organizing the material, and a great deal of research was needed in order to establish the outer provenance of the archive.The theoretical discussion goes deeper into the questions of provenance and appraisal in regard to the work,and some choices, especially the decision to reorganize the archive, are motivated with reference to Swedishrules and regulations concerning state authorities' archival management and their duties towards Swedish citizens.

In the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP), the operation mode of purse-seine fishing can be divided into dolphin sets and non-dolphin sets. Dolphin sets can catch more yellowfin tuna, but cause a lot of dolphin deaths. On the contrary, non-dolphin sets can catch more skipjack tuna, but discard a lot of tuna. Therefore, the choice of the operation mode to the ETP purse-seine fishery is very influential. If the fishermen use more dolphin sets, they are able to catch high quantity and more valuable yellowfin tuna. Conversely, if the fishermen use more non-dolphin sets, they will not hurt dolphins. But the tuna fish caught by this operation mode is smaller in size and the discarding rate is extremely high which will affect the overall profits of the fishermen. The research will investigate how the fishermen make the choice of the operation mode in the dilemma between dolphin sets which cause dolphins-bycatch and non-dolphin sets which result in tuna-discarding, In addition, if managers can ban dolphin sets or non-dolphin sets to maximize the profit of the fishermen and maintain the ecological balance between tuna and dolphins.

The Internet supports a diverse number of applications, which have different requirements for a number of services. Next generation networks provide high speed connectivity between hosts, which leaves the service provider to configure network devices appropriately, in order to maximize network performance. Service provider settings are based on best recommendation parameters, which give an opportunity to optimize these settings even further. This dissertation focuses on a packet discarding algorithm, known as random early detection (RED), to determine parameters which will maximize utilization of a resource. The two dominant traffic protocols used across an IP backbone are UDP and TCP. UDP traffic flows transmit packets regardless of network conditions, dropping packets without changing its transmission rates. However, TCP traffic flows concern itself with the network condition, reducing its packet transmission rate based on packet loss. Packet loss indicates that a network is congested. The sliding window concept, also known as the TCP congestion window, adjusts to the amount of acknowledgements the source node receives from the destination node. This paradigm provides a means to transmit data across the available bandwidth across a network. A well known and widely implemented simulation environment, the network simulator 2 (NS2), was used to analyze the RED mechanism. The network simulator 2 (NS2) software gained its popularity as being a complex networking simulation tool. Network protocol traffic (UDP and TCP) characteristics comply with theory, which verifies that the traffic generated by this simulator is valid. It is shown that the autocorrelation function differs between these two traffic types, verifying that the generated traffic does conform to theoretical and practical results. UDP traffic has a short-range dependency while TCP traffic has a long-range dependency. Simulation results show the effects of the RED algorithm on network traffic and equipment performance. It is shown that random packet discarding improves source transmission rate stabilization, as well as node utilization. If the packet dropping probability is set high, the TCP source transmission rates will be low, but a low packet drop probability provides high transmission rates to a few sources and low transmission rates to the majority of other sources. Therefore, an ideal packet drop probability was obtained to complement TCP source transmission rates and node utilization. Statistical distributions were fitted to sampled data from the simulations, which also show improvements to the network with random packet discarding. The results obtained contribute to congestion control across wide area networks. Even though a number of queuing management implementation exists, RED is the most widely used implementation used by service providers. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / unrestricted

<p>The main aims were to investigate emotional reactions during in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment among women and men, attitudes of IVF couples towards cryopreserved embryos and public attitudes towards various aspects of oocyte donation in Sweden. Assessments of emotional, physical and social reactions were made on a daily reaction scale and attitudes on the basis of study-specific questionnaires. Both women and men experienced the stages of oocyte retrieval and embryo transfer, as well as the luteal phase, as being particularly stressful and there was a similarity in the type of reaction pattern. Presence of supernumerary embryos for cryopreservation increased the women’s optimism, but did not seem to reduce their level of distress on the day of embryo transfer. One-third of IVF couples chose not to use their cryopreserved embryos. The main reasons among the respondents concerned family planning and too short a legally allowed time of embryo storage. There was strong support for oocyte donation among a subset of the Swedish population. Women were more positive than men towards oocyte donation and to disclosure of the origin to offspring. Factors that might increase the likelihood of women becoming oocyte donors were talking to women with experience of donating oocytes, proximity to the clinic, accessibility of counselling and having children of their own. These results indicate that different approaches to psychological care for women and men may not be warranted during IVF treatment. Contact should be maintained during the cryopreservation period in order to adress the couple’s questions and concerns about the embryos. To increase the donor pool, IVF clinics could provide information about donation to potential donors through the Internet and through experienced donors. The information to donors and recipient couples about different consequences of donation seems to be of great importance.</p>

The main aims were to investigate emotional reactions during in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment among women and men, attitudes of IVF couples towards cryopreserved embryos and public attitudes towards various aspects of oocyte donation in Sweden. Assessments of emotional, physical and social reactions were made on a daily reaction scale and attitudes on the basis of study-specific questionnaires. Both women and men experienced the stages of oocyte retrieval and embryo transfer, as well as the luteal phase, as being particularly stressful and there was a similarity in the type of reaction pattern. Presence of supernumerary embryos for cryopreservation increased the women’s optimism, but did not seem to reduce their level of distress on the day of embryo transfer. One-third of IVF couples chose not to use their cryopreserved embryos. The main reasons among the respondents concerned family planning and too short a legally allowed time of embryo storage. There was strong support for oocyte donation among a subset of the Swedish population. Women were more positive than men towards oocyte donation and to disclosure of the origin to offspring. Factors that might increase the likelihood of women becoming oocyte donors were talking to women with experience of donating oocytes, proximity to the clinic, accessibility of counselling and having children of their own. These results indicate that different approaches to psychological care for women and men may not be warranted during IVF treatment. Contact should be maintained during the cryopreservation period in order to adress the couple’s questions and concerns about the embryos. To increase the donor pool, IVF clinics could provide information about donation to potential donors through the Internet and through experienced donors. The information to donors and recipient couples about different consequences of donation seems to be of great importance.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:47:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 260808 bytes, checksum: 2d330596bdb4ed51fa6db5548e88da14 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study was carried out to evaluate the aspects related with discarding of sows in swine commercial farms in the State of Minas Gerais. A total of 29,568 events such as breeding, calvings, abortions and estrus repetitions among others, in four farms (A, B, C and D) located in the State of Minas Gerais. The biennia 2008-2009 and 2010-2011, whose data were stored in database of the management program PigChamp ® were evaluated. The annual discarding rates were high, as totalizing 55.10, 40.63, 56.12 and 43.44% in the first biennium and 58.37; 37.15; 42.18 and 48.32% in the second biennium, on farms A, B, C and D, respectively. The highest discarding rate in both biennia on farms A, B and D refers to sows without evident problems and presenting good production indexes, as totalizing 39.02, 13.02 and 17.77% in the first biennium and 40.00, 7.95 and 16.09% discarded animals in the second biennium, respectively. However, this condition occupied the second prominence position in Farm C during the first biennium. During this biennium, it was distinguished the total low average of piglets born (15.5%), as being 11.4% discarding rate of sows without obvious problems. In the second biennium, however, several disposal causes were higher than the one found for matrices presenting no evident problems (4.22%), such as abortion (18.67%), vulvar discharge (13.56%) and injuries (12.44%). The anestrus was not highlighted as reason for disposal in both two biennia under evaluation. Thus, the rates for this condition were: 0 and 1.07% in farm A; 0.15% and 0.76 in B; 1.70 and 0.22% in C and 0.0 and 1.73% in farm D, for both biennia under evaluation, respectively. Moreover, the repetition of the estrus as cause for discarding presented variable rates, as depending on the farm under evaluation. So, the rates for this condition were 1.40 and 0.27%; 10.50 and 11.93%; 8.28% and 3.56; 4.56 and 7.96% on farms A, B, C and D, in both biennia, respectively. Besides the causes for discarding previously related, other ones with variable incidence were also found among farms, given that they are dependent on general and reproductive managements of each herd. In all farms under evaluation, there were records on discarding causes that were not according to animal real condition. It is concluded that the high discarding rate observed in sows could be reduced, as taking into account that animals with excellent productivity indexes and without obvious problems are discarded. It is also concluded that, sometimes, the true cause for discarding is not properly recorded, as taking into account that the results are not subsequently used for making decision concerning to possible management corrections in the farm and better use of the stock sows. / Objetivou-se avaliar aspectos relacionados ao descarte de matrizes em granjas comerciais de suínos em Minas Gerais. Foram analisados 29.568 eventos ocorridos como coberturas, parições, abortamentos e repetição de estros dentre outros, em quatro granjas (A, B, C e D) situadas no estado de Minas Gerais. Foram avaliados os biênios 2008-2009 e 2010-2011, cujos dados encontravam-se armazenados em bancos de dados do programa de gerenciamento Pigchamp®. As taxas de descartes anuais foram elevadas, perfazendo um total de 55,10; 40,63; 56,12 e 43,44% no primeiro e 58,37; 37,15; 42,18 e 48,32% no segundo biênio, nas granjas A, B, C e D, respectivamente. A maior taxa de descarte nos dois biênios nas granjas A, B e D foi de matrizes sem problemas evidentes e apresentando bons índices produtivos, totalizando 39,02; 13,02 e 17,77% no primeiro e 40,00; 7,95 e 16,09% dos animais descartados no segundo biênio, respectivamente. Entretanto, esta condição ocupou o segundo lugar de destaque na granja C durante o primeiro biênio. Neste biênio, destacou-se nesta granja a baixa média de nascidos totais (15,5%), sendo 11,4% a taxa de descarte de matrizes sem problemas evidentes. Já no segundo biênio, várias causas de descartes foram mais elevadas nesta granja do que a encontrada para matrizes sem problemas evidentes (4,22%), como o abortamento (18,67%), a descarga vulvar (13,56%) e ferimentos (12,44%). O anestro não teve destaque como causa de descarte nos dois biênios avaliados. Assim, as taxas encontradas para esta condição foram 0 e 1,07% na granja A; 0,15 e 0,76% na B; 1,70 e 0,22% na C e 0,0 e 1,73% na granja D, nos dois biênios avaliados, respectivamente. Por outro lado, a repetição de estro como causa de descarte apresentou taxas variáveis, dependendo da granja avaliada. Assim, as taxas encontradas para esta condição foram 1,40 e 0,27%; 10,50 e 11,93%; 8,28 e 3,56%; 4,56 e 7,96% nas granjas A, B, C e D, nos dois biênios avaliados, respectivamente. Além das causas de descartes anteriormente relacionadas, foram também encontradas outras com incidência variável entre as granjas, tendo em vista que são dependentes dos manejos reprodutivo e geral de cada rebanho. Verificou-se ainda, em todas as granjas avaliadas, registros de causas de descartes que não condiziam com a real condição do animal. Conclui-se que a elevada taxa de descarte observada em matrizes suínas poderia ser reduzida, tendo em vista que são descartados animais sem problemas evidentes e com excelentes índices de produtividade. Conclui-se ainda que a verdadeira causa de descarte algumas vezes não é corretamente registrada, tendo em vista que os resultados não são posteriormente utilizados para a tomada de decisões, visando efetuar possíveis correções de manejo na granja e um melhor aproveitamento das matrizes do plantel.