This study aims to put light into a problem that often is seen as a complexed, vaguely legislated “grey area” in the fundamental laws regarding access to official documents, mainly focusing on the technical and workforce related boundaries. Sweden is worldwide known for the democracy and openness. We have the freedom of information in terms of access, followed by the rights to write, publish and share our perspectives with the rest of the world. These rights have been protected in the deepest core of jurisdiction for decades. Although the law remains, society has evolved as technology has to some extent replaced traditional paperwork over the years and changed the way we exchanged, store and handle information. The Swedish government claim to be much aware of the changes that is needed to be done to keep our rights in the modern society, although the jurisdiction remains more than a few steps behind. There are exceptions where official information is to be unofficial. Some of these exceptions are not surprising, others are more. If we speak of sensitive information that could cause harm for the individual, it should be treated with care to protect us. What about information a government has access to, but it is stored it in a digital form, one we cannot read or see in its present state and therefore require a process involving a program they do not have at hand or takes time to access or “reform” the information to make it accessible. This have impact on whether the information is or is not official information for the public. Swedish institutions handle each request individually, routines of the process vary, along with the access, or lack of access to the needed technology and, or knowledge at hand, which less surprisingly leads us to a various result. This essay aims to clarify, nevertheless put light into the spots where it is needed for a deeper understanding of what is and is not official information. Sweden claimed and still claims, to be very fund of our fundamental regulations regarding openness and transparency. At the time we consider joining the European Union (EU) it was essential for the government to be certain of sustaining these right, this was done by a written request before signing a membership that these rights where to remain. As the result was positive from EU, we accepted the invitation to become a member state. Lately, we have shown to put “neutralisation”, as in adapting to the rest of the Union over openness, giving us more exceptions and therefore more secrecy. Openness is not as welcomed in the other member states and the regulations are here to support us to melt into the picture. The essay will therefore look into the international spectrum, mainly focusing on the effects of our membership and compare the general EU member states to Sweden.

<p>The aim of this study is to examine if library and archive will meet professionally in digitization projects. The study has been conducted as a discourse analysis in accordance with the methods of Norman Fairclough, professor of Linguistics at Lancaster University. The texts are seen as linguistic and semiotic elements of social events that can be analyzed as parts of the social process – discourse. The relationship between events and structures in society will be part of the social practice.The basic data derive from five public documents collected from Swedish government agencies. The mutual subject is developing a national strategy for digitization and to contribute to the European digital library, Europeana, funded by the European Commission.The research question is: When digitizing the Swedish cultural heritage as a project of institutional cooperation, which discourses can be identified? Which will be regarded as a matter of course and which will be excluded?The conclusion is that the profession of library were the most frequent discourse in the analyzed texts. Another important factor is whether the information is born digital or if it is physical artifacts that has been digitized. The Swedish National Archives have stated detailed regulations of creating and transferring official documents as electronic records which differ from the National library proposed regulation for legal deposit of electronic documents.For the library profession, the focus is on classification, searching and access. For the archive, the focus is to secure that the records has not been modified or corrupted for sustainable authenticity over time.In the social practice it can be established that the public institutions – libraries, museums, archives – will meet concurrence on the Internet from new entrepreneurs like Google, Genline and Creative Commons.</p>

The aim of this study is to examine if library and archive will meet professionally in digitization projects. The study has been conducted as a discourse analysis in accordance with the methods of Norman Fairclough, professor of Linguistics at Lancaster University. The texts are seen as linguistic and semiotic elements of social events that can be analyzed as parts of the social process – discourse. The relationship between events and structures in society will be part of the social practice.The basic data derive from five public documents collected from Swedish government agencies. The mutual subject is developing a national strategy for digitization and to contribute to the European digital library, Europeana, funded by the European Commission.The research question is: When digitizing the Swedish cultural heritage as a project of institutional cooperation, which discourses can be identified? Which will be regarded as a matter of course and which will be excluded?The conclusion is that the profession of library were the most frequent discourse in the analyzed texts. Another important factor is whether the information is born digital or if it is physical artifacts that has been digitized. The Swedish National Archives have stated detailed regulations of creating and transferring official documents as electronic records which differ from the National library proposed regulation for legal deposit of electronic documents.For the library profession, the focus is on classification, searching and access. For the archive, the focus is to secure that the records has not been modified or corrupted for sustainable authenticity over time.In the social practice it can be established that the public institutions – libraries, museums, archives – will meet concurrence on the Internet from new entrepreneurs like Google, Genline and Creative Commons.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka om och i så fall hur relationen mellan kommuner och medier har förändrats under coronapandemin. Uppsatsens frågeställningar behandlar kommunikatörers och journalisters syn på mediernas bevakning av pandemin, kommuners hantering av begäran från journalister att ta del av allmänna handlingar samt hur händelserna har påverkat journalistiken. Materialet har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med sju (7) journalister och nio (9) kommunikatörer och därefter analyserats genom kvalitativ textanalys. I studien resultat uppger både journalister och kommunikatörer att relationen dem emellan överlag är bra, men att den stundtals har varit ansträngd i samband med coronapandemin. I studiens resultat framkommer även en intressekonflikt mellan kommunikatörernas strävan efter att skydda sina medborgares personliga integritet och journalisternas strävan efter att offentliggöra information. Resultatet av studien indikerar även på att offentlighetsprincipen kan tolkas olika beroende av kontext, och flera kommunikatörer uppger att de inte alltid har vetat hur de ska agera utifrån olika lagstiftningar. Samtidigt uppger både kommunikatörer och journalister i studien att det varit en särskilt ansträngd situation som gjort det svårt för båda aktörerna att veta hur de ska agera. Både journalister och kommunikatörer, i den här studien, tror att deras relation kommer stärkas på sikt.

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The text deals with the process of reorganizing and cataloging the archival material emerging from State secondary grammar school in Falun, which appears to have been poorly managed for a number of years. The work was done with consideration to former ways of organizing the material, and a great deal of research was needed in order to establish the outer provenance of the archive.The theoretical discussion goes deeper into the questions of provenance and appraisal in regard to the work,and some choices, especially the decision to reorganize the archive, are motivated with reference to Swedishrules and regulations concerning state authorities' archival management and their duties towards Swedish citizens.

The aim of this one-year master thesis in archival science was to examine how municipalities take regulations concerning public records into account when they use Facebook. Another aim was to examine the involvement of archivists, registrars or similar staff in the management of the regulations. Since Swedish archival theory and practice has a close connection to the application of these regulations, such an examination was hopefully going to reveal tendencies of importance for archival science. The method used to collect information was a web questionnaire and the result was based on answers from 21 municipalities with an official Facebook page. The questionnaire showed that six of the municipalities regarded documents originating from their Facebook page as public records. Three did not, and a large group had not yet decided how to treat these documents. Only three municipalities did archive documents from Facebook. The involvement of archivists, registrars and similar personnel was generally very small, even though regulations concerning public records had more often been taken into account in the municipalities that had informed this personnel about the use of an official Facebook page. The difference in management between the municipalities was together with the demand for national guiding principles indicating difficulties in applying the regulations to social medias like Facebook. The fact that most of the municipalities that had taken the regulations into account had come to the conclusion that Facebook generated public records, together with the fact that national guiding principles presented during the work with this thesis had the same interpretation, indicated that documents originating from Facebook will be a part of Swedish public records in the future. The difference in management and the demand for guidance also indicated a need for better division of responsibilities and a more active approach in the future, to ensure that the regulations concerning public records are taken into account early and correctly when authorities starts to use new medias.

<p>The aim of this one-year master thesis in archival science was to examine how municipalities take regulations concerning public records into account when they use Facebook. Another aim was to examine the involvement of archivists, registrars or similar staff in the management of the regulations. Since Swedish archival theory and practice has a close connection to the application of these regulations, such an examination was hopefully going to reveal tendencies of importance for archival science. The method used to collect information was a web questionnaire and the result was based on answers from 21 municipalities with an official Facebook page. The questionnaire showed that six of the municipalities regarded documents originating from their Facebook page as public records. Three did not, and a large group had not yet decided how to treat these documents. Only three municipalities did archive documents from Facebook. The involvement of archivists, registrars and similar personnel was generally very small, even though regulations concerning public records had more often been taken into account in the municipalities that had informed this personnel about the use of an official Facebook page. The difference in management between the municipalities was together with the demand for national guiding principles indicating difficulties in applying the regulations to social medias like Facebook. The fact that most of the municipalities that had taken the regulations into account had come to the conclusion that Facebook generated public records, together with the fact that national guiding principles presented during the work with this thesis had the same interpretation, indicated that documents originating from Facebook will be a part of Swedish public records in the future. The difference in management and the demand for guidance also indicated a need for better division of responsibilities and a more active approach in the future, to ensure that the regulations concerning public records are taken into account early and correctly when authorities starts to use new medias.</p>

Studien undersökte regleringar som vägleder arkivarier Sverige, vilket omfattade intervjuer med åtta olika arkivarier som arbetar för svenska kommuner, regioner och statliga myndigheter. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt omfattade Lawrence Lessigs ”pathetic dot theory” med fyra modaliteter (lagar, sociala normer, marknad och arkitektur) som användes vid analysen för att förklara intervjuresultaten. Paralleller drogs mellan tidigare litteratur och resultatet från intervjuerna för att kontextualisera och skapa en bättre förståelse av svaren. Studien visade att det finns annat än lagar och föreskrifter som kan påverka arkivarier vid gallring av allmänna handlingar. Dessa faktorer inkluderade normer och sociala strukturer, samt brist på förståelse för gallringens innebörd och hur det ska utföras. En ytterligare faktor var arkivariens förutsättningar för att använda sin kompetens för att nå ut i verksamheten. / This study examined the regulations that guide archivists in appraisal work in Sweden. The study is centred on interviews with eight different archivists working for swedish municipalities, regions, and public authorities. Lawrence Lessigs’ ”pathetic dot theory” with four modularities (the law, social norms, the market and architecture) were used to in the analysis to explain the interview results. Parallels were drawn between previous literature and the result from the interviews to contextualise and create a better understanding of the responses. The study showed that there are several factors other than laws and regulations that can affect archivists in appraisal work of public records. These factors included norms and social structures. Another factor were a simple lack of understanding on the meaning of appraisal and how it should be performed. Yet another factor were inadequacies in archivists’ work conditions which may hinder them to use their expertise in the workplace.

Introduction. Previous research has shown that the increasing demands of research data management have proven to be challenging to both researchers and research support. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the process of managing, archiving, and sharing research data and what challenges it faces. Furthermore, it aims to investigate what the archivist’s role is and should be in this process and how archivists and researchers communicate and collaborate with each other.  Method. To pursue this aim, a qualitative method was used, consisting of semi-structured interviews with archivists from seven different public universities in Sweden, with three larger universities and four smaller ones. Analysis. For the analysis a thematic method was used, where similarities and differences, views and opinions were identified and categorized into different themes. Result. The result showed that a fundamental challenge is for the archivists to reach out to the researchers with the information and knowledge that they need and how to make that information comprehensible. The result further showed that several of the interviewed archivists believe that the current focus of resources and demands aimed at the development of open data is misdirected and contra productive because the researchers are more interested in and have a greater need of safe storing and proper archiving of their research data, rather than making it open. Conclusion. The investigation concludes that there is a great need for new ways for archives and other research support to reach out to researchers with information on research data management and that this requires more resources. It furthermore concludes that there is a need to further investigate what researchers truly need for them to properly manage and preserve their research data in the long term and what role the archivist will play in this development.  This is a two years master’s thesis in Archival science.