No description available.

Texte remanié de: Doct. diss.--Tilburg (Pays-Bas), 1995. / Bibliogr. p. 307-334. Index.

No description available.

La représentation architecturale est pérenne dans l’oeuvre de Théophile Gautier. Afin de déterminer les enjeux de l’expérience architecturale et d’appréhender le texte gautiéresque dans la dynamique de son élaboration, une approche éclectique s’est imposée. Loin d’être une simple reproduction, la description architecturale néglige la représentation mimétique et se soumet au prisme ,de la subjectivité. Critique d’art imprégné de peintures et d’oeuvres d’art, esthète dilettante et éclectique, Gautier perçoit l’objet architectural à travers un ensemble de considérations esthétiques etartistiques. Il cherche à reconstituer le triumvirat du peintre, du sculpteur et de l’architecte et à, défendre la primauté de l’architecture. Dans sa relation de voyage, il rejette les architectures modernes auxquelles il reproche leur uniformité, et leur préfère le cachet singulier des constructions andalouses ou le caractère exotique des palais orientaux. Appréciant la ligne courbe et spiralique aux dépens de la ligne droite, Gautier défend le génie d’invention et cherche non pas l’utilité mais la beauté de la forme pure. Prônant une esthétique du caprice et de l’arabesque, il s’attaque au fléau de l’européanisation et n’hésite pas à embellir le réel, à l’« artialiser ». Cette sensibilité esthétique est encore plus perceptible dans son oeuvre poétique. Obélisques, château et cathédrale sont ciselés de manière à répondre à l’idéal de l’esthète. Ce faisant,reconstruction architecturale et construction textuelle sont menés de front faisant du poème une architecture verbale qui prend forme dans et par les mots. L'architecture prend part également dans l'organisation de l'espace de la narration. D’un récit à l’autre, l’édifice architectural change de statut sémiotique (ancrage spatial, opposant, adjuvant, embrayeur de l’action,…). Mais souvent, la représentation architecturale jette les assises de la construction romanesque et en détermine le processus évolutif. La reconstitution des architectures gréco-romaines ou de la grandeur égyptienne à travers la restauration archéologique de Pompéi et la reconstruction de Thèbes illustre parfaitement cette fièvre de construction qui anime Gautier. Le projet de reconstitution se double d’un processus de création langagière ; la re-construction, se faisant réinvention, subvertit les frontières traditionnelles entre histoire, archéologie et fantasmagorie. L’architecture fantastique, rattachée à une perception subjective met en doute toute représentation sclérosante de l’espace et « donne à voir » un espace-temps mouvant et multiple. Délire, ivresse, haschisch, miroir, tapisserie murale, eaux-fortes sont les ingrédients de l’alchimie fantastique. Mais l’hallucination architecturale ne se résorbe pas en aventure spatiale ; elle nous introduit dans le périple labyrinthique de la psyché et exorcise les fantasmes personnels. Conjurant les cauchemarsarchitecturaux pianésiens, Gautier architecte met en exécution son rêve d’architecture. Composant les richesses exotiques de l’Orient et le confort douillet de l’Occident, il ne peut dissocier bonheur et architecture et construit son Eldorado conformément à ses exigences esthétiques. Faute de réaliser son rêve architectural sur le mode du réel, Gautier se tourne vers l’Art et se love dans son microcosme. Charriant un ensemble de modèles (de l’Antiquité, de la Renaissance, du Romantisme allemand,…), il construit son monument et associe l’« archè » à la « tecture », l’idée à la forme. Au-delà de ses fonctions référentielle, socio-historique, métaphorique, symbolique ou esthétique, la représentation architecturale est un acte fondateur grâce auquel se dégagent l’unité et l’harmonie de l’oeuvre gautiéresque. / Architectural representation is perennial in the work of Theophile Gautier. To determine the implications of architectural experience and understand the text in the dynamics of its development, an eclectic approach has prevailed. Far from being a simple reproduction, architectural description neglects mimetic representation and submits itself to the prism of subjectivity. Being an art critic with bundles impregnated paintings and works of art, an esthetic and eclectic dilettante, Gautier sees the architectural object through a set of aesthetic and artistic considerations. He seeks to reconstruct thetriumvirate of the painter, sculptor and architect and defend the primacy of architecture. In his travels, he rejects modern architectures and criticizes their uniformity. His preference is for the singular charm of Andalusian buildings or the exotic feature of oriental palaces. Appreciating the curved and spiral line instead of the straight one, Gautier defends the genius of invention and seeks not the utility but the beauty of pure form. Advocating an aesthetic whim and arabesque, he grappleswith the scourge of Europeanization and does not hesitate of beautify the real, to « artialization ». This aesthetic sensitivity is even more noticeable in his poetry. Obelisks, Castle and Cathedral are carved to meet the ideal of the aesthetic. In doing so, architectural structuring and textual construction are carried out simultaneously making the poem an architecture that takes shape in by words. The architecture is also involved in its organizing the realm of the narration from a story to another, the architectural building changes its semiotic status (connotation, opponent, adjuvant, shifter action ,...). But, often, the architectural representation lays the foundation for constructing the novel and determines the evolutionary process. The reconstruction of Greco-Roman architecture or Egyptian grandeur through the Pompeii archaeological restoration and rebuilding of Thebes illustrates this construction fever that drives Gautier. The reconstruction project is duplicated with a process of language creation, re-construction, is being re-invented, destroys the traditional boundaries betweenhistory, archeology and phantasmagoria. The fantastic architecture, refastened to subjective perception questions any scelerosing representation of space and "gives to see" a shifting and multiple space-time. Delirium, intoxication, hashish, mirror, wall tapestry, etchings are the ingredients of fantastic alchemy. But the architectural hallucination does not go away in space adventure, it takes us into the labyrinthine journey of the psyche and exorcises personal fantasies. Conjuring pianesiens architectural nightmares, Gautier the architect puts his dream of architecture into practice. Combining exotic riches of the East and the cozy comfort of the West, he can not separate happiness from architecture and built his Eldorado in accordance with his aesthetic. In want of fulfilling his dream on the architectural mode of reality, Gautier turns to Art and coils himself microcosm. Carrying along a set of models (the ancient, Renaissance, Romanticism, German...), he builds his monument and combines the "arche" with the "architecture", the idea with the form. Beyond its referential function, socio-historical, metaphorical, symbolic or aesthetic, architectural representation is a fundamental act that helps emerge the unity and harmony of the gautieresque work.

The problem of this thesis is to discover the extent to which Steele MacKaye has contributed to modern American theatre through his inventions and technical innovations.

This thesis will give primary attention to an analysis of invention in selected congressional, campaign, and ceremonial speeches of Sam Rayburn. Such an analysis should reveal the most common modes of persuasion used by the man.

Comparison of legal regulation of patents in the Czech Republic and the People's Republic of China - Abstract This thesis compares legal system of patents in Czech Republic and People's Republic of China with the focus on Patent Laws and other legislation in respective countries. The aim of this paper is to present the approach that Czech and Chinese society adopted with respect to patent law, together with its' historical evolution in both compared countries. This historical insight into the evolution of patent legislation is aimed to help the reader to understand, why certain legislation is present in national patent laws, even though both countries are members of WTO and WIPO and parties to Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property. Another goal of this thesis is to compare the national patent legislation of individual patent institutes, to highlight the differences of such patent institutes and map the influence that the international treaties and international organizations have on the national patent legislation of its' respective country. Finally, this thesis will attempt to briefly introduce the Chinese system of patent enforcement and its practical application when the patentee seeks patent enforcement with Chinese authorities. This diploma thesis is divided into four chapters. The...

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries / Department: English.

This dissertation, which consists of four chapters, uses historical patent data to understand invention in the United States. The first chapter studies how institutions of higher education affect invention. The second chapter seeks to understand the importance of informal social interactions for the creation of new ideas. The third chapter answers the question of what types of individuals are most likely to become inventors. The fourth chapter discusses various historical patent datasets in detail. In Chapter 1, I exploit historical natural experiments to identify the causal effect of the establishment of new colleges on local patenting. Using losing finalist counties that did not receive a new college as counterfactuals, I find that the establishment of a new college caused 33% more patents per year in college counties relative to the losing finalists. To understand the role of a college education in driving patenting in college towns, I use a novel dataset of graduates from college yearbooks and find that a college's graduates and faculty account for a very small share of the patents granted in that college's county. Changes in county population account for 45-65% of the increase in patenting in college counties. In Chapter 2, I exploit a different historical policy to understand the importance of informal social interactions for invention. More specifically, I examine the effects of state-level alcohol prohibition in the U.S. Prior to the enactment of statewide alcohol laws, each county determined its own alcohol policies. Thus, statewide prohibition differentially treated counties depending on whether they were wet or dry prior to statewide adoption. The imposition of statewide prohibition reduces the number of patents by 15% per year in previously wet counties relative to previously dry counties. The effect is largest in the first three years after the imposition of prohibition and diminishes thereafter. Consistent with this decrease being driven by a disruption of informal social interactions, the patenting rate for men decreased more than that for women in previously wet counties. In Chapter 3, my coauthors and I match the Annual Reports of the Commissioner of Patents from 1870 to 1940 to the corresponding U.S. Federal Population Censuses. This matching procedure provides a rich set of demographic information on a comprehensive set of inventors, allowing us to answer the fundamental question of who invents. We first document that patentees are more likely to be older, white, male and to be living in a state other than the one in which they were born. These patterns are very persistent over space and time. We then attempt to identify correlates of the demographics of patentees focusing on county-level economic and demographic characteristics. Beyond the most obvious, such as the fraction of a particular demographic group in that county, very little explains differences in the demographics of inventors across counties. In Chapter 4, I compare the strengths and weaknesses of four historical patent datasets and consider the suitability of each for use in economic research. I describe in detail differences in terms of the type and reliability of included information and potential sample selection issues. I show that while there are differences across datasets, overall they paint a remarkably consistent picture of invention in U.S. history.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Texas at Arlington, 2006.