Chapter 1 discusses the econometric pitfalls associated with the use of patent production functions to study the invention process. It then goes on to argue that a sound understanding of the invention process necessarily requires an understanding of the propensity to patent. The empirical analysis carried out in Chapter 1 seeks to explain the proportion of inventions patented – a potential metric for the propensity to patent – from an international sample of manufacturing firms. Chapter 2 proposes a methodology to filter out the noise induced by varying patent practices in the R&D-patent relationship. The methodology explicitly decomposes the patent-to-R&D ratio into its components of productivity and propensity. It is then applied to a novel data set of priority patent applications in four countries and six industries. Chapter 3 takes stock of the literature on the role of fees in patent systems while Chapter 4 presents estimates of the price elasticity of demand for patents at the trilateral offices (that is, in the U.S., Japan and Europe). The estimation of dynamic panel data models of patent applications suggests that the long-term price elasticity is about -0.30.

In der Dissertation werden neue Entwurfsmethoden für Kompaktoren für die Ausgänge von digitalen Schaltungen beschrieben, die die Anzahl der zu testenden Ausgänge drastisch verkleinern und dabei die Testbarkeit der Schaltungen nur wenig oder gar nicht verschlechtern. <br>Der erste Teil der Arbeit behandelt für kombinatorische Schaltungen Methoden, die die Struktur der Schaltungen beim Entwurf der Kompaktoren berücksichtigen. Verschiedene Algorithmen zur Analyse von Schaltungsstrukturen werden zum ersten Mal vorgestellt und untersucht. Die Komplexität der vorgestellten Verfahren zur Erzeugung von Kompaktoren ist linear bezüglich der Anzahl der Gatter in der Schaltung und ist damit auf sehr große Schaltungen anwendbar. <br>Im zweiten Teil wird erstmals ein solches Verfahren für sequentielle Schaltkreise beschrieben. Dieses Verfahren baut im wesentlichen auf das erste auf. <br>Der dritte Teil beschreibt eine Entwurfsmethode, die keine Informationen über die interne Struktur der Schaltung oder über das zugrundeliegende Fehlermodell benötigt. Der Entwurf basiert alleine auf einem vorgegebenen Satz von Testvektoren und die dazugehörenden Testantworten der fehlerfreien Schaltung. Ein nach diesem Verfahren erzeugter Kompaktor maskiert keinen der Fehler, die durch das Testen mit den vorgegebenen Vektoren an den Ausgängen der Schaltung beobachtbar sind. / The objective of this thesis is to provide new space compaction techniques for testing or concurrent checking of digital circuits. In particular, the work focuses on the design of space compactors that achieve high compaction ratio and minimal loss of testability of the circuits. <br>In the first part, the compactors are designed for combinational circuits based on the knowledge of the circuit structure. Several algorithms for analyzing circuit structures are introduced and discussed for the first time. The complexity of each design procedure is linear with respect to the number of gates of the circuit. Thus, the procedures are applicable to large circuits. <br>In the second part, the first structural approach for output compaction for sequential circuits is introduced. Essentially, it enhances the first part. <br>For the approach introduced in the third part it is assumed that the structure of the circuit and the underlying fault model are unknown. The space compaction approach requires only the knowledge of the fault-free test responses for a precomputed test set. The proposed compactor design guarantees zero-aliasing with respect to the precomputed test set.

Bakgrund: I telecom tillverkas slutna system som inte är kompatibla med olika tillverkares produkter. Telia mfl har tagit fram en öppen standard arkitektur men står samtidigt inför frågan hur detta påverkar affärsmodellerna i telecom. Syfte: Hur förändras affärsmodellerna då en öppen standard arkitektur införs? Avgränsningar: Uppsatsen fokuserar på nätoperatörer. Genomförande: En kvalitativ studie med empiriskt materialet från rapporter och forskningsartiklar samt från samtal med experter i branschen. Resultat: Affärsmodellerna påverkas i olika faser. Först kan arkitekturen användas som en multigateway som kopplar ihop många aktörer. I ett senare skede kan aktörer som bandbreddsbörser utnyttja tekniken.

Embedded systems are becoming increasingly common in our everyday lives. As technology progresses, these systems become more and more complex. Designers handle this increasing complexity by reusing existing components. At the same time, the systems must fulfill strict functional and non-functional requirements. This thesis presents novel and efficient techniques for the verification of component-based embedded system designs. As a common basis, these techniques have been developed using a Petri net based modelling approach, called PRES+. Two complementary problems are addressed: component verification and integration verification. With component verification the providers verify their components so that they function correctly if given inputs conforming to the assumptions imposed by the components on their environment. Two techniques for component verification are proposed in the thesis. The first technique enables formal verification of SystemC designs by translating them into the PRES+ representation. The second technique involves a simulation based approach into which formal methods are injected to boost verification efficiency. Provided that each individual component is verified and is guaranteed to function correctly, the components are interconnected to form a complete system. What remains to be verified is the interface logic, also called glue logic, and the interaction between components. Each glue logic and interface cannot be verified in isolation. It must be put into the context in which it is supposed to work. An appropriate environment must thus be derived from the components to which the glue logic is connected. This environment must capture the essential properties of the whole system with respect to the properties being verified. In this way, both the glue logic and the interaction of components through the glue logic are verified. The thesis presents algorithms for automatically creating such environments as well as the underlying theoretical framework and a step-by-step roadmap on how to apply these algorithms.

The objective of this thesis is to find factors that can be helpful for Swedish companies that are thinking about entering the Kurdish market. The Kurdish market is a new and growing market in a region that is in its development phase. The Kurdish region has an area of 88 000 km2 and is located in northern Iraq and the languages spoken in the region are mainly Kurdish and Arabic. Since the fall of the Saddam Hussein regime in 2003 the region has made an effort to attract foreign investors to the region. The efforts include laws designed to make it easier for investors to establish themselves on the Kurdish market. We thought it would be interesting to examine the Kurdish market to find out important factors that might be of interest for Swedish firms. In a globalized economy it is important to internationalize in order to meet the competition that comes from a globalized economy. So what factors could constitute an obstacle for a successful internationalization to the Kurdish market? Through contact with representatives from Kurdistan regional government (KRG) we have managed to interview four Swedish firms that already have established themselves on the market. We have used a semi-structured interview technique to conduct the interviews. To get a perspective on how the internationalization process progress, we have gathered information about the process. This information resulted in an interview guide that covered the aspects of internationalization and was a useful tool for us during the interviews. As a result from our investigation we conclude that the Kurdish market is a promising market if your company is active in the right field of business, though there are some issues that one has to be aware of and it is important to handle these correctly for a successful business on the market. Through our analysis we have contributed with some new aspects that are specific for the Kurdish market and may also be of importance on other markets as well.

Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka om det föreligger någon skillnad mellan hur personer med diabetes typ 1 med MDI- respektive IP-behandling skattar sin hälsorelaterade livskvalitet, behandlingstillfredsställelse och uppfattning av behandlingsformens påverkan på livskvaliteten. Vidare är syftet att undersöka om det föreligger någon skillnad mellan män och kvinnor, samt mellan kvinnor respektive män i MDI- respektive IP-gruppen, avseende hälsorelaterade livskvalitet, behandlingstillfredsställelse och uppfattning av behandlingsformens påverkan på livskvaliteten. Som instrument användes enkäten SF-36 samt en egenkonstruerad enkät med bakgrundsfrågor rörande skattning av behandlingstillfredsställelse och uppfattning av behandlingsformens påverkan på livskvaliteten. I MDI-gruppen deltog 40 deltagare och i IP-gruppen 37 deltagare. Studien har en deskriptiv jämförande design. Resultatet visade att det inte finns någon signifikant skillnad mellan MDI- och IP-gruppens skattning av hälsorelaterad livskvalitet. Skillnader kunde påvisas mellan behandlingsformerna gällande behandlingstillfredsställelse och uppfattningen av behandlingsformens påverkan på livskvalitet. IP-gruppen har en signifikant högre behandlingstillfredsställelse samt anser att behandlingsformen påverkar deras livskvalitet mer än MDI-gruppen. Kvinnor i MDI-gruppen skattade sin hälsorelaterade livskvalitet signifikant lägre än män i MDI-gruppen, ingen skillnad kunde dock påvisas mellan männen och kvinnorna i IP-gruppen. Männen i MDI-gruppen skattar sin hälsorelaterade livskvalitet signifikant högre än männen i IP-gruppen. Ingen skillnad kunde påvisas mellan männen i de båda grupperna gällande behandlingsstillfredsställelse eller uppfattningen av behandlingsformens påverkan på livskvaliteten. Kvinnorna i IP-gruppen skattade signifikant högre gällande behandlingsstillfredsställelse och uppfattningen av behandlingsformens påverkan på livskvaliteten än kvinnorna i MDI-gruppen. Kvinnorna i IP-gruppen har likartad hälsorelaterad livskvalitetsskattning som männen i samma grupp och har även en högre behandlingstillfredsställelse än kvinnor i MDI-gruppen. Slutsatsen kan vara att IP är en lämplig behandling för kvinnor

Les Syst emes sur puce (soc) sont de plus en plus complexes. Leur concep- tion repose largement sur la r eutilisation des blocs, appel es ip (Intellectual Pro- perty). Ces ip sont construites par des concepteurs di erents travaillant avec des outils di erents. Aussi existe-t-il une demande pressante concernant l'in- terop erabilit e des ip, c'est- a-dire d'assurer la compatibilit e des formats et l'uni- cit e d'interpr etation de leurs descriptions. ip-xact constitue un standard de facto d e ni dans le cadre de la conception de syst emes electroniques pour fournir des repr esentations portables de composants ( electroniques) et d'ip. ip-xact a r eussi a assurer la compatibilit e syntaxique, mais il a n eglig e les aspects comportemen- taux. uml est un langage de mod elisation classique pour le g enie logiciel. Il four- nit des el ements de mod ele propres a couvrir tous les aspects structurels et com- portementaux d'une conception. Nous pr^onons une utilisation conjointe d'uml et d'ip-xact pour r ealiser la n ecessaire interop erabilit e. Plus pr ecis ement, nous r eutilisons le pro l uml pour marte pour etendre uml avec des caract eristiques temps r eel embarqu ees. Le paquetage Mod elisation G en erique de Ressources de marte est etendu pour prendre en compte des sp eci cit es structurelles d'ip- xact. Le Mod ele de temps de marte etend le mod ele atemporel d'uml avec le concept de temps logique bien adapt e a la mod elisation au niveau syst eme electronique. La premi ere contribution de cette th ese est la d e nition d'un mod ele de do- maine pour ip-xact. Ce mod ele de domaine est utilis e pour construire un pro l uml pour ip-xact qui r eutilise autant que possible les st er eotypes de marte et en d e nit de nouveaux uniquement en cas de besoin. Une transformation de mod ele a et e mise en uvre dans ATL permettant d'utiliser des editeurs graphiques uml comme front-end pour la sp eci cation d'ip et la g en eration des sp eci cations ip- xact correspondantes. Inversement, des chiers ip-xact peuvent ^etre import es dans un outil uml par une autre transformation de mod eles. La deuxi eme contribution porte sur la mod elisation de propri et es et de con- traintes temporelles portant sur des ip. Les diagrammes comportementaux d'uml sont enrichis avec des horloges logiques et des contraintes d'horloge exprim ees dans le langage de speci cation de contraintes d'horloge (ccsl) de marte. La sp eci cation ccsl peut alors servir de mod ele de r ef erence pour le com- portement temporel attendu et la v eri cation des impl ementations a di erents niveaux d'abstraction (rtl ou tlm). Les propri et es temporelles sont v eri ees en utilisant une biblioth eque sp ecialis ee d'observateurs.

Amateur Packet Radio Networking presently uses the NET/ROM protocol to establish the network. NET/ROM is considered to be insufficient to support the expected growth of the network. This research work proposes to use the TCP/IP protocol suite instead to build the network. A comparison between features of both protocols supports this proposal. A new and simple hardware platform is introduced. This will provide adequate support for initial experiments. Design considerations for both hardware architecture and software architecture are discussed in detail. Implementation of the IP protocol used for routing is discussed. / Graduation date: 1992

The utilitarian theory contemplates rewarding the risks of inventors by providing them with a defined period of exclusivity to recoup their investment. For inventions requiring further investment, patents enable the creation of financial relationships between inventors and investors by providing patent exclusivity during the commercialization process. Innovation, contrasted from invention and conceptualized as commercialization, however, does not necessarily form the best means for delivering to the public inventions intended to improve health. Although patent policy conflates the economic growth and health improvement objectives of innovation, these goals do not always align. While the exercise of BRCA patents instantiates exclusive practicing of patents that failed to adequately deliver health technology, the patent system does not need significant change. Rather, to maintain the expectations of patent holders while balancing the needs of the public, current practices should continue with the encouragement of the creation of voluntary patent pools.

The utilitarian theory contemplates rewarding the risks of inventors by providing them with a defined period of exclusivity to recoup their investment. For inventions requiring further investment, patents enable the creation of financial relationships between inventors and investors by providing patent exclusivity during the commercialization process. Innovation, contrasted from invention and conceptualized as commercialization, however, does not necessarily form the best means for delivering to the public inventions intended to improve health. Although patent policy conflates the economic growth and health improvement objectives of innovation, these goals do not always align. While the exercise of BRCA patents instantiates exclusive practicing of patents that failed to adequately deliver health technology, the patent system does not need significant change. Rather, to maintain the expectations of patent holders while balancing the needs of the public, current practices should continue with the encouragement of the creation of voluntary patent pools.