Chan Chun Hang Henry. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 129-138). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Notes on the sources of the works of Immanuel Kant and keys to abbreviations --- p.i / Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter CHAPTER ONE: --- The Supersensible in the Critique of Pure Reason and the Critique of Practical Reason / Chapter I. --- Introduction --- p.8 / Chapter II. --- "Brief Survey to the Scholarships on the ""Dialectic""" --- p.11 / Chapter III. --- The Supersensible in the first Critique: A Problematic / Emergence of the Transcendental Ideas --- p.16 / Bound determination and Reason --- p.17 / Antinomy and the Supersensible Totality --- p.24 / Concluding remarks --- p.34 / Chapter IV. --- The Supersensible in the second Critique: Reality of Freedom as Practical Reason --- p.36 / """Keystone “ of the critical system" --- p.37 / Pure practical reason and freedom --- p.39 / Chapter V. --- Tension between the Two Critiques --- p.44 / Chapter VI. --- Conclusion to the Chapter --- p.48 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO: --- A Transition from Nature to Freedom and the Power of Judgement / Chapter I. --- Introduction: From Urtheil to Urtheilskraft --- p.50 / Chapter II. --- Experience as a System and the Urtheilskraft --- p.55 / Chapter III. --- System of Philosophy and the Urtheilskraft --- p.59 / Chapter IV. --- Aesthetic Judgement as Reflective Power of Judgement --- p.64 / Chapter V. --- The Moments of Taste --- p.67 / First Moment: Taste as disinterested --- p.67 / Second Moment: Taste as universal --- p.69 / Third Moment: Taste as purposiveness without purpose --- p.71 / Fourth Moment: Taste as necessary liking --- p.72 / Chapter VI. --- "Imagination, Harmony, and the Deduction of Aesthetic Judgement" --- p.74 / Imagination in the Critique of Pure Reason --- p.76 / Deduction of taste --- p.81 / Chapter VII. --- Concluding Remarks to the Chapter --- p.85 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE: --- Reflective Judgement and the Supersensible Substrate / Chapter I. --- Introduction --- p.86 / Chapter II. --- Analogy and Teleological Judgement --- p.88 / Analogy as reflective judgement --- p.89 / Teleological Judgement: Between mechanism and purposiveness --- p.92 / Chapter III. --- Intuitive Understanding and the Supersensible Substrate of Reality --- p.97 / The peculiarity of human cognitive power --- p.99 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR: --- Problems and Legacy of Kant's Concepts of Reflective Judgement and Supersensible Substrate / Chapter I. --- Introduction: Recapitulation of the Systematic Problem of Kant's Philosophy --- p.108 / Chapter II. --- The Supersensible Substrate as seen through Reflective Power of Judgement --- p.113 / Chapter III. --- An Indeterminate Ground of Critical Philosophy --- p.116 / Indeterminate ground of philosophy; or the destination of human freedom? --- p.120 / Chapter IV. --- Concluding Remarks --- p.125 / Conclusion --- p.126 / Bibliography --- p.129

Context: The study of expertise in medical education has tended to follow the traditions of describing either the analytic processes or the non-analytic resources that experts acquire with experience. We argue that a critical function of expertise is the ability to transition from the automatic mode to the more effortful mode when required – a transition referred to as ‘slowing down when you should’. Objectives: To explore the phenomenon of ‘slowing down when you should’ in operative surgical practice and its role in intra-operative surgical judgment, and to develop conceptual models of the factors involved in the display of this transition in surgical operative practice. Design: In Phase 1A, 28 surgeons were interviewed about their views of surgical judgment in general and their perceptions of the role of this phenomenon in operative judgment. In Phase 1B, a subset of surgeons from Phase 1A was re-interviewed to explore their perceptions of automaticity in operative practice. In Phase 2, observational sessions (and brief interviews) were conducted of surgeons in the operating room to explore the nature of this phenomenon in its natural environment. Results: The surgeons in this study recognized the phenomenon of ‘slowing down’ in their operative practice and acknowledged its link to surgical judgment. Two main initiators were described and observed: proactively planned ‘slowing down’ moments occurring intra-operatively initiated by critical events anticipated pre-operatively and situationally responsive ‘slowing down’ moments initiated by emergent cues intra-operatively. Numerous influences of this transition were uncovered. A control dynamic emerged as surgeon’s negotiated ‘slowing down’ moments through trainees in their supervisory academic practice. Numerous manifestations of this phenomenon were observed in the operating room and considered using a cognitive psychology attention capacity model. Conclusions: This study offers a conceptual framework for understanding the role of ‘slowing down when you should’ in operative surgical practice, providing a vocabulary that will allow more explicit consideration of what contributes to surgical expertise. Consideration of this framework with its consequent ability to make surgical practices more explicit has implications for self-regulation in practice, surgical error, and surgical training.

Context: The study of expertise in medical education has tended to follow the traditions of describing either the analytic processes or the non-analytic resources that experts acquire with experience. We argue that a critical function of expertise is the ability to transition from the automatic mode to the more effortful mode when required – a transition referred to as ‘slowing down when you should’. Objectives: To explore the phenomenon of ‘slowing down when you should’ in operative surgical practice and its role in intra-operative surgical judgment, and to develop conceptual models of the factors involved in the display of this transition in surgical operative practice. Design: In Phase 1A, 28 surgeons were interviewed about their views of surgical judgment in general and their perceptions of the role of this phenomenon in operative judgment. In Phase 1B, a subset of surgeons from Phase 1A was re-interviewed to explore their perceptions of automaticity in operative practice. In Phase 2, observational sessions (and brief interviews) were conducted of surgeons in the operating room to explore the nature of this phenomenon in its natural environment. Results: The surgeons in this study recognized the phenomenon of ‘slowing down’ in their operative practice and acknowledged its link to surgical judgment. Two main initiators were described and observed: proactively planned ‘slowing down’ moments occurring intra-operatively initiated by critical events anticipated pre-operatively and situationally responsive ‘slowing down’ moments initiated by emergent cues intra-operatively. Numerous influences of this transition were uncovered. A control dynamic emerged as surgeon’s negotiated ‘slowing down’ moments through trainees in their supervisory academic practice. Numerous manifestations of this phenomenon were observed in the operating room and considered using a cognitive psychology attention capacity model. Conclusions: This study offers a conceptual framework for understanding the role of ‘slowing down when you should’ in operative surgical practice, providing a vocabulary that will allow more explicit consideration of what contributes to surgical expertise. Consideration of this framework with its consequent ability to make surgical practices more explicit has implications for self-regulation in practice, surgical error, and surgical training.

Conflict Management in Pluralistic Societies: Aspect of Judgment Analysis. Abstract Interpersonal Conflict in pluralistic societies has been analyzed into¡§Fact Conflict¡¨(mutual interference in beliefs) and¡§Value Conflict¡¨ (mutual interference in preferences ), The interpersonal conflict can be caused by purely cognitive factors, that¡¦s to say, the fact conflict and value conflict can be treated together under the general rubric of¡§Cognitive Conflict¡¨. The growing of locally environmental disputes concerning large scale publicdecision-makings, such as the cases of constructions of Fifth Naphtha Cracking Plant,Fourth Nuclear Power Plant, and Meinung Dam etc., have raised enormous socialcost in recent years. One of the main causes of above mentioned disputes is cognitiveconflict. Among various efforts against problem of cognitive conflict, The Social JudgmentTheory, SJT, and the Cognitive Conflict Paradigm, CCP, have been confirmed to beone of the effective approaches to settle the problem of cognitive conflict. Social Judgment Theory is a descriptive and normative approach to judgment and decision making developed by Kenneth Hammond (1965,1975,1996) on the basis of Lens Model. Social Judgment Theory has been applied to the analysis of multiple cue probability learning, interpersonal conflict, interpersonal learning, and social policy decisions. It has also produced the policy decision aid. Moreover, Social Judgment Theory emphasizes that the¡§Judgment¡¨is generally more effective (reaches a higher achievement level), and more efficient(reaches a given achievement level more quickly) by utilizing of cognitive feedback while making decision. Cognitive Conflict Paradigm is to provide a scenario to uncover information concerning cognitive conflict. It¡¦s an experimental laboratory method that involves two stages: (1)Training stage in which two subjects are trained in such a way that each learns to think differently about a common set of problems, and(2)Conflict stage in which the two subjects are brought together and attempt to arrive at a joint decisions concerning the problems. Through Cognitive Conflict Paradigm, the investigator can observe two persons offering conflicting answers, efforts to cope with differences and arrive at a joint decision, in fact, observe the effect of the experience on their cognitive change and the efforts to solve subsequent problems. In this study, a series of simulated decision making task about Meinung Dam construction and the Social Judgment Theory & Cognitive Conflict Paradigm have been employed and tested by way of a laboratory quasi-experiment. The research fingings of this study include: 1. Dual cognitive feedback is more effective than outcome feedback in regard to the improvement of individual decision quality. 2. Single cognitive feedback is more effective than outcome feedback in regard to the improvement of individual decision quality. 3. Single cognitive feedback is as insignificant as outcome feedback in regard to the improvement of joint decision quality. 4. Dual cognitive feedback is more effective than outcome feedback in regard to the elimination of cognitive conflict. 5. Single cognitive feedback is as insignificant as outcome feedback in regard to the elimination of cognitive conflict. 6. The most constructive result obtained in this study was that we had presented a conceptual framework, research paradigm, and conflict management procedure generated from the application of Social Judgment Theory & Cognitive Conflict Paradigm to analyze and solve the conflict problems in pluralistic societies. These framework, paradigm, and procedure should be useful to subsequent cognitive conflict researchers and practical public decision making. Keywords¡GPluralistic Societies, Judgment Analysis ,Lens Model, Social Judgment Theory, Cognitive Conflict Paradigm, Outcome Feedback, Cognitive Feedback.

Taipei and Kasohsiung city¡¦s citizens live in base condition of society life area, base on the individuality cognition factors of information, education, morality, and ethic to the social reaction in the pluralistic society. People have to the co-operation and reciprocity each other in the everyday life. The morality norms standard depends on the different between private and public, to decide the co-operation and betrayal. The value or morality cognition embeds the society structure and society relations, it embodies social capital dimensions on interpersonal trust, network structure, and culture perception. They affect the individuality responsibility; reflect the north-south gap phenomena of economy, society, political, government, public policy and public management. For the issue on north-south gap includes in both individuality and society factor. a majority of research from the aspects on economy, society, political, and government. Few of research focus on civil culture empirical comparison study. Society system mechanism center in civil culture, from the judgment analysis aspects, the research employs the method of Social Judgment Theory, to investigate that Taipei and Kasohsiung city¡¦s citizens think about multiple attributes relevant information to judge the private or public affairs, reflect value, morality cognition, and social capital in the everyday life. The aim is to prove abstract concept on value, morality cognition, and social capital, to establish empirical study of civil culture relevant variance, to reflect individuality society, to provide the operation procedure of morality cognition in the future study. The research design takes double system case, selects the value cues of free-speech ,society-identity, develop-efficiency, society-stable, and add-income; the morality cognition cues of unfair, upself, reciprocity, relation and toleration; the social capital cues of interpersonal trust, network structure, and culture perception, to reflect citizens psychology priority weight. it keys to north-south gap problem, by the way on economy development and public affairs management education to pass the society shift test and resolve problem. The subject is citizen, tests in sample 531and568 .The research findings: ¡]i¡^Taipei and Kasohsiung city¡¦s citizen value priority weight: post-materialist¡]32% vs21%¡^,materialist¡]65% vs72%¡^,mixed type¡]3% vs7%¡^. ¡]ii¡^Taipei and Kasohsiung city¡¦s citizen morality cognition priority weight: fairness¡]38% vs31%¡^, careness¡]42% vs47%¡^, fairness/ careness¡]20% vs22%¡^ ¡]iii¡^Taipei and Kasohsiung city¡¦s citizen social capital priority weight: interpersonal trust¡]44% vs44%¡^, network structure¡]27%vs19%¡^, culture perception¡]29%vs37%¡^. The results reflect that Kasohsiung city holds tradition society state; Taipei city owns modern society state.

During the past decade, there has been increased attention on the role of mood on risk-taking and judgment. According to Isen¡¯s (1987) mood-maintenance hypothesis, individuals in a negative mood state tend to take greater risks than individuals in a neutral or positive mood state in order to improve their mood. In contrast, however, theorizing and research derived from an information-processing perspective indicates that individuals in a negative mood are more likely to engage in deliberate cognitive processes directed toward avoiding risk. This study seeks to resolve the discrepancy between these two perspectives by examining the influence of systematic cognitive processing as a mood regulation strategy (Forgas, 1998). Negative mood states were induced using a standardized film clip procedure. Participants then completed a risk-taking questionnaire either immediately following the induction, after performing a moderately difficult word anagram task, or after a delay period. As expected, participants in the anagram task condition showed lower levels of risk-taking preference than participants in the immediate judgment and delayed task conditions. Implications and future research directions for research in risk-taking and mood regulation are discussed.

My study offers a constructive exploration of divine judgment as salvific rather than destructive which I describe aphoristically as iudicandus est salvandus ('to be judged is to be saved'). My provocation to Christian eschatology is that human beings are not saved from judgment, but are saved within it. In chapter 1, I introduce the context of the study and propose the concept of salvific judgment. In chapter 2, I engage in an exploration of the symbols and problems of judgment through a reappraisal of De novissimis ('concerning the last things'), the last section found in traditional works of dogmatics. This is followed, in chapter 3, by a critical engagement with the soteriological optimism posited by four twentieth- and twenty-first century theologians: Sergei Bulgakov, Hans Urs von Balthasar, J.A.T. Robinson, and Marilyn McCord Adams. In chapter 4, I explore four versions of the purpose of judgment: (1) as retributive with a dual outcome, engaging the work of Paul O'Callaghan; (2) as retributive and universalist, in conversation with Sergei Bulgakov; (3) as non-retributive, rectifying, and universalist, exploring the oeuvre of Jürgen Moltmann; and (4) as non-retributive, constitutive of personhood, and quasi-universalist, investigating the eschatological thought of Markus Mühling. In chapter 5, I propose to approach divine judgment as the event of absolute recognition. I posit that it is within the eschatic recognition of God, the self, and the other that transformation and glorification occur in a way that avoids a dual outcome of salvation and damnation. I then explore the problems concerning eternal life ('heaven') in the received tradition and propose that life in the eschatic realm of God is not eternal stasis, but the semper novum. I also explore this understanding of eternal life as it relates to the communion of saints. I conclude by arguing that we may approach divine judgment with faith, hope, and love – not only for ourselves, but for the human race as a whole.

Patterns of moral judgment exhibited by institutional candidates and fellows in the American Council on Education Fellows Program in Leadership for Higher Education 1988/1989 and 1989/1990 were explored in this study. The fellowship program selection process produced a group of institutional candidates with the high level of moral judgment development necessary for successful leadership in higher education administration. The goals of the program may be best served by minor improvements which will enhance a sound process. The results indicate that moral judgment development was not a significant factor in the selection of fellows. Salary and years of administrative experience, however, were related to selection. Candidates with higher salaries were more likely to be selected as fellows and tended to have lower levels of moral judgment development. The study revealed that there are variables affecting the selection and further investigation is necessary to determine which variables affect the selection and if they contribute to the goals of the fellowship program. Participation in the fellowship program did not significantly affect the fellows' level of moral judgment development as a group. The fellowship program did, however, have a positive impact on the upper third subgroup of fellows and a negative impact on the lower third subgroup. The performance of the upper third indicated that they have the potential to make a significant contribution to higher education administration. The middle third subgroup's performance indicated it is in a position to benefit significantly from program adjustments which enhance the fellows' awareness and broaden their perspective of the social milieu, within which higher education functions. Performance of the lower third indicated that the fellowship program might be adapted to meet the needs of this subgroup. Further study of other variables separating these three subgroups is needed. A longitudinal study could be completed to determine if candidates in the three subgroups went on to make the contributions in higher education administration this study implied they were equipped to make.

After exposure to a short, constant delay between voluntary movement and sensory stimuli, temporal recalibration (TR) arises to realign asynchronous stimuli. The objective of this study was to determine if awareness of the temporal lag between a motor response (i.e., a keypress) and a sensory event (i.e., a visual flash) is necessary for TR to occur. We further investigated whether manipulating the motor and judgment tasks required modifies the influence of awareness on TR due to the cognitive processes engaged. Participants (n = 22) were randomly divided between two groups (Group 1: Aware and Group 2: Unaware). The Aware group was told of the temporal lag between their keypress and visual flash at the beginning of the experiment, whereas the Unaware group was not. All participants completed 8 blocks of trials, in which the motor tasks (e.g., a single or repetitive tap), judgment tasks (e.g., judging the order of the keypress in relation to the visual flash or judging whether the two stimuli were simultaneous or not), and temporal lag between keypress and visual flash (e.g., a 0 ms or 100 ms lag) varied. TR was determined by comparing judgments between corresponding blocks of trials in which the temporal lag was 0 ms to 100 ms. Results revealed that both the Aware and Unaware groups of participants demonstrated TR across both motor and judgment tasks, and that the magnitude of TR did not vary across Aware and Unaware participants or tasks. Thus, results of the present study revealed that awareness of a temporal lag does not influence the magnitude of motor-sensory TR achieved.

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