Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (fuzzy AHP) is a helpful MCDM approach for the selection of public financing of cooperative R&D projects developed by firms in collaboration with government. A technical committee for Industrial Technology Development Program (ITDP) in Taiwan regularly evaluates and decides proper public financing of cooperative R&D projects. In this study, we first discuss important criteria for R&D projects selection. We apply fuzzy AHP to integrating decisions of members in the technical committee. Especially we utilize crisp judgment matrix instead of interval judgment matrix to integrate subject judgments of these members. Our results indicate that scientific & technology merit criterion (0.389) is most important considered in overall technical committees. Besides that, the project execution (0.260) is more important criteria than potential benefits (0.204) and project risk (0.147) in ITDP selection. Moreover, we utilize the simulation to analyze relative important of criteria under risky environment. Our results also indicate that the relative important of criteria will reverse when technical committee faces different risk level. Generally speaking, the paper reveals below results: (1) the fuzzy AHP is an appropriate method in multi-criteria R&D projects selection; (2) the crisp judgment matrix is suitable to integrate subject judgments of technical committee; (3) the relative important of criteria will reverse under different risky environment.

According to prior researches about service failure and service recovery, much attention was given to types of service recovery. However, there was still lack of discussion on the effectiveness of service recovery performance on customer satisfaction, WOM and re-patronage. Recently, there were some researches investigated on how customer relationship with a service organization affects their reactions to service failure and recovery. As a result, this research integrated the five determinants of customer satisfaction (stability attribution, controllability attribution, perceived equity, positive and negative affect) to further investigate the moderate effect of customer relationship on service recovery performance, WOM and re-patronage. This research reports an experimental design in the context of restaurants is separated into (2*4) eight scenarios. Four hundred and twenty-two questionnaires were gathered via internet. According to the gathered data, the conclusions of this research are summarized as following: 1.As the service recovery performance increases, customers are unlikely to attribute the service failure as a stable factor. At the same time, the degree of customers¡¦ perceived equity would be higher. 2.Customer¡¦s relationship is significant to the stable attribution, but is not significant to the controllable attribution and perceived equity. 3.Negative relationships exist between stable attribution, controllable attribution and positive affect. Positive relationships exist between perceived equity and positive affect. 4.Customer¡¦s relationship is not significant to moderate the re-patronage and word-of mouth. 5.The integrated analysis on cognitive and affective viewpoint can let post-recovery satisfaction clarify 66.2% of variation explanation. 6.The LISREL analysis result appears that the goodness of fit of the structure in this study would be acceptable.

Taiwan society had evolved in the past 15 years, and the citizens had more opportunities to participate in puclic policy decisions.However, the formation of the policy about Mainland China in Taiwan is a very diffcult thing. A lot of different opinions and ideology we can not control. Coping with Mainland China affairs is invitable to Taiwan. No matter economic, politics or society, Taiwan always faces the menace of the Mainland China. Therefore, making a good Mainland China policy is important. Cohering a common comsensus is also essential.And Social Judgment Theory is a descriptive and normative approach to judgment and decision making developed by Kenneth Hammond (1965,1975,1996) on the basis of Lens Model. Social Judgment Theory has been applied to the analysis of multiple cue probability learning, interpersonal conflict, interpersonal learning, and social policy decisions. It has also produced the policy decision aid. Moreover, Social Judgment Theory emphasizes that the¡§Judgment¡¨is generally more effective (reaches a higher achievement level), and more efficient(reaches a given achievement level more quickly) by utilizing of cognitive feedback while making decision. In this study, a serious of simulated decision maing tast about importing Mainland China talent and the Social Jugdement Theory and Cognition Conflict Paradigm have been employed and tested by way of a laboratory quasi-experiment. The research prove : 1.Cognitive feedback is more effective than outcome feedback in regard to the improvement of individual decision quality. 2. Dual cognitive feedback is more effective than outcome feedback in regard to the improvement of individual decision quality. 3.Dual cognitive feedback is more effective than outcome feedback in regard to the elimination of cognitive conflict. Comparing Taiwan with Mainland China MPA students, we can find the students in Taiwan and Mainland China are all concerning about the cues variable of polotics. They all think the politics is the most important variable about the strait affairs.

This thesis aims to explore the role and significance of the aesthetic experience in Kant&rsquo / s philosophy. To accomplish this aim / firstly, the role of aesthetic power of judgment is discovered in subject&rsquo / s production of truths about the sensible world which is attributed to the cognitive power of understanding. Secondly, the role of aesthetic power of judgment in subject&rsquo / s representation of the good and in formation of moral judgments is demonstrated. Aesthetic power of judgment which enables both the reception and production of the beauty as a necessary harmony and unity brings an aesthetic and intuitive determinability to the acknowledged transcendent field for knowledge. The thesis is concluded by the affirmation that aesthetic power of judgment as an orienting interpretative power is a necessary condition for the subject, who is limited in knowledge and sensibly conditioned in the realization of moral purposes, in order to know and to have a moral life.

It has been widely accepted that people do not always behave rationally when making decisions. However, cognitive biases are still of interest to a relatively small group (mostly working in the area of psychology) even though they have been introduced to a wider audience by Tversky and Kahneman&rsquo / s article in Science in 1974. It has already been shown that behavioral biases affect most decisions of people / therefore, they have an important role in a wide range of fields, from financial marketing to gambling. The purpose of this study is to investigate some cognitive biases (anchoring, reference point, probability judgment and risk propensity) in Turkey. In brief, anchoring bias is the fallacious effect of anchor values on decision making process, the presence of reference point bias proves that people are excessively affected by comparisons, probability judgment bias is the erroneous evaluation of probabilities, and risk propensity bias is the fallacious effect of the risk propensity levels on decision making processes. The relationships of these biases with individual cognitive ability levels and socioeconomic variables are also inspected. The data are collected by using a survey that is composed of the related measures which are taken from previous surveys in the literature. The sample is composed of a large number of participants (1575) from a wide range of socioeconomic statuses, from students to working professionals to retired individuals. The results lend support to the presence of a reference point bias, and an effect of risk propensity levels on decisions. However, an evidence which supports anchoring and probability judgment biases are failed to be found at a significant level. A significant relationship between cognitive ability level and risk propensity level is found. Moreover, demographic variables are also found to have an effect on the selected biases and cognitive ability.

My thesis aims to delve into Immanuel Kant&rsquo / s formulation of the faculty of imagination in his Critique of Pure Reason and Critique of the Power of Judgment. In relation to the First Critique, it specifically concerns the relation of the &ldquo / mysterious&rdquo / function of imagination to the object and its representation as one of the fundamental steps of the emergence or production of theoretical knowledge. As regards the Third Critique, it scrutinizes the relation of imagination to reflective, as opposed to determinative, judgment and seeks to specify its role in aesthetic appreciation and artistic creativity. The thesis first provides us with a background to Kant&rsquo / s philosophy, delineating the specific issues at hand and briefly introducing important Kantian fundaments, along with imagination, by making use of secondary literature. It then views imagination as has been theorized throughout the history of philosophy up until the age of Enlightenment and examines Kant&rsquo / s two Critiques with a focus on imagination. Thirdly, it evaluates the aspects of Kantian imagination through the works of scholars whose differing interpretations are compared and disputed. Taking mainly the discussions of the previous chapter into account, the conclusion chapter constitutes my own interpretation of the disputes and possible solutions related to the imagination within the broader frame of Kantian philosophy.

Verbal information plays a pivot role in human daily communication. Recent research has pointed out that the performance of human cognition in processing verbal information has no significant difference from that in processing numerical information. However, no proper model is available to describe human cognition in processing of verbal information. Therefore, this dissertation explores the difference between human cognition and normative models in processing verbal terms, and further analyzes the decision rules employed by decision-makers to illustrate the proper form of a descriptive model. The explored verbal operations include the following statistics: representation, mean, and variance. In the study of verbal representation, the differences among numerical representation, fuzzy representation, and cognitive representation of Likert verbal evaluations are revealed. This cognitive representation is obtained by the proposed interval estimation method. The proposed method can simultaneously construct the verbal categories in a Likert scale. The result shows that the cognitive representation is inconsistent with the assumption of equal interval in numerical representation, and those of symmetry and equal space in fuzzy representation. In the study of verbal mean operation, the research first investigated the differences among numerical, fuzzy, and cognitive methods in aggregating verbal terms by conducting three experiments. The results reveal that the numerical operation deviates much from actually decision making. The performances of fuzzy aggregations are also poor. This fact shows that fuzzy aggregations are still not qualified as descriptive operators. However, using cognitive representation to conduct fuzzy number operations can obtain a higher match-rate with the human decision (from 0.62 to 0.77). To understand the decision rules underlying human cognition, the research conduct a Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) analysis. The results show that, other than numerical mean, subjects use two intuitive rules to aggregate opinions, namely, extreme-value and polarity. In the study of verbal variance operation, the research obtained the subjective judgments by a paired-comparison procedure. Furthermore, a factorial experiment is conducted to investigate the factors that might influence subjects¡¦ verbal consensus judgment. The results show that subjects¡¦ verbal consensus judgment is related to numerical variance, entropy, polarity, the interaction between numerical variance and polarity, the interaction between entropy and polarity, and the interaction among numerical variance, entropy, and polarity. Above all, entropy is a more significant descriptive operator than numerical variance. The results of the dissertation could complement the current numerical methods in processing qualitative data. Possible applications of the research findings are also discussed. Keywords: verbal information, cognitive operation, verbal representation, aggregation of verbal opinions, and consensus judgment of verbal opinions.

Abstract ¡§The industry is the basis of financial industry and the financial industry is the industrial backing¡¨. The industry and the finance should originally complement one another, interdependence. However, bilateral trade is very fast, but the bilateral financial cooperation is relatively slow. Until the financial tsunami and second time ¡§Jiang Chen Huiliou¡¨, bilateral finance cooperation warms day by day. There are many reasons affecting cross-strait finance corporations. Based on the literature review, this study divides the factors into the areas of the economy, the risk and the cooperation mechanism; and it chooses five cues of ¡§increase finance of the Taiwanese enterprises¡¨, ¡§promoting competency of financial industry¡¨, ¡§the political risk¡¨, ¡§the cooperation of financial supervision¡¨ and ¡§the communication of people¡¨ by conducting interviews with masters of financial industry, the official staffs and professors. With the research method of Social Judgment Theory, as the foundation design questionnaire, will treated financial staffs, local citizens and government staffs in order to examine whether disparate groups have different cognitions toward the five cues. Total questionnaire are 460, recycling 402 and the effective questionnaire are 256. Interviews with experts and the survey analysis result in the following findings: 1.All experts pay high attention on ¡§the political risk¡¨ and ¡§the cooperation of financial supervision¡¨ followed by ¡§increases finance of the Taiwanese enterprises¡¨, ¡§promotes competency of financial industry¡¨ and ¡§the communication of people¡¨. 2.In the average weights, all groups pay attention ¡§the political risk¡¨ followed by ¡§promoting competency of financial industry¡¨, ¡§the cooperation of financial supervision¡¨, ¡§the communication of people¡¨ and ¡§increases finance of the Taiwanese enterprises¡¨. 3.In the judgment functions, all groups have positive attitudes toward the three cues:¡¨ promoting competency of financial industry¡¨, ¡§the cooperation of financial supervision¡¨, ¡§and increases finance of the Taiwanese enterprises¡¨. On the cue of ¡§the communication of people¡¨ have positive attitude and U-curves. Finally, all groups have negative attitude toward ¡§the political risk¡¨. 4.There are statistical findings in T-test and ANOVA: (1)After T-test, there are significant differences in ¡§the political risk¡¨ for all groups and the rest of cues are insignificant. (2)There are significant differences in ¡§increases finance of the Taiwanese enterprises¡¨, ¡§the cooperation of financial supervision¡¨ and ¡§the communication of people¡¨ among different groups of area. The rest of cues are insignificant among the groups of different area. (3)There are significant in ¡§increases finance of the Taiwanese enterprises¡¨ and ¡§promoting competency of financial industry¡¨ among the groups of different decades. The groups of different work experience have significant in ¡§the cooperation of financial supervision¡¨.

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