This thesis aims to highlight the problems with statutory employment protection available to workers when the employer imposes new qualification requirements in connection with the reorganization. The purpose of this thesis is also that from an intersectional perspective, examine the societal implications employers for new skill requirements, in the knowledge society. The methods used to fulfill the purpose of the essay is legal dogmatic. This has been applied in order to determine what is the law in relation to the new qualification requirements at the reorganization of the business. Furthermore has a sociological analysis applied to study the social implications employers new qualification requirements may be. This analysis has assumed an intersectional perspective of power. The conclusions that emerged through the essay indicates the law of today primarily protects workers with formal qualifications as university education or vocational training. Informal qualifications in terms of experience and length of employment is not as highly valued. Furthermore, it has been concluded that the strongest protection for workers in today's labor is itself being an active part in providing themselves with the skills and knowledge their current job seems to require. The impact of the new formal proficiency requirements may in society from an intersectional perspective are that it shapes new classes in society by those who lack the required qualifications tend to be marginalized from the labor market. Hardened seems the workers suffer who established themselves in the labor market at a time when traditional production professions and other less skilled occupations did not require training. Employers new qualification requirements may thus negative effects on many older workers but also other workers who lack the education and workers with different ethnicity. Changed qualification requirements may thus be justification for structural discrimination. Partly by qualification requirements in itself makes some people do not achieve the requirements, but also to the legislation today formally fair and neutral, which means that it does not take into account substantive injustice and people's different conditions to acclimatize to the new labor market qualification requirements.

Aquesta tesi estudia els aspectes econòmics de la interconnexió entre Ases, identifica desafiaments que amenacen el futur d'Internet i proposa solucions per resoldre'ls. Primerament vam realitzar el primer estudi analític i empíric sobre el peering remot, un tipus emergent d'interconnexió que relaxa les limitacions geogràfiques dels Ases i facilita interconnexions a un menor cost. Després vam presentar CIPT i T4P, dos nous tipus d'interconnexions que redueixen els costos d'interconnexió entre xarxes. Ja que algunes de les limitacions són inherents a la present arquitectura d'Internet, vam finalitzar la tesi proposant Route Bazaar, una nova arquitectura d'Internet que, inspirada en el mecanisme de block chain i les eines criptogràfiques típiques de les criptomonedas, proveeix un marc contractual per realitzar tipus d'interconnexions molt flexibles. / Internet es un ecosistema en continua evolución. Formado por una multitud de redes o Sistemas Autónomos (Ases), los acuerdos de interconexión son una pieza esencial de Internet, que permite que los usuarios finales disfruten de conectividad global. La vertiginosa adopción de Internet, el desmesurado crecimiento de su trafico y las crecientes demandas por una mayor calidad de servicio son un desafío que produce constantes conflictos sobre los acuerdos económicos entre las redes y cuestiona la capacidad de Internet para proveer servicios críticos. Esta tesis estudia los aspectos económicos de la interconexión entre Ases, identifica desafíos que amenazan el futuro de Internet y propone soluciones para resolverlos. Primeramente realizamos el primer estudio analítico y empírico sobre el peering remoto, un tipo emergente de interconexión que relaja las limitaciones geográficas de los Ases y facilita interconexiones a un menor coste. Después presentamos CIPT y T4P, dos nuevos tipos de interconexiones que reducen los costes de interconexión entre redes. Puesto que algunas de las limitaciones son inherentes a la presente arquitectura de Internet, finalizamos la tesis proponiendo Route Bazaar, una nueva arquitectura de Internet que, inspirada en el mecanismo de block chain y las herramientas criptográficas típicas de las criptomonedas, provee un marco contractual para realizar tipos de interconexiones muy flexibles. / The Internet is an evolving ecosystem where a multitude of interconnected networks, or Ases (Autonomous Systems), support global connectivity of end users. By providing economic incentives for routing traffic on behalf of other networks, interconnection agreements between ASes are a cornerstone of the Internet. However, rapid Internet adoption, unrelenting traffic growth, and increasing demands for quality and performance are challenging to cope with, provoke recurrent conflicts over the economic settlement of interconnections, and question the capacity of the Internet to provide critical services. This thesis studies the economic aspects of the interconnections between ASes, identifies challenges hampering the future of the Internet, and proposes solutions to resolve them. We begin by presenting the first analytical and empirical study on remote peering, an emerging type of interconnections that relaxes the geographical constraints of ASes and also facilitates interconnections at a lower cost. Then we introduce CIPT and T4P, two novel interconnection arrangements that reduce traffic delivery costs for the ASes. Because some of the limitations are inherent to the current Internet architecture we end this thesis presenting Route Bazaar, a new Internet architecture that, inspired by the use of the block chain mechanism and cryptographic tools in cryptocurrencies, provides a contractual framework for flexible interconnections with rich policies.

This thesis is an investigation into fundamental questions concerning the aims, purpose and goals of the university within the emerging 21st Century post-industrial, Knowledge Society (KS). Inquiries of this nature are often referred to as the 'idea' of the university and whilst a growing academic literature questions what an 'idea' for the institution may look like in light of the arguably unique context of the Knowledge Society, it has yet to be fully addressed. In order to do so, this thesis is methodologically framed by the sociological school of neo-institutionalism. This is a perspective within institutional theory which views institutions as not passive recipients of social values but able to dictate their own ideals upon society. The university in this view becomes a 'primary institution' capable to imprint its values upon the KS and thus giving it a prominent role in that society. In order to articulate an 'idea' of the university, the thesis begins with a critical review of the literature, specifically the manner in which university-KS relations are conceived. This concludes with a summative statement about such relations in the form of the 'problem of knowledge' i.e. an attitude which increasingly reduces knowledge in the university to means-end and economic propositions. An alternative conceptualisation is proposed which offers an optimistic approach to the university in the KS, one conceived through presumptions by the neo-institutionalist school and coined 'Knowledge Plasticity'. As there are no formal methods for creating an 'idea', the second part of the thesis undertakes an extensive review of seminal works in the field revealing three conditions to which such proposals generally conform. Taken together, these conditions serve as the methodological frame for creating an 'idea' for the university. The first of these, contextual clarity, having been achieved through the literature review, moves to the second condition, theoretical development, and entails an exploration of Knowledge Plasticity. This investigation reveals a 'tension of imbalance' within this concept which the 'idea' of the university must resolve, this being the final condition of the 'idea'. In order to do this, the 'University of Imagination' is identified as the 'idea' whose purpose is to bring about dynamic balance within the institution. Finally, the proposed University of Imagination is compared with the classical Liberal university suggesting a more effective means for the liberal 'idea' to become realised in the KS namely, through engaging with the former. As a philosophical contribution to the literature, the University of Imagination encourages us to be optimistic and emboldened by the project of education and offers a path to navigate the challenges and uncertainties facing the university in the 21st Century.

This research project investigates the implementation of a learning community approach in two rural Australian communities with a particular focus on the initiatives of a primary school in each community. Case study research describes and analyses the developments in each community and a cross case analysis examines similarities and differences in approach and outcomes.

La tesi sosté que les empreses privades que presten serveis de connectivitat constitueixen actors cada vegada més influents en la migració contemporània. Per això analitza els discursos comercials dels proveïdors de telefonia mòbil i serveis de transferència de diners a Espanya, i els contrasta amb les experiències d'equatorians i marroquins que viuen a Catalunya i usen aquests serveis per mantenir-se en contacte amb les seves xarxes personals, tant en les societats d'origen com de destinació. El disseny de la recerca combina els Estudis Culturals i els Estudis Crítics del Discurs per analitzar els testimoniatges dels migrants així com els discursos comercials a través de la publicitat i d'entrevistes amb responsables de les empreses. D'una banda, les conclusions van mostrar els mecanismes mitjançant els quals els discursos corporatius han mercantilizat i estetizat les experiències de connectivitat dels migrants. D'altra banda, es va evidenciar un paper actiu dels migrants com a agents de les seves estratègies de connectivitat, apropiant-se dels serveis oferts i creant estratègies de baix cost per convertir limitacions en oportunitats, en moments de creixent mobilitat, connectivitat digital i la consolidació d'una economia de serveis. / La tesis sostiene que las empresas privadas que prestan servicios de conectividad constituyen actores cada vez más influyentes en la migración contemporánea. Por ello analiza los discursos comerciales de los proveedores de telefonía móvil y servicios de transferencia de dinero en España, y los contrasta con las experiencias de ecuatorianos y marroquíes que viven en Cataluña y usan estos servicios para mantenerse en contacto con sus redes personales, tanto en las sociedades de origen como de destino. El diseño de la investigación combina los Estudios Culturales y los Estudios Críticos del Discurso para analizar los testimonios de los migrantes así como los discursos comerciales a través de la publicidad y de entrevistas con responsables de las empresas. Por un lado, las conclusiones mostraron los mecanismos mediante los cuales los discursos corporativos han mercantilizado y estetizado las experiencias de conectividad de los migrantes. Por otro lado, se evidenció un papel activo de los migrantes como agentes de sus estrategias de conectividad, apropiándose de los servicios ofrecidos y creando estrategias de bajo costo para convertir limitaciones en oportunidades, en momentos de creciente movilidad, conectividad digital y la consolidación de una economía de servicios. / The thesis argues that private enterprises providing connectivity services are increasingly becoming influential actors in contemporary migration. It focuses on the commercial discourses of providers of mobile phone and money transfer services in Spain, contrasting them with Ecuadorian and Moroccan migrant users’ experiences of connectivity to keep in touch with their personal networks in both origin and destination societies. The research design combined Cultural Studies and Critical Discourse Studies to look at migrants’ accounts as well as service providers’ first-hand accounts and commercial advertising texts. On the one hand, the conclusions showed the mechanisms through which corporate discourses have commodified and aestheticized migrants’ experiences of connectivity. On the other hand, they evidenced migrants’ active roles as agents of their connectivity strategies, appropriating the services offered, creating low-cost strategies that turn constraints into opportunities, in times of increasing mobility, digital connectivity and the consolidation of a service based economy.

A presente tese tem como objetivo específico a análise do atual discurso de legitimação da educação a distância via internet. Ante a expansão dos cursos on-line em nosso país, frequentemente esse fenômeno é caracterizado como um processo de democratização do ensino. No entanto, a imputação do adjetivo democratizante envolve não apenas a constatação do aumento de acesso proporcionado por esse meio, mas também lhe atribui uma qualidade moral. Ou seja, a proposição que afirma que o aumento de oferta de vagas promovido por essa modalidade constitui-se como um processo de democratização não se limita à expressão de um juízo factual, mas se apresenta como um juízo moral positivo, porquanto ser democrático constitua-se como um valor em nossa atualidade. Assim, mais do que adjudicar se esse processo é ou não um tipo de democratização posto que, para isso, fosse necessária certa concepção anterior de democracia que possibilitasse essa adjudicação , investigam-se, nesta tese, os elementos que sustentam essa proposição. Para tanto, verifica-se o que pode ser entendido como democratizante em dois sentidos: o quantitativo e o qualitativo. Com relação a este último, é analisado o contexto histórico e social a partir do qual a educação a distância via internet vem sendo considerada, em documentos oficiais brasileiros, como o novo paradigma educacional. Hoje, tal contexto recebe o nome genérico de Sociedade do Conhecimento, um construto conceitual que cada vez mais se expande e cria normatividades para os processos educativos quando o aprender por toda a vida converte-se no imperativo de um tempo em que o conhecimento é elevado à categoria de principal força produtiva. Porém, por seu turno, a denominada Sociedade do Conhecimento, que tem a educação a distância via internet como sua mais concreta manifestação, apresenta-se como a promessa de um futuro mundo melhor, onde os homens esclarecidos e criativos poderão conviver democraticamente na ágora tecnológica constituída a partir do desenvolvimento das novas tecnologias telemáticas. Dessa maneira, a Sociedade do Conhecimento apresenta-se como a nova utopia de nossos tempos. A partir da análise da afirmação de que o fenômeno da educação a distância via internet seja uma forma de democratização, são investigadas as relações entre educação, democracia e tecnologia na atualidade. / This study specifically aims to analyze the current efforts for the legitimization of elearning. Given the expansion of online learning programs in our country, this phenomenon is often characterized as a process of democratization of education. However, the imputation of the adjective \"democratizing\" involves not only an indication of the increased access provided by this means of learning, but also assigns it a moral quality. In other words, the proposition that states the increase in vacancies promoted by this learning method was established as a process of democratization is not restricted to the expression of a factual judgment, but is presented as a positive moral judgment, since \"being democratic\" is constituted as a value in our present time. Thus, in addition to adjudicating whether or not this process is a type of democratization - since that would require some previous conception of democracy that would enable such adjudication - this study investigates which elements support this proposition. For this purpose, we investigated what can be understood as democratizing in two senses: quantitatively and qualitatively. With regard to the latter, we considered the historical and social context from which e-learning has been considered in Brazilian official documents as \"a new educational paradigm\". Today, such context is generally known as \"Knowledge Society\" - a conceptual construct that increasingly expands and creates standards to educational processes whereas the \"learning for life\" concept is converted into the imperative of an age where knowledge is regarded as the major productive force. However, in turn, the so-called Knowledge Society, which has as its most concrete manifestation the e-learning, presents itself as the promise of a better world in the future, where instructed and creative men will be able to live democratically in the technological agora , raised from the development of new telematics technologies. Thus, the Knowledge Society presents itself as the new utopia of our times. Based on the analysis of the claim that the phenomenon of e-learning is a form of democratization, this study investigates the relationship between education, democracy and technology at the present time.

O objeto deste estudo foi a identidade organizacional de uma academia científica no campo da Enfermagem, pautado na representatividade e no significado de uma academia científica na configuração de uma identidade profissional, ao considerar uma analogia nos processos de constituição das academias referenciadas. Contemplou aspectos teórico-conceituais no que se referiu à historicidade do conceito de academia, valendo-se da pesquisa documental e dos princípios da análise de conteúdo para interpretação dos dados. Descrever a identidade profissional dos membros de uma academia científica, analisar as implicações desta identidade e discutir os significados e representações de uma academia científica na Enfermagem brasileira e sua visibilidade internacional, foram os objetivos do estudo. Concluiu que a academia científica é uma organização profissional, cujo diferencial está no capital humano arrebanhado para seu interior, o modo como foi selecionado e os motivos pelos quais se encontram e se mantém juntos. A identidade profissional dos membros de uma academia científica deve ser ampla em competências e habilidades profissionais, além de agregar diferentes capitais simbólicos, trazendo implicações diretas em sua constituição. Na Enfermagem brasileira, identificou-se um movimento pela criação de uma Academia Brasileira de Enfermeiros, mas não que não foi avante por razões particulares aos seus integrantes; a existência de uma Academia Brasileira de Especialistas em Enfermagem, que pelo seu processo de criação não se caracteriza como uma academia segundo os princípios da Escola Platônica; e a criação e fundação Academia Brasileira de História da Enfermagem, cujos objetivos estabelecidos no Estatuto, inferem ser a organização, uma possível agente de mudança comportamental em relação ao campo da História. Entendeu-se que através do estudo da História da Enfermagem, identificamos, analisamos e compreendemos os avanços da profissão na sociedade, além de subsidiar e instrumentalizar a própria elaboração da identidade profissional da Enfermagem e a formação de seu habitus. Avaliou-se que a identidade profissional do membro de uma academia científica é sustentáculo fundamental aos propósitos da organização, ainda que nos exemplos citados neste estudo, o aspecto de irmandade e/ou confraria não tenha sido esquecido em alguma fase do processo de criação e fundação das academias aqui referidas. A visibilidade remete a expansão das fronteiras, na medida em que participam de eventos nacionais e internacionais na área, ratificando e fortalecendo os dados resultantes de pesquisas, além de aumentar a rede de relações sociais. Todos os atores sociais devem estar devidamente e suficientemente instrumentalizados, histórico, cultural e tecnicamente, para fazer manter as conquistas de seus precursores, e angariar novas posições no (in)constante campo da saúde. A divergência intelectual faz parte do conhecimento, onde ele é sempre relativo, ao supor um ponto de vista específico, certos instrumentos, e também os limites da pessoa humana. Ratifica-se a importância de considerar que o pesquisador é um intérprete, fazendo uma leitura discursiva influenciada pelos seus sentimentos, sua posição, suas experiências e vivências, e a sua interpretação nunca será absoluta e única, mas produzirá seu sentido. / The study object was the organizational identity of a scientific academy in the field of nursing, based on the representativeness and the meaning of a scientific academy in setting up a professional identity, to consider an analogy in the processes of formation of academies references here. Contemplated in the theoretical and conceptual aspects that referred to the historicity of the concept of the academy, drawing on archival research and the principles of content analysis to data interpretation. Describe the professional identity of members of a scientific academy, examining the implications of this identity and discuss the meanings and representations of a scientific academy in nursing in Brazil and its international visibility, were the objectives of the study. Concluded that the scientific academy is a professional organization, whose differential is rounded up to the human capital inside, how it was selected and the reasons who remain together. The professional identity of members of a scientific academy should be broad in expertise and professional skills, as well as adding different symbolic capital, bringing direct implications in its constitution. Nursing in Brazil, we identified a movement for the creation of a Brazilian Academy of Nursing, but that was not forward for reasons peculiar to its members and the existence of a Brazilian Academy of Experts in Nursing, which by its process of creation is not characterized as an academy under the principles of Platonic School, and the creation and founding the Brazilian Academy of Nursing History, whose goals established in the Statute, be infer the organization, a possible agent of behavioral change regarding the field of history. It would appear that by studying the history of nursing, identify, analyze and understand the progress of the profession in society, in addition to supporting development and orchestrate their own professional identity of nursing and the formation of their habitus. It was found that the professional identity of a member of a scientific academy is vital mainstay of the organization\'s purposes, although the examples cited in this study, the aspect of fellowship and / or guild has not been forgotten in some stage of the process of creating and foundation Academies stated here. Visibility refers to expanding the frontiers, to the extent that participate in national and international events in the area, confirming and strengthening the data resulting from research and improves the network of social relations. All social actors should be properly and sufficiently exploited, historical, cultural and technically, to preserve the achievements of their predecessors, and to build new positions in the (in) constant field of health. The disagreement is part of intellectual knowledge, where it is always relative, to assume a specific point of view, certain instruments, and also the limits of the human person. It confirms the importance of considering that the researcher is an interpreter, making reading a discourse influenced by their feelings, their position, their experiences and their interpretation will never be absolute and unique, but it will produce its effect.

Estudo que aborda a relação entre o conhecimento e o consumo de marcas, com o propósito de avaliar sua exploração e seu impacto econômico, iniciando pelas questões da educação escolar e o seu papel formador de conhecimento. Como recurso foi utilizada a pesquisa bibliográfica de referência nas áreas de gestão do conhecimento, comunicação e gestão de marcas na sociedade do conhecimento, cujos pertinentes conceitos foram testados através do estudo de caso de um centro de educação extra-acadêmico com enfoque nas ciências humanas, fundado na cidade de São Paulo a Casa do Saber. Foi demonstrado que, sob certas condições, marcas ligadas à exploração econômica do conhecimento podem ser desenvolvidas, praticadas e comunicadas, e, ainda, que os benefícios do investimento em conhecimento não dependem apenas da sua utilização e compartilhamento em ambientes economicamente produtivos e competitivos. / Study that addresses the relationship between knowledge and brand consumption with the aim of evaluate its exploration and economic impact starting on the field of education and its role of knowledge formation. As a tool the reference bibliographic research on the fields of knowledge management, communication and brand management were used, whose relevant concepts have been tested through the case study of a center for non-academic education with an emphasis on the humanities, founded in the city of Sao Paulo the Casa do Saber. It was shown that under certain conditions, brands associated to economic exploitation of knowledge may be developed, communicated and practiced, and that the benefits of investment in knowledge not only depends on their use and sharing in economically productive and competitive environments.

<p>This dissertation studies three interrelated concepts—power, knowledge, and mobility—in order to understand how knowledge mobility (specificity) affects power in the knowledge economy. To do this, the thesis is divided into two parts. The first part develops a theoretical approach, while the second employs this theoretical approach to different empirical fields. In the first, theoretical, part, the dissertation begins by discussing the different ways that the sundry literatures on power, asset specificity and knowledge types have developed. These literature reviews are used to develop a set of theoretically-deduced expectations in Chapter 5. These chapters contribute to broadening our understanding of the core concepts, especially asset and factor specificity, by explicitly linking them to the notion of knowledge mobility and to configurations of power.</p><p>The second part of the dissertation interrogates the expectations developed in Chapter 5 across three different venues: a case study of a regime change in a knowledge-intensive consultancy firm; cross-national multivariate statistical assessments on the relationship between specificity, knowledge, and configurations of power; and an historical case study of how the co-working of a set of international institutions—the World Intellectual Property Organization, the International Organization for Standardization, and the World Trade Organization—influences knowledge specificity and mobility. These empirical studies elaborate how knowledge mobility and power are interrelated. The chapters are suggesting that the degree of knowledge mobility may be seen as an element in otherwise well-known, empirical regularities. These sorts of similarities are revealed at all three (firm, national and international) levels.</p><p>The dissertation employs a broad methodological approach that swaps between analytical levels, alternative operationalizations, methods and causal interpretations. The resulting "montage effect" combines case studies, multivariate regressions, and institutional analyses to create a picture that may be seen as rich representation of a reality. This picture reveals that the specificity and mobility of assets matters for shaping and reshaping configurations of power.</p>

This dissertation studies three interrelated concepts—power, knowledge, and mobility—in order to understand how knowledge mobility (specificity) affects power in the knowledge economy. To do this, the thesis is divided into two parts. The first part develops a theoretical approach, while the second employs this theoretical approach to different empirical fields. In the first, theoretical, part, the dissertation begins by discussing the different ways that the sundry literatures on power, asset specificity and knowledge types have developed. These literature reviews are used to develop a set of theoretically-deduced expectations in Chapter 5. These chapters contribute to broadening our understanding of the core concepts, especially asset and factor specificity, by explicitly linking them to the notion of knowledge mobility and to configurations of power. The second part of the dissertation interrogates the expectations developed in Chapter 5 across three different venues: a case study of a regime change in a knowledge-intensive consultancy firm; cross-national multivariate statistical assessments on the relationship between specificity, knowledge, and configurations of power; and an historical case study of how the co-working of a set of international institutions—the World Intellectual Property Organization, the International Organization for Standardization, and the World Trade Organization—influences knowledge specificity and mobility. These empirical studies elaborate how knowledge mobility and power are interrelated. The chapters are suggesting that the degree of knowledge mobility may be seen as an element in otherwise well-known, empirical regularities. These sorts of similarities are revealed at all three (firm, national and international) levels. The dissertation employs a broad methodological approach that swaps between analytical levels, alternative operationalizations, methods and causal interpretations. The resulting "montage effect" combines case studies, multivariate regressions, and institutional analyses to create a picture that may be seen as rich representation of a reality. This picture reveals that the specificity and mobility of assets matters for shaping and reshaping configurations of power.