Ma thèse explore trois questions dans le domaine de l’économie du développement. Le premier article, « Les femmes et le travail : données d’une expérience aléatoire à Djibouti », étudie les déterminants de l'offre de travail des femmes. Résumé : Qu’est ce qui limite l’accès des femmes au marché du travail dans certains pays en voie de développement ? Est-ce le manque d’opportunités de travail ou la prévalence de normes sociales contraignantes ? Nous avons évalué ces deux facteurs en ce qui concerne la décision de participer au marché du travail des femmes dans un cadre urbain à Djibouti. Des femmes ont aléatoirement reçu des offres à participer à un programme d’accès à l’emplois. Les offres ont été effectuées exclusivement aux femmes qui pouvaient choisir de la déléguer à un autre membre du ménage. Les revenus étaient directement payés sur un compte bancaire ouvert au nom de la personne ayant travaillé. Nous observons une augmentation de l’offre de travail féminin de près de 50% : 96% des femmes ont accepté l’offre d’emploi et près de 73% ont choisi de travailler elles-mêmes. Par ailleurs, nous n’observons aucun des effets à long terme attendus si cette participation accrue des femmes au marché du travail avait modifié les normes sociales existantes. En effet, si tôt le programme terminé, les femmes qui avaient accepté les offres d’emploi sont retournées à un statut d’inactivité. Ceci tend à indiquer qu’à Djibouti, ce ne sont pas tant les normes sociales qui limitent l’accès des femmes au marché du travail mais plus simplement l’insuffisance d’opportunités d’emploi. Le deuxième article, « Conditionnalité ou simple incitation ? Un programme de transferts monétaires ‘fléchés’ en faveur de l’éducation », examine les déterminants des investissements des ménages en éducation. Résumé : Il a été démontré que les programmes de transfert monétaires conditionnels conduisent à une augmentation des investissements en capital humain. Cependant, certaines de leurs caractéristiques standards (notamment celles liées à la conditionnalité) sont onéreuses à mettre en œuvre. Nous utilisons les résultats d’une évaluation d’impact aléatoire au Maroc pour évaluer les effets d’un programme gouvernemental alternatif, un programme de transferts monétaires ‘fléchés’ : les pères d’enfants en âge de scolarisation dans des communes rurales pauvres reçoivent un transfert monétaire (d’un montant peu élevé) non pas à condition que les enfants aillent à l’école mais avec une simple indication que ce transfert monétaire est un ‘appui à l’éducation’. Nous enregistrons de larges améliorations en termes de scolarisation des enfants. Par ailleurs, le ciblage des mères ou l’introduction de conditionnalité explicite n’a pas d’effet additionnel significatif dans le cadre de l’expérience. Le programme a renforcé l’adhésion des parents à l’idée qu’investir dans l’éducation de leurs enfants en valait la peine, ce qui explique les résultats que nous avons constatés. Le troisième article, « Estimation des effets du microcrédit sur les emprunteurs : données résultant d’une expérience aléatoire au Maroc », étudie l'impact de l'amélioration de l'accès au crédit sur les ménages en milieu rural. Résumé : Nous présentons les résultats d’une évaluation aléatoire d’un programme de microcrédit introduit dans certaines zones rurales au Maroc en 2006. Treize pour cent des ménages dans les villages de traitement ont pris un prêt et aucun dans les villages de contrôle. Parmi les ménages identifiés comme plus susceptibles d’emprunter, l’accès au microcrédit a entraîné une augmentation significative des investissements en actifs utilisés pour des activités à compte propre, ainsi qu’une augmentation des profits, mais également une réduction des revenus du travail occasionnel. Globalement, il n’y a eu aucun gain de revenu ou de consommation. Nous trouvons des preuves suggérant que ces résultats sont principalement dus à des effets sur les emprunteurs, plutôt qu’à des externalités. / My thesis explores three questions in the field of development economics. The first article, “Women At Work: Evidence From A Randomized Experiment In Djibouti” studies the determinants of the labor supply of women. Abstract: What keeps women in some developing countries from participating in the labor market? Is it limited job opportunities or limiting social norms? We examined the effects of these two factors on the labor supply decisions of women in urban Djibouti. Women were randomly assigned offers to be employed in a workfare program. The offers were exclusively targeted at women; the work could be performed by any other household member; and the earnings were paid out into a bank account established for the person who performed the work. We find a net increase in labor supply of over 50 percentage points: 96 percent of the women accepted the offers and 73 percent of women performed the work themselves. We observed none of the longer-term effects on labor supply by women that we would have observed if the increases in women’s employment had changed prevailing social norms on women working. Indeed, the women who received the temporary employment offer reverted back to non-participation in the labor market when the program ended. This suggests that, in urban Djibouti, what keeps women from participating in the labor market is not so much deterrent social norms but limited employment opportunities. The second article, “Turning A Shove Into A Nudge? A “Labeled Cash Transfer” For Education” looks at the determinants of households’ education investments. Abstract: Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs) have been shown to increase human capital investments, but their standard features make them expensive. We use a large randomized experiment in Morocco to estimate an alternative government-run program, a “labeled cash transfer” (LCT): a small cash transfer made to fathers of school-aged children in poor rural communities, not conditional on school attendance but explicitly labeled as an education support program. We document large gains in school participation. Adding conditionality and targeting mothers made almost no difference in our context. The program increased parents’ belief that education was a worthwhile investment, a likely pathway for the results. The third article, “Estimating The Impact Of Microcredit On Those Who Take It Up: Evidence From A Randomized Experiment In Morocco”, studies how increased access to credit impact households in rural areas. Abstract: We report results from a randomized evaluation of a microcredit program introduced in rural areas of Morocco in 2006. Thirteen percent of the households in treatment villages took a loan, and none in control villages did. Among households identified as more likely to borrow, microcredit access led to a significant rise in investment in assets used for self-employment activities, and an increase in profit, but also to a reduction in income from casual labor. Overall there was no gain in income or consumption. We find suggestive evidence that these results are mainly driven by effects on borrowers, rather than by externalities.

Chan Yeung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 56-57). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- "Literature reviews, contributions of this thesis and the comparison" / Chapter 2.1 --- Literature reviews / Chapter 2.11 --- Endogenous labor supply models --- p.3 / Chapter 2.12 --- The CIA models --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2 --- Contributions of this thesis and the comparison --- p.17 / Chapter 3 --- The Model --- p.20 / Chapter 4 --- "Trade restrictions, welfare and employment" / Chapter 4.1 --- Tariff and welfare --- p.26 / Chapter 4.2 --- Tariff and employment --- p.30 / Chapter 4.3 --- Comparing welfare and employment effects --- p.31 / Chapter 4.4 --- "Quotas, welfare, employment and price level" --- p.32 / Chapter 5 --- Optimal tariffs --- p.33 / Chapter 6 --- Indirect taxation and welfare --- p.40 / Chapter 7 --- Conclusion --- p.43 / Appendix / Appendix A: Determine the sign of Δ --- p.45 / Appendix B: Derivation of equation (4.2) --- p.45 / Appendix C: Derivation of equation (4.3) --- p.47 / "Appendix D: Quotas, welfare,employment and price level" --- p.48 / Appendix E: The derivation of optimal tariff --- p.50 / Appendix F: Optimal consumption tax and wage subsidy --- p.53

Bian Yong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 34-37). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter I. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- Indeterminacy in a Small Open Economy Model with Endogenous Time Preference --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- Economic Environment --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Technology --- p.5 / Chapter 2. 1. 2 --- Dynamic Model --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2 --- The indeterminacy result --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3 --- Conclusion --- p.12 / Chapter III. --- Indeterminacy in a Small Open Economy Model with Endogenous Labor Supply --- p.14 / Chapter 3. 1 --- Economic Environment --- p.17 / Chapter 3.2 --- Preference --- p.21 / Chapter 3.3 --- Dynamics of Equilibrium --- p.24 / Chapter 3.4 --- Indeterminacy and Scale Economies --- p.28 / Chapter 3. 4. 1 --- Case1 --- p.30 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Case2 --- p.31 / Chapter 3.5 --- Conclusion --- p.32 / Chapter IV. --- References --- p.34 / Chapter V. --- Appendix --- p.38 / Chapter 5. 1 --- Technology --- p.38 / Chapter 5.2 --- Preference --- p.41 / Chapter 5. 3 --- Dynamics of Equilibrium --- p.43 / Chapter 5. 3. 1 --- Case1 --- p.49 / Chapter 5. 3. 2 --- Case2 --- p.50

The Accreditation Board for Engineering Technology (ABET) requires that safety and health be integrated into an engineering curriculum in order to be accredited. These criteria for safety and health requirements, however, are not clearly defined. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has initiated Project SHAPE (Safety and Health Awareness for Preventative Engineering) instructional topics and curriculum development for engineering programs for the greater than 300 ABET accredited engineering schools. The present study was designed to evaluate how important safety and health (addressed as Environmental Safety and Health) knowledge/education are to an employer when seeking graduating Bachelor of Science Engineering students at Oregon State University (OSU). The study also seeks to find out what magnitude of ES&H instruction/knowledge is desired by prospective employers. And finally, the type or level of knowledge/education employers are seeking in their prospective OSU engineering employee. A questionnaire was developed and targeted at companies who recruited graduating Bachelor of Science Engineering students at OSU for employment during the 1993/1994 and 1994/1995 academic years. A roster of recruiters and the companies they represented generated a population of 110 recruiters from records kept in the Oregon State University Career Placement Office. Each recruiter was requested to complete a four page questionnaire. Participants were requested to rank qualifications for employment when seeking prospective engineering employees; how important ES&H were when considering a candidate; what kind and level of ES&H knowledge/education was preferred; and if a graduating B.S. Engineering student with ES&H knowledge/education was more likely to gain employment with their firm. A total of 72 surveys were returned, for an overall response rate of 65.5%. The results indicated that recruiters seeking graduating B.S. engineering students at OSU found ES&H knowledge/education 'Not Too' or 'Not At All' important when considering them for employment. However, the majority of those recruiters that indicated ES&H was an important qualification when considering an engineering candidate for employment, indicated the source of ES&H knowledge/education was through integration into the engineering curriculum. / Graduation date: 1998

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 128-135).

Our study estimates the crowd-out of private health insurance following SCHIP expansions for children. We use panel data from the 2001 panel of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). We use multivariate regression models to the crowd-out of private health insurance. This difference-in-differences approach controls for other factors that affect both the control group and treatment group, and measures the extent of crowd-out private coverage in the treatment group relative to the control group. We find that nearly 26 percent of the transitions from private coverage into SCHIP coverage were made by children who would have had private coverage in the absence of the expansions. This paper provides evidence that the SCHIP expansions have overall displacement effect of 52.9 percent for private coverage for those children who had private coverage or were uninsured from the first interview in 2001. This dissertation provides empirical evidence on the impact of SCHIP on single mothers¡¯ working decisions using recent CPS (Current Population Survey) data during 1999-2005. The empirical work requires a measure of the change in eligibility requirements; we compute a measure suggested by Yelowitz (1995). The major findings of this paper are: first, SCHIP expansions are found to have a significant positive impact on hours-worked decision; second, most models yielded results that indicated that SCHIP expansions have a generally insignificant impact on the decision to work.

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The focus of this professional report is sectoral workforce development programs. Sectoral programs represent a fairly recent innovation in workforce development. Rather than train a low-skilled worker for low-skill job with low pay, sectoral programs train workers for higher-skill jobs that offer career trajectory and living wages, while filling a demonstrated labor-market need within the local economy. These programs have numerous benefits, but face significant implementation challenges. Sectoral programs have the potential to become high-performing, value-creating organizations; however competition for scarce resources, poor employer coordination, and lack of long-term planning can hinder the success of these programs. This report discusses these challenges, lessons learned in the field, and proposed changes to the workforce development system that could encourage the success and expansion of sectoral programs. / text

My dissertation consists of four chapters that are motivated by understanding the intended and unintended economic outcomes of public policy in the labor market. My particular focus is studying how individuals respond to incentives created by policy and welfare reform. The first chapter explores the effect of expanding dependent health insurance coverage to young adults. I study both the outcomes from state policies and the recent Affordable Care Act (ACA). In the second chapter I analyze the unintended consequences of a New Deal policy that paid farmers to reduce production. As a result, I find significant displacement of croppers and tenants in the Cotton South. The third chapter ties together the micro-foundations of the labor supply to the firm with the macroeconomic areas of on-the-job search theory and the business cycle. By using employee level data from two US manufacturing firms in the volatile inter-war period, I show that these two firms had significantly more wage setting power during recessions than expansions. My final chapter addresses the question of how does reduced immigration restrictions affect the composition of immigrants in the US.

This dissertation has been written in the belief that the analysis therein is an original and useful contribution to the understanding of the problems of mobilizing surplus rural labour in Pakistan and similar countries. [...]