Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1987. / Also available in print.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2005. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 158-160). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

Thesis, PlanA (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Economics Department, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2006. / Title from title screen. Robert M. Adelman, committee chair; Charles Jaret, Lesley Williams Reid, committee members. Electronic text (112 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed May 17, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-102).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 242-252).

A informalidade atinge níveis expressivos nos países em desenvolvimento. No Brasil cerca de 50% dos postos de trabalho estão na informalidade, sendo responsáveis por quase 40% do PIB nacional. O modelo de crescimento neoclássico padrão, desenvolvido e aplicado originalmente para países desenvolvidos não é capaz de compreender porque os brasileiros não estão trabalhando menos como conseqüência dos fortes crescimentos das alíquotas tributárias no início dos anos 90. O modelo prevê uma queda dramática do número de horas trabalhadas, entretanto tal fenômeno não é observado nos dados. A informalidade parece uma boa resposta para esse desajuste, pois trabalhadores informais pagam menos impostos e, assim, aumentos nas alíquotas impactariam menos a decisão de ofertar trabalho. O objetivo dessa dissertação é modelar o número de horas trabalhadas pelo brasileiro médio para o período 1986- 1998, adicionando um setor informal no modelo de crescimento neoclássico. A inclusão de um setor informal no modelo diminui o efeito de impostos sobre o número de horas trabalhadas, melhorando assim a aderência do modelo aos dados brasileiros. / The informal sector has reached significant levels in developing countries. In Brazil about 50% of jobs are informal and account for nearly 40% of national GDP. The traditional neoclassical growth model does not explain why, given the significant increase in tax rates in the early 90s, Brazilians did not work less. The traditional model predicts a dramatic drop in the number of hours worked, but such a sharp drop is not observed in Brazilian data. The informal sector seems to be a good explanation for this divergence; informal workers do not pay taxes and so the increases in tax rates should have no impact in ones work-leisure decision. The central aim of this dissertation is to model the number of hours the average Brazilian worked between 1986 and 1998. By including the informal sector, the proposed model predicts a less dramatic change in the number of hours worked in the presence of increasing tax rates. This change makes the predicted number of hours worked closer to the actual behavior found in Brazilian data.

M.Comm. / The purpose of this paper is to describe poverty reduction, the essentiality of labour, and entrepreneurship as a way of creating opportunities, the need for labour law in the workplace, while referring to some of the constraints it may place on employers, labour practices and finding a win-win solution for all three players within the labour relationship to the benefit of the greater economy as a whole. Tackling unemployment is arguably South Africa's most important priority, while realising that the country will only attract investment in labour-absorptive sectors if it is competitive in terms of labour unit costs. Government has committed it to an employment strategy framework, while at the same time challenging business and labour to participate. There is a need for capable individuals who are prepared to accept the brunt of risk, to assist in job creation and assist in positive growth in the economy. We are part of a capitalistic SOCiety. Entrepreneurship offers the total solution. It places no risk on government or the employee, while having the ability to assist in the creation of jobs and with the alleviation of poverty. Entrepreneurship needs to be positively influenced and encouraged so as to fill the void emanating from high unemployment, and help the economy further. Potential entrepreneurs find themselves lost in a maze of legalities and tax laws, coupled with the unavailability of capital and heavy taxes on any positive returns, creating a barrier to entry for entrepreneurs. Labour is a very real necessity in the need for progress and actual implementation of opportunities. The essence of labour laws is to ensure no exploitation of workers, create fair working conditions and reward for the worker. South Africa has a very turbulent labour history. The characteristics of the labour market are commitment to the social contract; removal of obstacles in the way of international trade and production; reduction in unemployment. There are three players in the labour market, being employers, employees and government, who all have to contribute their shares before successful production can take place.

This study examines Canada's aging trend, the factors influencing the elderly's withdrawal from the labour force, and the implications of the two trends for planners and policy makers. Canada's population is aging. The absolute and relative number of people 65 and over is projected to increase well into the twenty-first century. Over this same period of time the elderly, defined as those persons 65 and over, are expected to reduce their participation in the labour force. With a greater proportion of elderly in the population and fewer of them working the costs and burdens involved with supporting this segment of the population will increase. It is important, therefore, that planners and policy makers understand why the population is aging, why the elderly are withdrawing from the labour force, and what the possible economic and social implications of these trends are. Based on explanatory models of the elderly's labour force participation constructed mainly by researchers in the United States, a .multiple regression analysis is conducted which attempts to evaluate those variables included in an explanatory equation which accounts for the variance in the elderly's labour force participation rate in Canada. Cross-section analyses are conducted for three years—1961, 1971, and 1976—with data derived principally from Statistics Canada census sources and aggregated at the provincial level. In contrast to studies originating in the United States, the results obtained in this study found pension benefits were not the most significant factor in explaining the decline in the elderly’s labour force participation in Canada. Both the unemployment rate and the occupation chosen by an elderly labour force participant consistently proved to be more significant factors in accounting for the variance in the elderly's labour force participation rate in Canada. The economic and social implications of a society which is aging and one in which an increasing number of elderly are choosing not to work are discussed. The two areas in which future planners and policy makers will face the most pressing problems in terms of funding and program delivery are the public pension and health care services. There will be a number of other areas affected by the increased incidence of elderly retired persons in the population. It is important, therefore, that research be conducted today, at all levels, into the various impacts a large proportionate increase in non-working elderly will have on Canadian society in the future. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

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