"The survey of commercial job opportunities in the City of McAllen, Texas, was undertaken for the purpose of determining: 1. The numerical importance of training for the different kinds of local commercial positions. 2. The desired age, sex, training, and experience for employees in the different commercial positions of the City. 3. Information to be used in the revision of the commercial curriculum of the McAllen Senior High School and in the vocational guidance of students, and in the placement of graduates. 4. The importance and kinds of office equipment in general use locally. 5. The means by which employers of the City of McAllen, Texas, obtain commercial employees. A local survey seemed desirable in order to understand the local situation and needs in regard to commercial courses offered in the high school, and to revise the commercial curriculum intelligently."--leaf 1.

尹寶珊. / Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學硏究院社會學學部. / Reprint of manuscript. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 280-290). / Yin Baoshan. / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue yan jiu yuan she hui xue xue bu. / Chapter 第一章 --- 導言 / Chapter 第二章 --- 沙田簡介 / Chapter 第三章 --- 理論取向及研究方法 / Chapter 第四章 --- 就業地區選擇之差異意向動機 / Chapter 第五章 --- 對就業機會及交通情況的差異觀覺 / Chapter 第六章 --- 構成差異就業地區選擇意向動機的個人社會心理因素 / Chapter 第七章 --- 構成差異就業地區選擇意向動機的社會結構性因素 / Chapter 第八章 --- 結論 / 註釋 / 參考書目

by Edmond Tam Wai-chu. / Bibliography: leaves 105-107 / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1984

published_or_final_version / abstract / Economics / Master / Master of Social Sciences

Achieving low unemployment in an environment of weak growth is a major policy challenge; a more egalitarian distribution of hours worked could be the key to solving it. Whether worksharing actually increases employment, however, has been debated controversially. In this article we present stylized facts on the distribution of hours worked and discuss the role of work-sharing for a sustainable economy. Building on recent developments in labor market theory we review the determinants of working long hours and its effect on well-being. Finally, we survey work-sharing reforms in the past. While there seems to be a consensus that worksharing in the Great Depression in the U.S. and in the Great Recession in Europe was successful in reducing employment losses, perceptions of the work-sharing reforms implemented between the 1980s and early 2000s are more ambivalent. However, even the most critical evaluations of these reforms provide no credible evidence of negative employment effects; instead, the overall success of the policy seems to depend on the economic and institutional setting, as well as the specific details of its implementation. (authors' abstract) / Series: Ecological Economic Papers

The relationships between trends in migration patterns and regional employment structures during and after the Peruvian agrarian reform years are explored. Population movements, particularly the outmigration from the Peruvian countryside, are seen as influenced primarily by structural conditions of the regional economies. Census data is used to compare rates of migration between 1972, when the land reform was taking place, and 1981, after the reform measures had taken effect. These findings are compared with an analysis of trends in the regional labor force. It is found that the regional disparities in socioeconomic development would suggest much greater outmigration than is indicated by the departmental migration rates. Due to the seasonality of labor demand in agriculture, many population movements are necessarily of a temporary or circular nature. No direct correlations are made between land reform measures and rates of migration; rather, the study describes regional socioeconomic contexts of the reform, and the likely impact of the land reform on the propensity to migrate.

The rate of unemployment in South Africa remains stubbornly high despite vastly improved macroeconomic fundamentals and relatively high rates of economic growth for most of the post-1994 democratic era. Employment growth was much weaker than might have been expected given the improved economic outlook. This thesis investigates how the sectoral employment intensity of output growth in the eight non-agricultural sectors of the South African economy has evolved from 2000 to 2012, with a view to identifying key growth sectors that are employment intensive. An econometric model of the demand for labour is used to estimate employment elasticities in the major Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) divisions of the economy. The results suggest that aggregate employment and economic growth diverged and that jobless growth occurred in South Africa during the period under review. South Africa has become less labour intensive and more capital intensive, reflecting a structural adjustment that has weakened the employment-growth relationship. At the sectoral level, the results suggest the presence of a long-run relationship between employment and growth in finance and business services, manufacturing, transport and the utilities sectors. In particular, the results suggest that the tertiary sector performed best in terms of the employment intensity of output growth. This reflects the changing structure of the economy and the nature of employment shifting away from the primary towards the tertiary sectors. Investment in the tertiary sector may help to foster new employment opportunities and assist in improving the overall employment intensity of output growth in South Africa. / Economics / D. Litt. et Phil. (Economics)

This study evaluates some possible agricultural household responses to changes in output prices due to Portugal's entry into the EC. The patterns of interest were, continuing expansion in farming, continuing part-time farming and leaving farming. Farm accounts were used to model different farm types and evaluate their farm returns. Simulations were performed, using different technologies, levels of family labor availability, and land area. The results show that part-time farming is a viable alternative in the northwest region and that there are strong economic incentives for traditional farms to specialize and adopt more modern technologies. The dairy system exhibits the highest returns. Traditional farms that do not have some available fixed family labor will face pressures to leave farming; but since family labor with low opportunity cost is more available on the small traditional farms, farm size is not expected to expand rapidly because leaving farming is not likely in a great way. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)

Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Nearly five million South Africans were unemployed in 2002 and creating employment opportunities is a difficult challenge. Before this issue can be tackled, however, it is critical to understand the problem. This thesis opts to contribute to this understanding by considering aspects around the demand for labour. The analysis considers a selection of the theoretical literature on the demand for labour, estimates key labour market parameters and then undertakes a number of simulations using a structural model. There are many conflicting paradigms that can be used to analyse the issue: microeconomic versus macroeconomic; neoclassical versus structuralist; theoretical versus empirical and so forth. Some of these paradigms are considered as part of the attempt to build an empirical framework that can be used to analyse the issue. The empirical results of the thesis suggest that: • Higher real wages lead to lowering of the quantity demanded of labour. The thesis estimates an economy-wide wage elasticity of employment of approximately -0,67; • Higher output stimulates the demand for labour. The single equation estimate of the employment elasticity of output is between 0,66 and 0,75, whilst the economy-wide estimate is approximately 1,1. The latter takes into account feedback effects from other macroeconomic variables, such as productivity and wages; • There is little evidence to show that the efficiency wage hypothesis holds - higher productivity leads to higher wages, but the converse is not true; • Union power increases real wages, indirectly leading to a fall in the demand for labour. This suggests that the labour market has insiders and outsiders; and • The relative price of labour is also important, with a fall in the cost of capital leading to a decrease in the demand for labour. Simulations suggest that job creation can be achieved through policies that encourage wage moderation and increase economic growth. There is also a potential role, albeit limited, for fiscal incentives such as a mooted earned income tax credit. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Byna vyf miljoen Suid-Afrikaners was werkloos in 2002 en werkskepping is 'n moeilike uitdaging. Voordat hierdie kwessie aangepak kan word, is dit egter noodsaaklik om die probleem te verstaan. Hierdie tesis dra by tot hierdie begrip deur te fokus op punte rondom die vraag na arbeid. Die ontleding kyk na 'n verskeidenheid van teoretiese literatuur oor die vraag na arbeid en identifiseer sleutel-parameters vir die arbeidsmark. Daar is soveel teenstrydige paradigmas wat gebruik kan word om die kwessie te ontleed: Mikro-ekonomies teenoor makro-ekonomies; neoklassiek teenoor strukturalisties; teoreties teenoor empiries, ensovoorts. Sommige van hierdie paradigmas word bespreek as deel van die poging om 'n empiriese raamwerk te bou wat gebruik kan word om die kwessie te ontleed. Die empiriese resultate van die tesis toon: • Hoër reële lone lei tot 'n verlaging van die hoeveelheid arbeid aangevra. Die tesis beraam die ekonomiewye loonelastisiteit van indiensneming op sowat - 0,67; • Hoër uitset stimuleer die vraag na arbeid. Die enkelvergelyking-raming van die uitset-elastisiteit van indiensneming is tussen 0,66 en 0,75, terwyl die ekonomiewye raming sowat 1,1 is. Laasgenoemde neem terugvoerinvloede van ander makro-ekonomiese veranderlikes in ag, bv. produktiwiteit en lone. • Daar is min bewyse dat die doeltreffende loon-hipotese water hou: Hoër produktiwiteit lei tot hoër lone, maar die teendeel is onwaar; • Vakbonde se mag verhoog reële lone, wat indirek lei tot 'n daling van die vraag na arbeid. Dit dui daarop dat die arbeidsmark 'n binnekring en buitestaanders het; en • Die relatiewe prys van arbeid is ook belangrik: 'n Afname van die koste van kapitaal veroorsaak 'n daling van die vraag na arbeid. Simulasies toon dat werkskepping bevorder kan word deur beleid wat loonmatiging en ekonomiese groei bevorder. Daar is ook 'n rol, alhoewel beperk, vir fiskale insentiewe, b.v. 'n loonsubsidie.

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning