A topical issue in financial economics is the development of appropriate stochastic dynamic models for banking items and behavior. The issue here is to fulfil the need to generalize the more traditional discrete-time models of banking activity to a Levy process setting. In this thesis, under the assumption that the loan market is imperfectly competitive, we investigate the evolution of banking items such as bank assets (cash, bonds, shares, Treasuries, reserves, loans and intangible assets), liabilities (demand deposits) and bank capital (bank equity, subordinate debt and loan loss reserves). Here we consider the influence of macroeconomic factors and profitability as well as its indicators return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). As far as bank assets are concerned, we note that loan pricing models usually reflect the financial funding cost, risk premium to compensate for the risk of default by the borrower, a premium reflecting market power exercised by the bank and the sensitivity of the cost of capital raised to changes in loans extended. On the other hand, loan losses can be associated with an offsetting expense called the loan loss provision (LLP), which is charged against Nett profit. This offset will reduce reported income but has no impact on taxes, although when the assets are finally written off, a tax-deductible expense is created. An important factor influencing loan loss provisioning is regulation and supervision. Measures of capital adequacy are generally calculated using the book values of assets and equity. The provisioning of loans and their associated write-offs will cause a decline in these capital adequacy measures, and may precipitate increased regulation by bank authorities. Greater level of regulation generally entail additional costs for the bank. Currently, this regulation mainly takes the form of the Basel II Capital Accord that has been implemented on the worldwide basis since 2008. It is clear that bank profitability is a major indicator of financial crises for households, companies and financial institutions. An example of this from the 2007-2008 subprime mortgage crisis (SMC) is the U.S. bank, Wachovia Corp., who reported a big loss as from the first quarter of 2007 and eventually was bought by the world's largest bank, Citigroup, on 29 September 2008. A further example from the SMC is that both the failure of the Lehman Brothers investment bank and the acquisition in September 2008 of Merrill Lynch and Bear Stearns by Bank of America and JP Morgan Chase, respectively, were preceded by a decrease in profitability and an increase in the price of loans and loan losses. The subprime mortgage crisis is characterized by contracted liquidity in the global credit markets and banking system. The level of liquidity in the banking sector affects the ability of banks to meet commitments as they become due without incurring substantial losses from liquidating less liquid assets. Liquidity, therefore, provides the defensive cash or near-cash resources to cover banks' liability. An undervaluation of real risk in the subprime market is cascading, rippling and ultimately severely adversely affecting the world economy. The downturn in the U.S. housing market, risky lending and borrowing practices, and excessive individual and corporate debt levels have caused multiple adverse effects tumbled as the US housing market slumped. Banks worldwide are hoarding cash and showing a growing reluctance to lend, driving rates that institutions charge to each other on loans to record highs. Also, global money markets are inoperative, forcing increased injections of cash from central banks. The crisis has passed through various stages, exposing pervasive weaknesses in the global financial system and regulatory framework. The stochastic dynamics of the aforementioned banking items assist in formulating a maximization problem that involves endogenous variables such as profit consumption, the value of the bank's investment in loans and provisions for loan losses as control variants. In particular, we demonstrate that the bank is able to maximize its expected utility of discounted profit consumption over a random time interval, [t,r], and terminal profit at time r. Here the term profit consumption refers to the consumption of the bank's profits by dividend payments on equity and interest and principal payments on subordinate debt. The associated Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation has a smooth solution when the optimal controls are computed by means of power, logarithmic and exponential utility functions. This enables us to make a direct comparison between the economic properties of the solutions for different choices of the utility function. In keeping with the main theme of this thesis, we simulate the financial indices ROE and ROA that are two measures of bank profitability. We further discuss optimization with power utility where we show the convergence of the Markov Chain Approximation Method (MCAM) and the impact of varying the model parameters in the form of loan loss severity, P, and loan loss frequency, <f>. We investigate the connections between the banking models and Basel II capital accord as well as the current subprime mortgage crises. As a way of conclusion, we provide remarks about the main issues discussed in the thesis and speculate about future research directions. The contents of this thesis is based on 3 peer-reviewed journal articles (see [105], [106] and [107]) and 1 peer-reviewed conference proceedings paper (see [104]). In addition, the paper [108] is currently being prepared for submission to an accredited journal. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Applied Mathematics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Subject of this diploma thesis is leasing. There is shown legislative, and tax framework of leasing, diversification of leasing and leasing market in the Czech Republic and EU. One part is dedicated to comparison of different financing types from different suppliers. Financial calculations used in leasing and loan products are shown in specific part. Additional products, contract closure and live of the contracts are summarized in the final part.

This diploma thesis analyzes the real estate market and focuses its financing primarily through mortgage loans and building savings loans. It analyzes the types and characteristics of individual products from different companies. Based on this information recommends solution and suitable procedure for model clients.

The name of the work is Personal loans - debt collection. This work analyses effectivity of requisition outstandings in CSOB and credit process and searching ways out based especially on effectiveness of proces model in area of administration personal loans in CSOB.

The main aim of my diploma thesis is to choose the most sutaible option of loan financing of business activities of individual in simulated conditions. The first part is followed to summary of theoretical knowledges about loans issues which are loan analysis specifically interest, loan application, repayment, protection, risks and types of loans, then loan markets, loan unions and central bank and loans. The second part is aimed to analysis of specific cases of getting loans, morgages and leasing for entrepreneurs and citizens and it´s following evaluation. Then there is comparison of the best options. In conclusion of this part there are analysis and all the results of current situation of getting loans for entrepreneurs in Czech republic.

This paper explores the link between agriculture investment and agriculture output in Namibia. The existing theory on investment and growth constitutes a basis for empirical work on investment-output nexus. Neither the neoclassical nor the new growth theories on investment have considered the growth effects of investment at sector and industry level and its implication on capital allocation, particularly for developing countries that are resource constrained. The key question addressed in this paper is whether investment in agriculture is associated with agriculture output, both at the sector and sub-sector levels. The paper adopted the ARDL bounds test model constructed with quarterly data for the period 2000 to 2020 and found that investment and agricultural output exhibit a long-run relationship. The coefficient estimates showed that public investment, development bank loans and agriculture export have a positive impact on agricultural output while inflation, lending rates and commercial bank loans have a deleterious effect. The long-run causality tests suggest that there is unidirectional causality between commercial credit expenditure and aggregate agriculture output, as well as a unidirectional causality running from exports to livestock and crop sub-sector output. Based on error correction terms, agriculture output tends to rapidly adjust to short-term disturbances, hence rebound of agriculture output to a long-run growth path can take place with minimum or no delays. This study concludes that the Keynesian hypothesis is valid for Namibia's agriculture and the direction of causality is from investment to agriculture growth. Therefore, the role of government in supporting sustainable development of the agricultural sector cannot be overemphasised.

Short-term loan lenders have been criticized for their fees and aggressive marketing but in spite ofnegative attention in media we have a significant number of short-term loan lenders in Sweden. This study examines communicative strategies of short-term lenders online, focusing on verbal languageand pictures. The method is a combination of discoursetheory and semiotic theory. The empiricalmaterial consists of selected parts from five corporate websites. Words as “quickly and simple”permeates the entire material. It can almost be regarded as a corporate trademark and business concept.The concept of "quick and simple" includes a radical approach to credit assessment and credit historywhich is also used to position themselves against traditional banks. Customers are portrayed asunlucky figures with urgent bills and a salary that is not enough. It is emphasized that the loan is smalland therefore should not be linked with security, credit review by the UC or non-payment records.Loan application is a rapid process in three steps which are completed within minutes. The customer isoffered to assume certain identities which includes positions of disadvantage and innocence.A common denominator is responsibility, which the customer is disclaimed from. Possible conflictsoccurs when identities collide with each other, such as when the customer is encouraged to think twicebut as soon as possible hit the button of the colorful loan offer on the website's front page. Companiesstrives to maintain a certain "story" about themselves, the customers and the loans. Some signs areconnected and some excluded to create clarity in the discourse.

民國91、92年間國內、外經濟景氣低迷，失業率不斷攀升，許多勞工面臨經濟上之窘境，故修正勞工保險條例第67條增列勞工保險基金運用於勞工貸款，使勞工保險之被保險人可以提前動支老年給付，最後再以保險給付抵銷之，以靈活調整財務狀況，照顧勞工生計，自民國92年開始增列勞工保險基金得運用於被保險人貸款，然勞工保險局紓困貸款開辦至今已12年，一項政策執行是實現政策目標和解決政策問題的實際行動，還需透過政策評估來提供政策運行的正確資訊，以檢驗政策結果作為政策調整與建議的依據。 勞工生活狀況及個人特質的不同可能會影響勞工辦理紓困貸款原因，而申辦制度及還款方式的設計亦會影響勞工還款的意願，針對目前日漸嚴重逾期償還的問題恐會影響勞工老年經濟生活，本研究旨在探討申請者對於申請勞工保險局紓困貸款的原因以及對於紓困貸款制度之滿意程度，並調查申請者對於目前實施的紓困貸款制度的看法與建議，另參考主要國家辦理勞工貸款制度以做為我國辦理紓困貸款的學習。採用便利抽樣方式，以勞工保險局之被保險人親自到臺北辦事處旁之土地銀行南門分行臨櫃辦理紓困貸款的申請者為研究對象，問卷的發放以紓困貸款開辦期間103年1月3日至1月17日止，在土地銀行南門分行的協助下，本研究回收問卷130份，剔除無效問卷(即填答一致及漏填整大題或基本資料)為14份，有效問卷係為116份，研究結果分為勞工貸款制度之比較分析及我國勞工貸款制度之實施成效，與以下研究建議： 1.變更勞工紓困貸款的名稱。 2.以個人帳戶之勞工退休金辦理貸款更為妥適。 3.貸款資格應明確規範申請用途。 4.加強政策的宣導。

With the acceptance of the new Basel II banking regulation (implemented in South Africa in January 2008) the search for improved ways of modeling the most important banking activities has become very topical. Since the notion of Levy-process was introduced, it has emerged as an important tool for modeling economic variables in a Basel II framework. In this study, we investigate the stochastic dynamics of banking items that are driven by such processes. In particular, we discuss bank provisioning for loan losses and deposit withdrawals. The first type of provisioning is related to the earnings that the bank sets aside in order to cover loan defaults. In this case, we apply principles from robustness to a situation where the decision maker is a bank owner and the decision rule determines the optimal provisioning strategy for loan losses. In this regard, we formulate a dynamic banking loan loss model involving a provisioning portfolio consisting of provisions for expected losses and loan loss reserves for unexpected losses. Here, unexpected loan losses and provisioning for expected losses are modeled via a compound Poisson process and an exponential Levy process, respectively. We use historical evidence from OECD (Organization for Economic Corporation and Development) countries to support the fact that the provisions for loan losses-to-total assets ratio is negatively correlated with aggregate asset prices and the private credit-to-GDP ratio. Secondly, we construct models for provisioning for deposit withdrawals. In particular, we build stochastic dynamic models which enable us to analyze the interplay between deposit withdrawals and the provisioning for these withdrawals via Treasuries and reserves. Further insight is gained by considering a numerical problem and a simulation of the trajectory of the stochastic dynamics of the sum of the Treasuries and reserves. Since managing the risk that depositors will exercise their withdrawal option is an important aspect of this thesis, we consider the idea of a hedging provisioning strategy for deposit withdrawals in an incomplete market setting. In this spirit, we discuss an optimal risk management problem for a commercial bank whose main activity is to obtain funds through deposits from the public and use the Treasuries and reserves to cater for the resulting withdrawals. Finally, we provide a brief analysis of some of the issues arising from the dynamic models of the banking items derived. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Computer, Statistical and Mathematical Sciences))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

With the acceptance of the new Basel II banking regulation (implemented in South Africa in January 2008) the search for improved ways of modeling the most important banking activities has become very topical. Since the notion of Levy-process was introduced, it has emerged as an important tool for modeling economic variables in a Basel II framework. In this study, we investigate the stochastic dynamics of banking items that are driven by such processes. In particular, we discuss bank provisioning for loan losses and deposit withdrawals. The first type of provisioning is related to the earnings that the bank sets aside in order to cover loan defaults. In this case, we apply principles from robustness to a situation where the decision maker is a bank owner and the decision rule determines the optimal provisioning strategy for loan losses. In this regard, we formulate a dynamic banking loan loss model involving a provisioning portfolio consisting of provisions for expected losses and loan loss reserves for unexpected losses. Here, unexpected loan losses and provisioning for expected losses are modeled via a compound Poisson process and an exponential Levy process, respectively. We use historical evidence from OECD (Organization for Economic Corporation and Development) countries to support the fact that the provisions for loan losses-to-total assets ratio is negatively correlated with aggregate asset prices and the private credit-to-GDP ratio. Secondly, we construct models for provisioning for deposit withdrawals. In particular, we build stochastic dynamic models which enable us to analyze the interplay between deposit withdrawals and the provisioning for these withdrawals via Treasuries and reserves. Further insight is gained by considering a numerical problem and a simulation of the trajectory of the stochastic dynamics of the sum of the Treasuries and reserves. Since managing the risk that depositors will exercise their withdrawal option is an important aspect of this thesis, we consider the idea of a hedging provisioning strategy for deposit withdrawals in an incomplete market setting. In this spirit, we discuss an optimal risk management problem for a commercial bank whose main activity is to obtain funds through deposits from the public and use the Treasuries and reserves to cater for the resulting withdrawals. Finally, we provide a brief analysis of some of the issues arising from the dynamic models of the banking items derived. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Computer, Statistical and Mathematical Sciences))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.