This study will validate several key results from previous studies of bank loan announcement effects by using the data from Hong Kong market following the 1997 Asian crisis. Banks are believed to play a unique role in financial market which could effectively reduce the problem of information asymmetry and moral hazard. Banks could access borrowers’ inside information which is not available to other participants. Thus bank loan announcements convey valuable information to the market, and market response of the stock price should be positive. However, because of the significant reform in both financial market and information market, the valuation of bank loan announcement conveyed need to be reconsidered. This study investigates whether banks are still “unique” in the financial market or whether they are like middlemen between borrowers and investors. Data used in this study is collected from the Hong Kong Stock Exchange Index, and a standard event study with the market model is applied in the research to conduct the empirical analysis. The results suggest bank loan announcements are associated with significantly higher positive abnormal returns than non-bank loan announcements. Based on the market model of event study, market response is found to be significantly positive for loan syndication, short maturity loan and borrower’s debt ratio, and negatively related to firm size and loan size. Bank loans with refinancing and capital expenditure and no specific purpose have significantly higher positive abnormal returns, and borrowers with property and industrial industry type have more significant positive abnormal returns compared to other industry type. The findings also suggest the Hong Kong stock market is efficient in both strong and semi-strong form for bank loan announcements. A strong evidence of information leakage problem is found for non-bank loan announcements. The results are generally consistent with the existing literature.

<p>The content of this essay examines high school students’ tendencies when it comes to English word use in the Swedish language. 92 students in the first and second grade were handed an inquiry for them fill out. The results and the following discussion are based on the answers’ from this inquiry. </p><p> The essay focuses on three separate areas that concerns attitude, inflection and translation.</p>

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet. Also issued online.

The content of this essay examines high school students’ tendencies when it comes to English word use in the Swedish language. 92 students in the first and second grade were handed an inquiry for them fill out. The results and the following discussion are based on the answers’ from this inquiry. The essay focuses on three separate areas that concerns attitude, inflection and translation.

Det har riktats mycket kritik mot snabblåneföretagens tillvägagångssätt att låna ut pengar. Antalet obetalda snabblån har ökat och allt fler personer skuldsätter sig. Enligt Kronofogdemyndighetens statistik från år 2012 har antalet betalningsföreläggande angående snabblån ökat till 53 709 ärenden, vilket är en ökning med 62 % jämfört med år 2011. Trots att det har införts krav på att genomföra kreditprövning har 16 av 22 snabblåneföretag varnats av Konsumentverket för bristfälliga kreditprövningar. Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur kreditprocessen genomförs vid snabblån. För att skapa en helhetsbild av bristfälliga kreditprövningar och återbetalningsproblem har snabblåneföretag, Konsumentverket, Kronofogden och Svea inkassos perspektiv undersökts. Resultatet visar att de undersökta företagens kreditprövning skiljer sig en aning från varandra för att de tillämpar olika kreditscoringmodeller och inhämtar information från kunden på olika sätt. Företagen har utvecklat och förbättrat sin kreditprövning vilket har medfört att återbetalningsproblem minskat bland deras kunder. Konsumentverket har endast granskat 22 av 50 snabblåneföretag men kan konstatera att de företag som varnats har förbättrat sin kreditprövning. Kronofogdens statistik har inte beräknats i relation till hur mycket branschen ökat, hur många lån varje snabblåneföretag beviljat samt hur många skulder företagen lämnat över till inkassobolag för indrivning. En slutsats som kan dras är att samtliga intressenter saknar en helhetsbild av snabblånemarknaden. Kronofogdens statistik saknar relationstal, Konsumentverket har inte granskat hela branschen och snabblåneföretagen har inget gemensamt kundregister. Slutligen kan författarna se att det finns ett samband mellan bristfälliga kreditprövningar och återbetalningsproblem. Samtidigt är bristfälliga kreditprövningar inte den enda orsaken till återbetalningsproblem.

Access to financial resources is considered to be the most constraining feature for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Many researchers describe networking as an essential factor for accessing a bank loan as SMEs seek to access to resources for development. Thus, the objective of this paper is, describe the network impact on accessing a bank loan in Iran and Sweden as well as the similarities and differences in the Iranian and Swedish lending process. Lack of literature in this field was the main reason for choosing one developed and one developing country. Based on the theory which is developed by the author, the impact of networking on accessing a bank loan is examining. Multiple case studies were implemented to gather the necessary information. By interviewing personnel in eight banks in Iran and Sweden and eight SMEs in both countries, this study was conducted. The results reveal that social and official networking could provide easier access to a bank loan in both countries. In addition, only in Sweden would networking with a manager of customer influence the outcome. Further, the results indicate that the principle of the lending process is the same in both countries. The main differences in the lending process are included the interest rate, the number of decision makers and supporting different sectors.

The study use preparing the 2011¡¦s pro forma financial statements of China Construction Bank (CCB) at first, and use market stock price as given result, conjecture the Non-Performance Loan ratio of the market investors. And then, using implied Non-Performance Loan ratio, adjust the original financial statements, prepare the 2012¡¦s pro forma financial statements of CCB. In the end, using Copeland, Koller, and Murrin¡]2000¡^¡¦s equity DCF method and Preinreivh¡BEdwards and Bell¡BOhlson¡¦s EBO method to estimate the intrinsic value of the common stock for the China Construction Bank. Based on my analysis, it is suggested that, after preparing the pro forma financial statements by carefully considering economic environment¡Blaws and regulations¡Bindustrial structure and lending proportion¡Bmarket position, and future strategies of the specific bank, use two valuation model by considering implied Non-Performance Loan ratio. The intrinsic value of the common stock is higher than its market price, that is, the market price of the China Construction Bank is undervalued. Therefore, I hope the result of this business evaluation research, will help the investors making more rational decisions.

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Abstract Small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) are the engine of economic deve- lopment, but market imperfections such as those caused by underdeveloped fi- nancial and legal systems impede their growth. Although SMEs form a large part of private sector in many countries, they face larger growth constraints and are less likely to have access to formal sources of external finance than large firms. SMEs have the characteristics of informational opacity, weak finance, imperfect management and small size. These characteristics bring about moral hazard and adverse election, implying high credit risk of SMEs. Lending technologies can help facilitate SMEs¡¦ access to finance. The credit supplementation institutions have significant effects on SMEs credit availa- bility, so it becomes an important issue to policy makers around the globe setting up relevant legal systems and supporting financial assistance to SMEs. Since The New Basel Capital Accord had released the criteria and credit risk models of regulatory capital requirements for banks to follow, how to choose an appropriate model to measure the credit risk of SMEs and reasonably price the loan assets on a risk-return basis have become a common task of banks and the credit supplementation institutions. This paper uses the model developed by Kuo (2003) - ¡§How to Gauge the Default Probability: An Empirical Investigation of the Market-Based Approach to Bank¡¦s Loan Asset ¡¨ to gauge the probability of default to bank¡¦s loan asset for SMEs which guaranteed by Taiwan SMEG. Using market-based risk neutral approach, the probability of default for each SMEs¡¦ loan will be endogenously determined. This paper also uses the actuarial valuation principles to simulate the reasonable guarantee fee which should be received by SMEG through the breakeven analysis. The empirical results show that: 1.The tradeoff between recovery rate and the probability of default has joint effects. The probability of default increases rapidly while the recovery rate is over 70% and decreases smoothly while the recovery rate is below 60%. 2.The guaranteed loans over 70% coverage under the Authorized Approach have higher probability of default, as banks usually depend on the credit supp- lementation institutions for the larger portion of subrogation payment. 3.The guaranteed loans below 60% coverage under the Normal Approach have lower probability of default, as banks won¡¦t endure high probability of default and will turn to be conservative while lending to SMEs. Banks must also forward the relevant documents to the Taiwan SMEG for scrutiny and consideration, and it has reduced the default risk. 4.The guaranteed loans of 100% coverage under the Package Credit Guarantee have the highest probability of default if banks fully depend on the whole guaranteed coverage. However the bank loans lose given default will rely on bank¡¦s lending strategy, as the subrogation rate is set to be fixed on a maximum limit of guaranteed loans. 5.Using the actuarial valuation principles, with the estimations of pro- bability of default the reasonable rate of guarantee fee can be simulated through the breakeven analysis. The contribution of this paper is to submit the practical value for bank¡¦s loan pricing strategy, lending policy decision and credit risk management, also submit a subsidiary referential implication for SMEG to set the rate of guarantee fee, using the reduced form model to estimate default probability of bank¡¦s loan assets for SMEs which guaranteed by Taiwan SMEG, and using the actuarial va- luation principles to simulate the guarantee fee through the breakeven analysis.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the role of Anglicisms in the language of Ukrainian young adults, the motives of English borrowings&rsquo / usage, and the attitude of young people towards the presence of Anglicisms in the Ukrainian language. The study examined the language of young adults, newspapers and magazines, and popular TV programmes. Note fields, audio-recordings, and questionnaire were chosen for investigation of borrowings integrated in the Ukrainian language. The study revealed a constant usage of Anglicisms by young adults in Ukraine, despite their place of residence and occupation, focusing on the main areas where borrowings are used. It was suggested that English borrowings have become a significant part of the language used by young people in Ukraine.