This work evaluates the security of household banking in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia by investigating the fit between the Saudi banking system and the practices of its household customers. A framework is developed to evaluate both technical and human factors, to help build a secure and effective banking system. Three building blocks contribute to the framework: the household context of use of bank systems in Saudi Arabia, banking technologies and processes, and Saudi banking policies and infrastructure. A qualitative study of the household context of use employs grounded theory to identify the banking practices of household customers and the factors influencing them. Data were collected in two phases: from 47 household customers, using telephone interviews, focus groups and the diary/interview method, then from 23 Saudi bankers interviewed by telephone. Each method was adjusted to accommodate the unique settings of the research context, such as being a Saudi female researcher collecting data from participants of both genders, the sensitivity of the topic and the intimate nature of the household context. This research contributes as a practical guide by describing each method used in detail, serving to inform and guide future work in a similar context. The second block in the framework is the security analysis of the banking technologies and processes used by participating household customers: online banking, telephone banking and bank cards. The two analytical approaches are STRIDE, which aims to identify objectives and vulnerabilities in bank technologies regarding specific security threats, and DREAD, which is used to quantify the risk from such threats. The third block is the Saudi banking policies and infrastructure that guide the use of the technologies issued by the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency (SAMA) the leading authority to the Saudi banking sector, involving a deep analysis of the official policies and regulations related to the household context of use of bank technologies. The framework is applied to evaluate the security of household banking in two case studies: the use of new technologies such as mobile banking and the use of fingerprints as a new security mechanism in the authentication process of bank cards.

Access to financial resources is considered to be the most constraining feature for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Many researchers describe networking as an essential factor for accessing a bank loan as SMEs seek to access to resources for development. Thus, the objective of this paper is, describe the network impact on accessing a bank loan in Iran and Sweden as well as the similarities and differences in the Iranian and Swedish lending process. Lack of literature in this field was the main reason for choosing one developed and one developing country. Based on the theory which is developed by the author, the impact of networking on accessing a bank loan is examining. Multiple case studies were implemented to gather the necessary information. By interviewing personnel in eight banks in Iran and Sweden and eight SMEs in both countries, this study was conducted. The results reveal that social and official networking could provide easier access to a bank loan in both countries. In addition, only in Sweden would networking with a manager of customer influence the outcome. Further, the results indicate that the principle of the lending process is the same in both countries. The main differences in the lending process are included the interest rate, the number of decision makers and supporting different sectors.

The master thesis analyzes "quantitative easing" policy in the USA which is very controversial. Quantitative easing influences a liquidity of the bank system and has different impact on economic variables. The relationship between growth of total reserves and economic variables is analyzed during 9/2008 - 3/2012 by Eviews program. The conclusion is that impact of quantitative easing policy on economic variables has been different in comparison with former assumptions.

El impacto de la concentración y la eficiencia en la rentabilidad bancaria es un tema ampliamente investigado a través del mundo; sin embargo, el sistema bancario peruano ha sido la excepción. El propósito de este trabajo de investigación es analizar la relevancia del paradigma estructura-conducta-desempeño (ECD) y la hipótesis de eficiencia como determinantes de la rentabilidad bancaria del Perú durante el 2010 y 2019. La metodología econométrica utilizada es el estimador MGM por la naturaleza dinámica del modelo. Los resultados sugieren que la eficiencia técnica, medida con análisis de frontera estocástica, y la eficiencia contable, calculada como un ratio financiero, tienen un efecto positivo y significativo en la rentabilidad bancaria. / Market concentration and efficiency's impact on banking profitability is a widely researched topic throughout the world; however, the Peruvian banking system has been the exception. The purpose of this research is to analyse the relevance of the structure-conduct-performance (SCP) paradigm and the efficiency hypothesis as determinants of banking profitability in Peru between 2010 and 2019. The econometric methodology applied was the GMM estimator due to the model's dynamic nature. The results suggest that technical efficiency, measured by stochastic frontier analysis, and accounting efficiency, calculated as a financial ratio, have a positive and significant effect on banking profitability. / Trabajo de investigación

Corporate entrepreneurship has different strategies as referred to by researchers. An entrepreneurial orientation is one of these strategies. In the overall corporate entrepreneurial process, entrepreneurial orientation is referred to as entrepreneurial intensity. Corporate entrepreneurship is a process where organisations think differently to overcome barriers to improve the performance of the organisation. Entrepreneurial orientation is a process of decision making to develop new innovative products, services or processes to intensify the organisation’s performance. The South African banking system is supported with a well-managed regulated framework and is favourable in the global environment. South Africa is the financial gateway to the rest of Africa and the environment is highly competitive. During the last twenty years the banking industry went through exciting changes and turmoil when refering to the financial of 2008 crisis. Retail banks need to think differently and small competitors are more prominent than ever before. The lower end of the market created fierce competition between the retail banks in South Africa. The reason for this study is to focus on entrepreneurial orientations from a customer’s perspective. Customer perspective is critical for the survival of an organisation and banks are no different. Based on the literature, entrepreneurial orientation is the level of intensity of corporate entrepreneurship visible in the organisation. The results obtained in the empirical study enabled recommendations that can provide retail banks with useful information from a customer’s perspective that can assist retail banks in general. Recommendations found in the study include; retail banks need to reinvest in their own systems to mine useful information to assist customers, be more open to autonomy approaches and redesign job descriptions, re-look calculated risk areas that will have no influence on credit processes, regulate innovations better and involve the customer and be more unique to create a better customer experience. / MBA (Master of Business Administration), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Corporate entrepreneurship has different strategies as referred to by researchers. An entrepreneurial orientation is one of these strategies. In the overall corporate entrepreneurial process, entrepreneurial orientation is referred to as entrepreneurial intensity. Corporate entrepreneurship is a process where organisations think differently to overcome barriers to improve the performance of the organisation. Entrepreneurial orientation is a process of decision making to develop new innovative products, services or processes to intensify the organisation’s performance. The South African banking system is supported with a well-managed regulated framework and is favourable in the global environment. South Africa is the financial gateway to the rest of Africa and the environment is highly competitive. During the last twenty years the banking industry went through exciting changes and turmoil when refering to the financial of 2008 crisis. Retail banks need to think differently and small competitors are more prominent than ever before. The lower end of the market created fierce competition between the retail banks in South Africa. The reason for this study is to focus on entrepreneurial orientations from a customer’s perspective. Customer perspective is critical for the survival of an organisation and banks are no different. Based on the literature, entrepreneurial orientation is the level of intensity of corporate entrepreneurship visible in the organisation. The results obtained in the empirical study enabled recommendations that can provide retail banks with useful information from a customer’s perspective that can assist retail banks in general. Recommendations found in the study include; retail banks need to reinvest in their own systems to mine useful information to assist customers, be more open to autonomy approaches and redesign job descriptions, re-look calculated risk areas that will have no influence on credit processes, regulate innovations better and involve the customer and be more unique to create a better customer experience. / MBA (Master of Business Administration), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

This thesis deals with both theoretical and practical aspects of banking fee and commission income in the European Union. Since fee income represents the largest part of non-interest income earned by banks, it remains a major challenge for bank management to set and maintain an appropriate fee policy. Nevertheless, solving for the optimal fee structure has not yet been accomplished either on a theoretical level, or in actual practice. In the thesis, we analyse fee income in EU banking sectors. Our results show that the Czech banking sector was not abnormally dependent on fee income compared to other EU countries in the period 2007-2012. As a result, we argue that the high profitability of Czech banks cannot be attributed to abnormal banking fees and commission income, but rather other factors should be considered. Moreover, we study the determinants of fee income share in individual banks and discuss the impact of market concentration on the magnitude of banking fees. We conclude that banks facing higher competition tend to expand more aggressively into non- traditional activities and therefore they report higher fee income shares. We also study the relationship between banking fees and banks' performance. The results are mixed depending on applied profitability measure, but in general, banks with...

La aplicación de un buen gobierno corporativo en las entidades del sector bancario peruano es de gran importancia para su estabilidad y desarrollo. Al implementar estas buenas prácticas genera un impacto positivo permitiendo mostrar una imagen sólida y estable, necesaria para la captación de inversiones y el desarrollo de oportunidades de crecimiento en el sector.    El objetivo principal de esta investigación es determinar si existe una relación entre el grado de cumplimiento de buen gobierno corporativo y el valor económico agregado que generan las entidades del sector bancario peruano.    El presente trabajo busca determinar la correlación entre estas dos variables. Para ello, se recurrió a una investigación cuantitativa empleando la calificación del grado de cumplimiento de buen gobierno corporativo establecido por las entidades bancarias, y el valor económico agregado. Además, se aplicaron los procedimientos para medir el valor económico agregado comenzando por la estimación de la Utilidad operativa neta antes de impuestos y el Costo promedio ponderado de capital y Capital invertido. Posteriormente, mediante el análisis correlacional y el uso de regresiones lineales se determinará si existe la relación mencionada.    Finalmente, las conclusiones obtenidas aprueban la relación considerable entre el grado de cumplimiento del buen gobierno corporativo y el valor económico agregado en las entidades del sector bancario en el Perú. / The application of good corporate governance in entities of the Peruvian banking sector is of great importance for their development, since implementing these good practices generates a positive impact, allowing to show a solid and stable image, necessary for attracting investment and development. of growth opportunities in the sector. The main objective of this research is to determine if there is a relationship between the degree of compliance with good corporate governance and the added economic value generated by entities in the Peruvian banking sector. The present work seeks to determine the correlation between these two variables. To do this, a quantitative investigation was used using the classification of the degree of compliance with good corporate governance established by banking entities, and the economic added value. In addition, the procedures to measure the economic added value were applied, beginning with the estimation of the net operating profit before taxes and the weighted average cost of capital and capital invested. Subsequently, through correlational analysis and the use of linear regressions, it will be determined whether the aforementioned relationship exists. Finally, the conclusions obtained approve the considerable relationship between the degree of compliance with good corporate governance and the added economic value in the entities of the banking sector in Peru. / Tesis

In allogeneic bone transplantation, the transmission of viral and non-viral infectious pathogens is the most severe undesirable concomitant phenomenon. The investigations published were examined regarding the inactivating capacity of inactivation procedures that are presently performed in bone banks (peracetic acid/ethanol, gamma irradiation, moist heat) against clinically relevant pathogens (aiming at a virus titer reduction of at least 4 log10 TCID50/ml or titer reduction of non-viral micro-organisms of at least 5 log10 cfu/ml). In the suspension experiments, treatment with peracetic acid/ethanol (peracetic acid 2%, ethanol 96%, aqua ad iniectabilia 2:1:1, 4 hours, 200 mbar, agitation) achieved a titer reduction of > 4 log10 already after 5 minutes for a number of viruses (PSR, PV, BVDV). HIV-2 was also inactivated within 5 minutes below the level of detection ( 4 log10 TCID50/ml was only reached after 4 hours. The results mentioned could be confirmed in the carrier test (contaminated spongiosa cuboids used as ‘worst case’ scenario). In the suspension experiment as well as in the carrier test, the HAV titer was reduced after 4 hours by only 3.7 log10 and 2.87 log10, respectively. The preceding step of defatting the spongiosa tissue by chloroform/ethanol was validated using cell-associated HAV and showed an HAV titer reduction of 7 log10. In the investigations regarding non-viral pathogens, all test organisms were completely inactivated by more than 5 log 10 steps (cfu/ml). Gamma irradiation was the second procedure examined. D10 values (irradiation dose required to reduce 90% of the pathogen titers by one log10 step) that were determined in inactivation kinetics experiments (irradiation conditions: –30°C, 60Co source) corresponded to data published so far. In order to provide for maximal safety, an irradiation dose of 34 kGy was recommended for allogeneic bone transplants using BPV and a diaphysis model from human femurs. The ‘Marburg bone bank system’ was the third procedure examined (thermal disinfection, guaranteed temperature of at least 82.5°C for a minimum of 15 min) using centrally contaminated human femoral heads. All viruses were completely inactivated and their titer reduced by more than 4 log10 steps. Vegetative bacteria and fungi were also completely inactivated (>= 6 log10 in the supernatant). As expected, spores and spore-forming pathogens were not sufficiently inactivated and not inactivated, respectively (titer reduction of less than 2 log10 cfu/ml). However, the latter group can be disregarded, since femoral heads are procured in the operation room under sterile conditions and the following production process rules out a secondary contamination with spores. It could be shown in the investigations presented that all three procedures examined guarantee an inactivation of the viruses investigated according to the recommendations by the senior federal authorities. The three treatment procedures offer additional biosafety by a comprehensive inactivation of non-viral pathogens.

Submitted by Dioscoro Gomes (dioscorogomes@gmail.com) on 2010-06-02T13:41:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ESCASSEZ DE CRÉDITO BANCÁRIO NO BRASIL COMPARAÇÃO INTERNACIONAL E EVIDÊNCIA RECENTE.pdf: 1555837 bytes, checksum: 6aebde8ee407dd08bda97ca25a4971c2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vitor Souza(vitor.souza@fgv.br) on 2010-06-02T15:02:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ESCASSEZ DE CRÉDITO BANCÁRIO NO BRASIL COMPARAÇÃO INTERNACIONAL E EVIDÊNCIA RECENTE.pdf: 1555837 bytes, checksum: 6aebde8ee407dd08bda97ca25a4971c2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2010-06-07T14:35:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ESCASSEZ DE CRÉDITO BANCÁRIO NO BRASIL COMPARAÇÃO INTERNACIONAL E EVIDÊNCIA RECENTE.pdf: 1555837 bytes, checksum: 6aebde8ee407dd08bda97ca25a4971c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-31 / The objective of this work is to examine the level of bank credit in Brazil in the period after the Real Plan. To this, the work uses the Barajas and Steiner (2002) methodology but with a larger country sample (Brazil among nine Latin American countries and other forty outside Latin America). The results suggest that bank credit has not grown as expected and is still as volatile as the Latin America average. The size of the Brazilian banking system is not small as expected, but is less prone to lending to the private sector. Credit to the public sector still occupies a very important share of the Brazilian banking system balance sheet. About this matter the work shows that an increase in securitization could increase significantly the credit to the private sector. / O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar o nível de crédito bancário no Brasil no período pós implantação do Plano Real. Para isso, o trabalho utiliza a metodologia de Barajas e Steiner (2002) mas utilizando uma amostra maior de países (além da economia brasileira, nove países da América Latina e quarenta não América Latina). Os resultados encontrados mostram que o crédito bancário historicamente não cresceu como o esperado e ainda é tão volátil quanto a média América latina. O sistema bancário não mostrou-se menor do que o esperado para a economia brasileira, mas é menos propenso ao crédito ao setor privado. O crédito ao setor público ainda ocupa uma fatia muito relevante no balanço do agregado bancário e sobre esse respeito o trabalho mostra que um aumento na securitização e cessão de crédito aumenta significativamente o crédito ao setor privado.