A carência habitacional é uma marca da sociedade atual, sendo muito evidente no Brasil. Ela está concentrada na faixa de renda mais baixa da população. O confronto entre custo de produção da habitação popular e seu conseqüente preço mínimo e capacidade de pagar deste mercado alvo, isto é, da população de baixa renda, configura a produção de habitação popular como um negócio com baixa atratividade econômica. Assim, tal negócio não desperta interesse da iniciativa privada e o Estado é obrigado a desenvolvê-lo, ainda que sem qualidade econômica. Esta Tese propõe uma forma de incentivo à produção de habitação popular através de relacionamento entre Estado e iniciativa privada, de maneira a tornar tal negócio economicamente atrativo para esta última. Para isto é apresentado um mecanismo que contempla a segmentação do fluxo de recebíveis destes empreendimentos empregando instrumentos disponíveis no mercado de capitais, o que inclui a alteração da forma de pagamento de determinados tributos, visando a conferir atratividade econômica, sob o ponto de vista da iniciativa privada, para a produção desta habitação com preço que se enquadre na capacidade de pagar do mercado alvo. Em última análise, objetiva-se o incremento da produção de habitação popular moldada para a capacidade de pagar de seu mercado, contribuindo para a redução da carência habitacional. O estudo é desenvolvido para a realidade brasileira. No entanto, com as devidas adaptações, ele pode ser aplicado a diversos países, desde que a realidade econômica e social do país se assemelhe à brasileira: elevada carga tributária, escassez de recursos públicos, déficit habitacional. Analogamente, o mecanismo proposto nesta Tese pode ser adaptado para outros tipos de empreendimentos imobiliários de interesse social, que não as habitações populares, no mercado nacional ou internacional. / The scarcity of housing is a blemish of society nowadays affecting large number of people in Brazil. It is concentrated within the lowest income groups. The incompatibility between the costs of producing the low-income housing - and its resultant minimum price and the purchasing power of this market segment, that is low-income people, indicates low-income housing construction as an economically unattractive business. Therefore, the private sector takes no interest in such business and the government assumes the responsibility of developing it even without economic quality. This thesis proposes a way to stimulate low-income housing construction through a relationship between State and private sector by turning this business into an economically attractive one for the private sector. To do so, a mechanism is suggested, which considers the segmentation of these enterprises receivables flow by making use of adequate instruments available in the capital market, including altering the means of paying some government taxes. This mechanism assigns economic attractiveness to low-income housing production from the private sector point of view and at the same time it matches this housing price to its target publics ability to pay. At last the study intends to increase low-income housing production suited to its target publics ability to pay and in this way contribute to reducing the housing scarcity. The research is developed considering Brazilian actuality. However, after some necessary adjustments, it may be applied to different countries, which have economic and social realities similar to Brazilian ones: high tax incidence, lack of government funds, housing deficit. Similarly, the proposed mechanism may be adapted to other kinds of social interest real estate enterprises, besides low-income housing, in Brazil or abroad.

In Dhaka, Bangladesh over five million people live in low-income, informal settlements (bustees) with limited access to basic services, secure land tenure and political voice. Whilst collective action among the urban poor is central to accessing affordable services and - when taken to scale - a broader politics of 'redistribution, recognition and representation' (Fraser 1997; 2005), little is known about how Dhaka's slum dwellers organise, and the extent to which this is (or can be) transformative. To deepen our understanding, this thesis utilises collective action theory to examine intra-group dynamics, the instrumental value of groups and broader context of urban governance that enables and/or constrains certain forms of collective action in Dhaka's bustees. Case studies of Community Based Organisations (CBOs) in three bustees are used as a lens to explore how slum dwellers organise to obtain basic services, such as water and sanitation. CBOs are disaggregated into two main types (externally or NGO-initiated and internally or leader-initiated) and sub-types (formal and informal), with three sub-themes; participation (leadership and membership), function (activities and responsibilities) and outcomes (equity and sustainability). A mixed qualitative toolkit, including in-depth observations of CBOs, interviews with CBO leaders, members, non-members and key-informant interviews with NGO, government officials and citywide urban poor groups, reveals the complex relationship between collective action, service provision and urban governance in Dhaka. Two key findings emerge. Firstly, similar patterns in participation and outcomes are observed regardless of CBO type, whereby politically-affiliated local leaders and house owners create, enter and/or use CBOs to address their strategic agendas, and reinforce their authority. This demonstrates that, as opposed to bounded groups, CBOs are in fact nodes of interconnected individuals, some of whom are better able to participate in (and benefit from) collective action, than others. Secondly, although collective action plays an increasingly important role in service provision in Dhaka (especially legal water supply), it is largely practical in nature (i.e. addressing immediate needs). In cases where it is more strategic (i.e. to access land and housing), or both practical and strategic (i.e. obtaining legal water supply to secure land), certain male local leaders seek to benefit over others. In all cases, transformative collective action is constrained. This, it is argued, relates to the broader context of urban governance that enables certain forms of collective action, while constraining others, in Dhaka's bustees. Three (interrelated) spheres of urban governance are identified as particularly important: 1) patron-centric state; 2) risk-averse and market-oriented development sector; and 3) clientelistic society. Whilst existing collective action theory has value for understanding intra-group dynamics, fieldwork suggests that the urban governance context is the overarching factor affecting collective action in Dhaka's bustees. The thesis concludes with potential ways forward.

O objetivo deste trabalho é contribuir para o estudo da habitação de baixa renda e a produção da mesma por meio de um processo e sistema de gestão local e sustentável. A partir do estudo da formação da pobreza no Brasil, a constatação da inibição à participação e à reivindicação do direito da função social da propriedade e a existência de um déficit habitacional de 7,9 milhões de moradias, são analisadas as políticas habitacionais do Brasil existentes e em construção, acrescentados os necessários conceitos de sustentabilidade, e o estágio atual de aplicação destas políticas em quatro municípios do Estado de São Paulo. Ao final é apresentado um estudo de um sistema para que os municípios possam com a participação direta dos interessados gerenciar o projeto, produção e manutenção ao longo de todo seu ciclo de vida das moradias de baixa renda. / The objective of this work is to contribute to the study of low-income housing and its implementation based on sustainable local management process and system. It starts with the study of the formation of poverty in Brazil, and the identification that participation and claim to right to property is seriously restricted, with a housing deficit of 7.9 million units. Brazils current and developing housing policies are analyzed and complemented by concepts of sustainability, with a presentation of the status of their application to four cities in the state of São Paulo. Finally, the study looks at a system to enable cities to manage the design, production and lifecycle maintenance of low-income housing, with local and direct participation of its stakeholders.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:25:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alberto Augusto Guedes.pdf: 11537553 bytes, checksum: 83478700786ab01049e45541360df61d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-04 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / The expression business model gained relevance at the very beginning of the 1990 s to designate any new e-business venture. However, business models are potentially important for all economic activities meaning the core logic of a company and how its components interact both internally and externally. This study proposed the description of business models put in force by companies engaged in the construction of low-income housing as the main research issue. Although the increasing interest of academic research for business models, this segment of the civil construction industry have been deserving little attention in the sense of specific phenomena wherever in Brasil or in the whole world. Notwithstanding, Brazil is getting to a prominent worldwide position since 2009 with the institution of Minha Casa, Minha Vida Program. The research, treated on an exploratory basis, use the multiple case study method. To meet the first specific objective it was possible to describe the dimensions and components of the effective business model concerning value creation, configuration and capture. The second specific objective allowed to identify the changes occurred in the business models of the construction companies who engaged in the Program, remarkably the growing interaction of social networks, the use of new technologies and several aspects related to social and environmental issues. / O termo modelo de negócio tomou força no início dos anos 1990, servindo para denominar quaisquer novas operações de e-business, e ensejando muitos estudos acadêmicos. No entanto, modelos de negócios são potencialmente relevantes para todas as atividades econômicas, representando a lógica central da empresa e como seus componentes interagem interna e externamente. Este estudo trouxe como questão principal de pesquisa a descrição dos modelos de negócio empregados pelas empresas atuantes na construção de habitações populares. Mesmo com o crescente interesse acadêmico por modelos de negócios, esse segmento da construção civil tem merecido pouca atenção para entender fenômenos particulares, seja no Brasil ou em todo o mundo. O Brasil passou a se destacar nesse quadro mundial a partir de 2009, com a introdução do Programa Minha Casa, Minha Vida. A pesquisa, de caráter exploratório, utilizou o estudo de caso múltiplo. Atendendo o primeiro objetivo específico, foi possível descrever as dimensões e componentes do modelo de negócio empregado, concernentes à criação, configuração e captura de valor. O segundo objetivo específico permitiu identificar as mudanças ocorridas nos modelos de negócios das construtoras que aderiram no Programa, notadamente a crescente atuação das redes sociais, o emprego de novas tecnologias construtivas e as preocupações com os aspectos socioambientais.

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar as formas de relacionamento de adolescentes e jovens de famílias recompostas de camadas populares, filhos de união anterior da mãe, com quem moravam e que se encontrava em nova união, consensual ou formalizada. Procurou-se descrever e analisar as relações vividas pelos sujeitos com a mãe, com seu parceiro, com parentes de ambos, com o pai biológico, com parentes paternos, com irmãos consangüíneos, uterinos e agnáticos, e também com filhos de uniões da madrasta e do padrasto, seus quase-irmãos. Cabe destacar que os relacionamentos com esses diversos parentes não se restringem ao espaço da moradia. Como conseqüência dessa multiplicidade de novos vínculos, muitos deles sem termo específico para definir o parentesco, objetivou-se pesquisar os estatutos atribuídos aos diferentes integrantes dessas famílias. Além disso, investigou-se como ocorreu a prática socializatória dos sujeitos, incluindo as diversas pessoas que participaram mais ativamente desse processo. Para essa pesquisa, foram entrevistados 11 adolescentes e jovens de ambos os sexos, entre 14 e 20 anos, de dez famílias recompostas. A partir das transcrições das entrevistas, foi efetuada análise qualitativa dos dados, tendo como referência trabalhos nas áreas da Antropologia e da Psicologia. A análise objetivou apreender situações em comum, bem como diferenças entre elas, vividas pelos sujeitos em suas famílias, a fim de se descrever o conjunto de seus relacionamentos de forma mais integrada. Os dados foram contrapostos à literatura da área, a fim de levantar semelhanças e divergências com ela, e foram interpretados à luz dessas ferramentas teóricas. A análise dos relatos dos sujeitos aponta a centralidade da mãe nos arranjos familiares, indicando maior proximidade com ela. Devido a essa centralidade, os parentes maternos são os mais presentes no cotidiano dos sujeitos, em detrimento dos parentes paternos e do padrasto. Como esse não tem parentesco consangüíneo com os enteados, é considerado por eles como parente menos importante. Mesmo assim, a relação que o padrasto tem com a mãe dos enteados e o convívio cotidiano com eles tende a fazer com que, em alguns casos, ele seja visto \"como um pai\", especialmente quando participou da socialização dos sujeitos durante sua infância. Por sua vez, a relação dos sujeitos com vários tipos de irmãos apresenta um estatuto mais estável e claro. Quando meio e quase-irmãos moram na mesma casa e convivem por períodos relativamente longos, tendem a ser classificados como irmãos, da mesma forma que seus irmãos biológicos. Do conjunto da análise dos dados pode-se constatar a imensa complexidade dos relacionamentos nas famílias recompostas, a tensão entre parentesco consangüíneo e aquele socialmente criado e a extensão de formas de relações geradas pelas diferentes uniões de pais e padrastos e que se espraiam para além da unidade doméstica, constituindo verdadeiras constelações familiares. / This study aimed at analyzing the forms of relationship established by teenagers and youngsters in stepfamilies with their several relatives. The subjects have been born into a previous union of their mother and were presently living with her and her new partner, either formally married or not. Hence, it was attempted to describe the relationships these subjects experienced with the mother, her present partner, and relatives of both of them; with the biological father and his relatives; with their siblings, half-siblings and stepsiblings, either children of their stepfather or stepmother. Once these relationships were not restricted to the household space, they involved a wide range of relatives, many of them without a term to define the kin ties. In order to keep track of this multiple new bounds, the identities and roles conferred to these diverse characters were also investigated. Lastly, the socialization practices of the subjects were also analyzed, also related to the people that took part in this process. For this research, 11 teenagers and youngsters of both sexes, at the age band between 14 and 20 years old, of 10 stepfamilies of low-income classes of Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil, were interviewed. The transcripts of these interviews were analyzed through the standpoint of Anthropology and Psychology. The analysis aimed at apprehending recurring themes in their speeches, as well as particularities in the subjects\' experiences of relationships with relatives. These data were compared with the literature on the issue, in order to trace similarities and divergences, and were also interpreted through these theoretical tools. The analysis on the subjects\' reports pointed towards the centrality of the mother in the family life and indicated that they presented greater intimacy with her. Due to this centrality, the maternal relatives were also more present in the everyday life of the subjects, if compared to the paternal or the stepfather\'s ones. Because the latter does not bear blood ties with his stepchildren, he is prone to be considered a less important relative by them. However, despite this evaluation, due to the relation the stepfather had with the subjects\' mother and to their everyday living together, he may eventually be considered to be \"just like a father\", especially if he has participated in the socialization of the subjects. Related to their several siblings (blood, half and step ones), the subjects tended to confer a more steady and clear role to them. When half and stepsiblings lived in the same house for relatively long periods of time, they tended to consider each other as brothers and sisters, the same way as among blood siblings. From the set of the data analysis, it was possible to perceive the great complexity of relationships among stepfamilies, the tension between blood kinship and the socially established one, and the extension of family relations beyond the household limits due to the different unions established by parents and stepparents, which end up constituting the so-called family constellations.

This qualitative study focused on the dental disparities in Blount County, TN and sought to determine if there are enough dental clinics within the dental safety net. Interviews were conducted with 18 individuals who were either service providers or clients of organizations such as the Salvation Army, Alcoa Good Samaritan Clinic, the local health department, Trinity Dental Clinic, Volunteer Ministry Center, Remote Area Medical, and Blount Memorial Hospital. Inclusion criteria for clients included: homeless or living below the poverty level, uninsured, 18 to 65 years of age, has not seen a dentist in the past year and currently suffering a dental problem. The most obvious common theme among the 11 clients interviewed was that they struggle with getting dental care. Patients were asked when the last time they had seen a dentist and they answered years ago, most over ten years ago. Eight of the eleven clients did not know of any facilities they could go to. Cost was the main reason for these clients not seeking dental care. Two dentists were asked about the reasons for disparities in dental care. The major common themes between the dentists were cost, access to care, and education. All five case managers said that they had clients experiencing dental needs ranging from a simple cleaning to an abscess. Currently in Blount County only one dental clinic serves over 17,000 residents who live in poverty.

Thesis (MPA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2000. / Refer to the document

Building on research about low-income mothers’ perceptions of social support and well-being levels, this research will vary the types of support mothers receive to determine the most effective way to increase mothers’ well-being. The proposed study will be a quasi-experimental, longitudinal study that focuses on maternity groups as a space that provides mothers with essential parenting information in addition to emotional support. Mothers will be randomly assigned to either a control condition with daily access to free parenting supplies or a treatment condition where they will have access to the parenting supplies and be invited to join a maternity group. The participants will complete a pre-test survey and then an identical post-test survey six months later. The surveys will assess their perceived levels of social support and well-being. It is expected that mothers in the treatment condition will report higher levels of perceived social support and well-being as a result of attending the weekly maternity group. The results will stress the importance of developing policies that amend the absence of accessible support programs for low-income mothers. These programs should be dedicated to providing free supplies for mothers while helping them establish supportive social networks that increase psychological well-being.

Objective: Measures the impact of the Farmers’ Market Voucher program on weight, body mass index, waist circumference, during the 2016 summer on a rural, low-income population residing in Appalachian Kentucky. Background: Rural communities often have limited access to fresh fruits and vegetables (FV) which contributes to low levels of consumption. FV are calorie poor, nutrient dense and are inversely associated with inflammation markers, obesity, hypertension, and high blood glucose levels. Appalachian rural communities have a higher prevalence of obesity, diabetes, strokes, and death by heart attack when compared to the U.S. Farmers’ markets Methods: Pre-experimental intervention design examining FV consumption and variety. T-test used measuring biochemical outcomes, pre and post, participation, and voucher amount. Results: Medical clinic patients (n=308) and household members (n=89) participated in study. Patients had a decrease in blood glucose and waist circumference (p=0.0231, p=0.0014 respectively). Patients had greater blood glucose reductions when compared to household members (p < 0.001). Patients reported consuming more FV with greater variety. Conclusion: The Farmers’ Market Voucher program successfully increased FV consumption and had a positive effect on blood glucose and waist circumference. Future studies should examine cooking methods of this population.

Low-income affordable housing remains an issue for the town on Martha's Vineyard where this study was conducted, in which an estimated 54% of low-/moderate-income households spend more than 50% of monthly income on housing. Using Schneider and Ingram's work regarding the social construction of target populations as the foundation, the purpose of this qualitative research was to assess how the perceived social standing and political power contributed to determining the benefits and burdens allocated to the town's low-income households. Data for this study consisted of 14 individual semistructured interviews with members of low-income households who were seeking or in affordable housing. The research concentrated on the obstacles and reactions the low-income households experienced in the quest for affordable housing. Data were coded and analyzed using a value coding procedure followed by thematic analysis. Three themes emerged from the research: a perception by the participants of not being valued in the community and a lack of attention by town leadership to their affordable housing struggles; a self-reliance to find affordable housing; and coping strategies by renting bedrooms with shared kitchen and living areas or resorting to a 9-month lease and being displaced during the summer tourist season. The research illuminated the low-income community's housing experiences and perceptions, thereby helping town leaders to form housing policy and make fiscal decisions. The implications for positive social change include recommendations to town leadership to examine incentivizing homeowners to offer affordable rentals, investigating congregate housing solutions, and developing multifamily affordable housing for the town's low-income households.