It is neccessary for every firm to review their process in order to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the process. The purpose of this study is to provide importance of mapping in reverse flow, how non-value added activities can be identified within the firm using mapping process in the e-commerce reverse flow from logistics service provider perspective. Lastly, the difference between forward and and reverse flow of parcels within the firm

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Sammanfattning   På uppdrag av Umeå Kommun och Vindelns Kommun tillsammans med Nenet (Norrbottens energikontor) samt med hjälp av Exergi B(y)rån genomförs energikartläggning av en bensinstation, då många tankstationer har en hög energianvändning i form av el till kylning, belysning och i förekommande fall av uppvärmning. Tankstationer är en viktig del av infrastrukturen och en central plats för många mindre orter. Att effektivisera byggnaderna och minska energianvändningen är ett sätt att säkerställa att dessa blir kvar på orten samt en del i Sveriges klimatmål. Att som företag jobba med energieffektivisering och hållbara transporter signalerar ut ett hållbarhetstänk som många gånger efterfrågas av kunderna. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att kartlägga en bensinstations energianvändning och se vilka möjliga åtgärder som finns samt väcka ett intresse hos stationens ägare kring dessa frågor. Ett annat syfte är att göra en lönsamhetskalkyl för att få ett bra underlag till beslut, hur återbetalningstiden ser ut och vad är långsiktigt bra att satsa på. Slutligen få en indikation på hur den framtida tankstationen kan komma att se ut enligt de verksamma koncernledningarna. Resultaten i kartläggningen visar en tydlig bild av en väldigt hög energianvändning på 1126 kWh/m2 och det finns stora energieffektiviseringspotentialer. Tankstationen använder komfortkyla p.g.a. värmegenerering som alstras från installationer är större än det som förloras via klimatskal, ventilation och infiltration (luftläckage). Genom att byta butiksbelysning, belysning i kylskåp och menyskyltar till LED-lampor kan internvärmen minskas samt att ventilationen optimeras, bland annat genom bättre styrning. En del av de föreslagna åtgärderna är installation av skymningsrelä/dimmer till inomhusbelysningen, rörelsedetektor i förråd, temperaturstyrning till värmekabeln i mark samt värmekabel till takrännor. Två större åtgärder som kan göras är att bygga en sluss vid ytterdörren och tilläggsisolera vinden. Det rekommenderas också att göra en stor översyn av anläggningens energisystem och modernisera samt optimera det och utnyttja synergieffekter i kyl- och värmebehov. / Abstract   This study was carried out on behalf of Umeå municipality and Vindeln municipality together with Nenet (Norrbotten Energy Agency) as well as with the help of Exergi B(y)rån to carry out the  energy mapping at a petrol station. Many petrol stations use a lot of energy due to electricity, heating, cooling and lighting. Petrol stations are an important part of the infrastructure, a central hub of today’s society. By mapping their energy the stations can become more energy efficient, save money and also save the environment. By promoting their own work on energy efficiency and by having information about sustainable transportation at the station they could and would inspire their customers. The aim of this thesis was to investigate a petrol station’s energy usage and see which measures that can be taken for efficient energy use as well as arising interest among other petrol station owners. Calculation of cost-benefits and what actions that can be taken also been included. This work also gives an indication on how future petrol stations will look like according to the owners of the stations. The result of the survey shows a clear picture of a high energy use of 1126 kWh/m2 and therefore there is a great potential of taking energy efficiency measures. The petrol station is using cooling system due to the heat generated from all installations which is higher than the heat loss which occurs through the climate shell, ventilation losses and air leakage. By switching to LED lights in the store, in refrigerators and in different signs the generated internal heat will decrease. It is important that the ventilation system is correctly optimized to prevent unnecessary losses both in heat and economically. Some of the proposed measures for energy efficiency are to install twilight relay/dimmer for inside lighting, motion sensors in the storage, using temperature control for the heating cable in the ground and roof & gutter de-icing cables. A major operation that can be done is to build an airlock in front of the entrance for the front door as well as adding extra insulation to the attic. A major overview and renewal of the building installations is recommended, taking advantage of synergy in cooling and heating demands. / Framtidens hållbara tankstationer

Data integration systems provide uniform access to a set of heterogeneous structured data sources. An essential component of a data integration system is the mapping between the federated data model and each data source. The scale of interconnect among data sources in the big data era is a new impetus for automating the mapping process. Despite decades of research on data integration, generating mappings still requires extensive labor. The thesis of this research is that the progress on automatic data integration has been limited by a narrow definition of mapping. The common mapping process is to find correspondences between pairs of entities in the data models, and create logic expressions over the correspondences as executable mappings. This does not cover all issues in real world applications. This research aims to overcome this problem in two ways: (1) generalize the common mapping definition for relational databases; (2) address the problem in a more general framework, the Semantic Web. The Semantic Web provides flexible graph based data models and reasoning capabilities as in knowledge representation systems. The new graph data model introduces opportunities for new mapping definitions. The comparison of mapping definitions and solutions for both relational databases and the Semantic Web is discussed. In this dissertation, I propose two generalizations of mapping problems. First, the common schema matching definition for relational databases is generalized from finding correspondences between pairs of attributes to finding correspondences consisting of relations, attributes, and data values. This generalization solves real world issues that are not previously covered. The same generalization can be applied to ontology matching in the Semantic Web. The second piece of work generalizes the ontology mapping definition from finding correspondences between pairs of entities to pairs of graph paths (sequences of entities). As a path provides more context than a single entity, mapping between paths can solve two challenges in data integration: the missing mapping challenge and the ambiguous mapping challenge. Combining the two proposed generalizations together, I demonstrate a complete data integration system using the Semantic Web techniques. The complete system includes the components of automatic ontology mapping and query reformulation, and semi-automatically federates the query results from multiple data sources. / text

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