Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are oil derived toxic and persistent pollutants prevalent across the oceans from pelagic waters to coral reefs. The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) in Australia and the Red Sea are important oligotrophic marine ecosystems susceptible to oil contamination. This Ph.D. dissertation aims to advance our understanding on PAH tolerance, accumulation dynamics and trophic transfer in oligotrophic ecosystems where those aspects remain poorly explored. In this dissertation, a new, highly-sensitive method combining stable carbon isotope labelling and cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) was developed to quantify PAH accumulation and applied in a series of ex situ food chain experiments with two representative PAHs, 13C-phenanthrene and 13C-pyrene. The experiments conducted with Acropora millepora – a common reef-building coral in the GBR, showed faster accumulation of both PAHs by dissolved uptake, although dietary exposure caused more consistent accumulation. Phenanthrene was not toxic to the coral photosystem II in either exposure mode but biomagnification increased with increasing food-chain complexity. In contrary, pyrene led to loss of symbionts accompanied by reduction in photosynthetic efficiency and coral bleaching, especially via dietary uptake. Also, microbial communities and food webs are relevant components of oligotrophic waters. We identified contrasting sensitivities among key autotrophic and heterotrophic microbial populations in the chronically oil exposed Red Sea to a mixture of 16 PAHs recognized as priority pollutants. The differential tolerance pointed towards localized selection for resistant strains in some populations. Some PAH toxicity thresholds approached ambient PAHs concentrations suggesting that any increase in pollution loads will hold consequences for these important microbial groups and their ecological functions.

Thesis: Ph. D., Joint Program in Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2015. / Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. / Includes bibliographical references. / Hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) are a class of environmental contaminants responsible for numerous acute and chronic health effects in humans and wildlife. This thesis illustrates three applications of polyethylene (PE) passive sampling, which enhance our toolbox for estimating environmental hazards associated with HOCs. First, we present a methodology that can be used to estimate the bioaccumulation potential of numerous organic chemicals based on passive sampling and comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC). Using GC x GC retention times, we show that lipid-water and samplerwater partition coefficients can be estimated within a factor of 2 and 3, respectively. The method was then applied to estimate body burdens of various HOCs in benthic organisms from GC x GC analysis of PE equilibrated with contaminated sediment. Empirical observations of accumulation in the Nereis virens polychaete were in good agreement with PE-based predictions for PCBs, but were lower by at least an order of magnitude for other classes of HOCs (such as PAHs) presumably due to metabolism. Second, we applied the same methodology to a set of contaminated sediments and estimated the cumulative baseline toxicity associated with environmental mixtures of HOCs. The predictions were compared against empirical measurements of baseline toxicity using the water flea Daphnia magna. The estimated total body burdens of HOCs were in good agreement with measured toxicity, with toxicity occurring at body burdens larger than 30 mg/gipid. In contrast, the toxicity estimated based on priority pollutants severely underestimated the observed toxicity, emphasizing the importance of cumulative effects. Lastly, to advance our understanding of the processes that affect passive sampling results in situ (when they are operating away from equilibrium), a mathematical model was developed for reactive chemicals transferring between PE and sediment beds. The reaction diffusion model was used to infer in situ degradation rates of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), which in the sediments of a freshwater lake were found to be between 0.09 and 0.9 d-1. A second mathematical model describing the kinetics of exchange between passive samplers and water was also developed, which can be used in both field (infinite baths) and laboratory (finite baths) conditions. / by Alexandra Patricia Tcaciuc. / Ph. D.

No description available.

Plastic pollution is unavoidable in the natural environment. Consequences of plastic ingestion include exposure to environmental pollutants and toxin accumulation, causing endocrine disruption, inflammatory and physiological stress in organisms. Microplastics have been shown to transfer across food webs, however, limited studies have examined microplastic accumulation across terrestrial food webs. Furthermore, few studies have examined plastic pollution in apex predatory animals. A study was conducted to quantify the abundance of plastic pollution in the gastrointestinal tract in birds of prey. Two species were investigated, one which forages in terrestrial habitats and one which forages in aquatic environments including Buteo lineatus (red-shouldered hawk) and Pandion haliaetus (osprey), respectively. The gastrointestinal tract was necropsied, chemically digested, and examined for microplastic prevalence. Overall, microplastics are significantly more abundant per gram of gastrointestinal (GI) tract tissue in species that forage on small rodents and terrestrial reptiles (B. lineatus) as compared to species that forage on fish and aquatic invertebrates (P. haliaetus). Buteo lineatus averaged 0.81 (±0.15) fibers and 0.14 (±0.04) fragments per gram of GI tract tissue while P. halieatus averaged 0.31 (±0.09) fibers and 0.04 (±0.02) fragments per gram of GI tract tissue. There was a significant interaction between type and color in both B. lineatus and P. haliaetus GI tract tissues. Micro-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (μ-FTIR) was run on haphazardly selected samples and found that rayon was the most common polymer identified in both species. The significant difference found between species could be indicative that terrestrial raptors may experience greater bioaccumulation than aquatic species foraging at comparable trophic levels. However, the significant interaction between type and color in both species indicates a potential common source of pollution that affects both environments. Further investigation on the source of polymers is necessary in order to develop conservation and management strategies aimed at decreasing the output of synthetic fibers into the environment. Due to the abundance of polymers found in these species, understanding the potential biological and physiological effects of plastics is essential to informing superior management strategies that can better protect and preserve wildlife from increasing anthropogenic pressures.

Lai Ho-yan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 104-122). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.I / ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) --- p.II / ABSTRACT (CHINESE) --- p.IV / TABLE OF CONTENT --- p.VI / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.IX / LIST OF TABLES --- p.V / INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Sources of oil pollution --- p.1 / Chapter 1.3 --- Composition of oil --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- Fate of oil in the environment --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5 --- Toxic effect of oil on marine ecosystem --- p.8 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Acute toxicity --- p.8 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Chronic toxicity --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Carcinogenicity of oil --- p.11 / Chapter 1.6 --- The origins of ecotoxicology --- p.12 / Chapter 1.7 --- Need for ecotoxicity tests --- p.13 / Chapter 1.8 --- Testings in ecotoxicology --- p.15 / OBJECTIVES --- p.17 / MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.18 / Chapter 1. --- Collection of oily wastes samples --- p.18 / Chapter 2. --- Preparation of samples --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1 --- Water-soluble fraction --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2 --- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Supercritical fluid extraction --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Silica gel chromatography --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Sample concentration --- p.22 / Chapter 3. --- Chemical analyses of oily wastes --- p.26 / Chapter 3.1 --- Determination of heavy metal concentration in oily waste samples --- p.26 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Nitric acid-perchloric acid digestion --- p.26 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Inductively coupled plasma-emission spectrometric analysis --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2 --- Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentration in oily waste samples --- p.28 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentration in water- soluble fraction --- p.28 / Chapter a. --- Liquid-liquid extraction --- p.28 / Chapter b. --- Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of water-soluble fraction --- p.29 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentration in crude oily waste samples --- p.32 / Chapter a. --- Supercritical fluid extraction and silica gel column chromatography --- p.32 / Chapter b. --- Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction --- p.33 / Chapter 4 --- ecotoxicological studies of oily wastes --- p.34 / Chapter 4.1 --- Toxicity tests and sample preparation --- p.34 / Chapter 4.2 --- Ecotoxicological studies of water soluble fraction --- p.34 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- "Growth inhibition test on a marine alga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa CU-2" --- p.34 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- "Survival test on a marine amphipod, Elasmopus rapax" --- p.39 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- "Survival test on a marine fish, Ambassis gymnocephalus" --- p.41 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Microtox® test --- p.43 / Chapter 4.3. --- Ecotoxicological studies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction --- p.45 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- "Growth inhibition test on a marine alga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa CU-2" --- p.45 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- "Survival test on a amphipod, Parhyale plumulosa" --- p.45 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- "Survival test on the fish, Sparus sarba" --- p.47 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Microtox® test --- p.49 / Chapter 5. --- Statistical analyses of chemical and ecotoxicological analyses --- p.50 / RESULTS --- p.51 / Chapter 1. --- Chemical analyses of oily wastes --- p.51 / Chapter 1.1 --- Inductively coupled plasma-emission spectrometric analysis --- p.51 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Heavy metal concentration in crude oily wastes --- p.51 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Heavy metal concentration in water-soluble fraction --- p.51 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Heavy metal concentration in ploy cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction --- p.54 / Chapter 1.2 --- Gas chromatography- mass spectrometry analysis --- p.54 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentration in crude oily wastes --- p.54 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentration in water-soluble fraction --- p.59 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentration in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction --- p.61 / Chapter 2. --- Ecotoxicological studies of oily wastes --- p.63 / Chapter 2.1 --- Ecotoxicological studies of water-souble fraction --- p.63 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Growth inhibition test on Chlorella pyrenoidosa CU-2 --- p.63 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Survival test on Elasmopous rapax --- p.63 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Survival test on Ambassis gymnocephalus --- p.67 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Microtox® test --- p.67 / Chapter 2.2 --- Ecotoxicological studies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction --- p.70 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Growth inhibition test on Chlorella pyrenoidosa CU-2 --- p.70 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Survival test on Parhyale plumulosa --- p.70 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Survival test on Sparus sarba --- p.74 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Microtox® test --- p.74 / Chapter 3. --- Statistical analyses of chemical and ecotoxicological studies --- p.77 / Chapter 3.1 --- Statistical analyses of studies on water-soluble fraction --- p.77 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Correlation between heavy metal concentration in water-soluble fraction and toxicity tests --- p.77 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Correlation between concentration of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in water-soluble fraction and toxicity tests --- p.80 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Correlation among acute toxicity tests --- p.80 / Chapter 3.2 --- Statistical analyses of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction --- p.84 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Correlation between heavy metal level and toxicity tests --- p.84 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Correlation between total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentration in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction and toxicity tests --- p.84 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Correlation between four acute toxicity tests --- p.88 / DISCUSSION --- p.91 / Chapter 1 --- Chemical analyses of oily wastes --- p.91 / Chapter 1.1 --- Inductively coupled plasma-emission spectrometric analysis --- p.91 / Chapter 1.2 --- Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis --- p.93 / Chapter 2. --- ecotoxicological studies of oily wastes --- p.95 / Chapter 2.1 --- Growth inhibition test on Chlorella pyrenoidosa CU-2 --- p.95 / Chapter 2.2 --- Survival tests on Elasmopus rapax and Parhyale plumulosa --- p.96 / Chapter 2.3 --- Survival test on Ambassis gymnocephalus and Sparus sarba --- p.97 / Chapter 2.4 --- Microtox® test --- p.98 / Chapter 3 --- Statistical analyses of chemical and ecotoxicological analyses --- p.99 / Chapter 4. --- statistical analyses between acute toxicity tests --- p.101 / CONCLUSION --- p.102 / REFERENCES --- p.104

Chan Kwan-ling. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 91-105). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.v / Contents --- p.vi / List of figures and tables --- p.ix / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Literature review --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- The effect of pollutants on the genetic materials of aquatic organisms --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1.1 --- Response of individual to genotoxicants --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1.2 --- Effects of genotoxicants on population structure --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Application of genetic markers in monitoring water pollution --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.2.1 --- DNA adduct --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.2.2 --- Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) test --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.2.3 --- Micronucleus --- p.6 / Chapter 1.1.2.4 --- DNA strand breaks --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay --- p.9 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Test organisms for comet assay --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2 --- Objective of the present study --- p.13 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Genotoxicity of pollutants on Hyale crassicornis / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Sampling of amphipods --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Acclimation --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Acute toxicity test --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- The effect of test duration on DNA damage --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Effect of toxicants on DNA damage --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Comet assay --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Chemicals --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Data analysis --- p.34 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.47 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Genotoxicity of hydrogen peroxide on different tissue types of Metapenaeus ensis / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Collection and acclimation of shrimps --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Incubation --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Comet Assay --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Chemicals --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Data analysis --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.61 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.67 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Genotoxicity of wastewater on Hyale crassicornis / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.71 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Collection of wastewater samples --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Metal content analysis --- p.73 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Genotoxic effect of wastewater samples on Hyale crassicornis --- p.74 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Chemicals --- p.76 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.77 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.77 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Metals content in water samples --- p.77 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- DNA damage --- p.79 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.79 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusions --- p.89 / References --- p.91

Tang Wai Lun. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 199-220). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.ii / 摘要 --- p.iv / Acknowledgements --- p.vi / Table of contents --- p.vii / List of Abbreviations --- p.xi / List of Tables --- p.xii / List of Figures --- p.xv / Chapter Chapter One --- Literature Review --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Marine pollution in Hong Kong --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Contamination of sediments --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Metals contamination in coastal sediments in Hong Kong --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Other contaminants in sediments --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3 --- Sediment toxicity assessment --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4 --- Fish as examples for the measurement of biological responses to contaminants --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5 --- Biomarkers for toxicity assessment --- p.11 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Metallothionein (MT) --- p.11 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Vitellogenin (Vtg) --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5.4 --- Enzyme biomarkers: Alanine transaminase (ALT); aspartate transaminase (AST) and creatine kinase (CK) --- p.14 / Chapter 1.5.5 --- DNA damage detected by the comet assay --- p.16 / Chapter 1.6 --- Multi biomarkers for sediment toxicity assessments --- p.16 / Chapter 1.7 --- Objectives --- p.16 / Chapter Chapter Two --- "Concentrations of Heavy Metals and Trace Organics in Coastal Sediments Collected from Victoria Harbour, Deep Bay, Tolo Harbour and Lai Chi Wo" --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Sediment collection --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Treatment of sediment samples --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Acid wash of apparatus --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Acid digestion of sediment sample --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Sequential extraction of heavy metals in sediment samples --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Heavy metals measurement --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Trace organic measurement in sediments --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Concentrations of total Metals in sediments --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Speciation of metals in sediments --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Metal abundance in different fractions of sediment --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Concentrations of trace organic in sediments --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Results summary --- p.36 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.36 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Comparison with international standards --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Comparison with international studies of coastal sediments --- p.39 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Comparison of the present study with other studies concerning Hong Kong coastal sediments --- p.45 / Chapter Chapter Three --- "Heavy Metals Accumulation in Tissues of Tilapia Exposed to Coastal Sediments Collected from Victoria Harbour, Deep Bay, Tolo Harbour, and Lai Chi Wo" --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Collection and treatment of coastal sediments --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Sediment exposure tests with Tilapia --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Dissection of fish samples --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Acid digestion of fish samples --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Metal accumulation --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- "Dose, duration and source of sediments affecting metals uptake" --- p.95 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Results summary --- p.99 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.99 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Site comparison --- p.99 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Comparison with other studies --- p.100 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Safety limits --- p.112 / Chapter Chapter Four --- "Expression of Biomarker Genes (MT, CYP1 A, Vtg) in Tissues of Male Tilapia After Eexposure to Coastal Sediments Collected from Victoria Harbour, Deep Bay, Tolo Harbour and Lai Chi Wo" --- p.115 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.115 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.116 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Sample collection --- p.116 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Preparation of apparatus --- p.117 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- mRNA expression analysis --- p.117 / Chapter 4.2.3.1 --- Isolation of RNA --- p.117 / Chapter 4.2.3.2 --- Reverse transcription --- p.118 / Chapter 4.2.3.3 --- Real time PCR --- p.118 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Vitellogenin (Vtg) --- p.120 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Statistics analysis --- p.121 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.121 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- MT mRNA expression in tissues of male Tilapia exposed to sediments --- p.121 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- CYP1A mRNA expression in tissues of male Tilapia exposed to sediments --- p.129 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Vtg expression in tissues of male Tilapia exposed to sediments --- p.137 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Dose and time dependent relationships --- p.137 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Results summary --- p.137 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.142 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Correlation of MT and CYP1A expression with metals uptake in gills and liver --- p.142 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- MT as a biomarker of metals exposure --- p.144 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- CYP1A as a biomarker of trace organics exposure --- p.145 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Real-time PCR --- p.147 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Vtg as a biomarker of xenoestrogen exposure --- p.147 / Chapter Chapter Five --- "Expression of Enzyme Biomarkers (ALT, AST and CK) in Tissues of Male Tilapia After Exposure to Coastal Sediments Collected From Victoria Harbour, Deep Bay, Tolo Harbour and Lai Chi Wo" --- p.149 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.149 / Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.150 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Samples collection --- p.150 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Alanine transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate transaminase (AST) --- p.151 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Creatine kinase (CK) --- p.152 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.153 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results --- p.153 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- ALT --- p.153 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- AST --- p.157 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- CK in gills --- p.157 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- CK in muscle --- p.164 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- "Dose, duration and source of sediments affecting metals uptake" --- p.164 / Chapter 5.3.6 --- Results summary --- p.169 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion --- p.169 / Chapter Chapter Six --- "DNA Damage in Liver of Male Tilapia After Exposure to Coastal Sediments Collected from Victoria Harbour, Deep Bay, Tolo Harbour and Lai Chi Wo" --- p.174 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.174 / Chapter 6.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.176 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Samples collection --- p.176 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Tissue Preparation --- p.176 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (Comet) Assay --- p.176 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Image analysis --- p.177 / Chapter 6.2.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.178 / Chapter 6.3 --- Results --- p.180 / Chapter 6.4 --- Discussion --- p.187 / Chapter Chapter Seven --- General Discussion and Conclusion --- p.190 / Chapter 7.1 --- General discussion --- p.190 / Chapter 7.2 --- Conclusion --- p.198 / References --- p.199 / Appendix --- p.221

published_or_final_version / Ecology and Biodiversity / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management